2. Rural People Participation
in Development
Programmes- An attempt to
Understand the ‘PROCESS’
- A presentation based on a project experience
By
Dr. Shivappa Ramakrishna
Associate Professor & Chairman
Department of Studies in Social Work,
University of Mysore, Manasagangothri
Mysore, Karnataka

3. Social Injustice
Illegal
ways
Global warming
Human
trafficking
Irregularities
Diseases
Polluted
environment
Corruption
Disparities
Abnormal
deaths
Quality
problems
conflicts
Institutions
Systems/
programs
Poor
m
anagem
ent
W
eak
leadership
Attitude
Politics
Technical know how?
Community participation?
Policies

4. Development
Stakeholders
NGOs
Pvt. Agencies Politicians
Local
Organizations
Community
GOVT. /
Dept.
Donors

5. Administrators/
Engineers/
Officers
Norms
Guidelines Political
Local
Conditions
Specifications
Codes
Financial
Constraints

6. EXISTING SYSTEM
Administrator
PREPARES ROUGH ESTIMATE
GETS FINANCIAL SANCTION
PREPARES DETAILED ESTIMATE
CONTRACTOR
CONSTRUCTION/ ASSET
CREATION
ROUTINE JOB PUBLIC REPRESENTATIVES/
VILLAGE ELDERS
IDENTIFIES NEEDS
TARGET/ ACHIEVEMENT
LACK OF TIME

7. O&M
NOT HAPPY WITH …
DESIGN
TECHNOLOGY
QUALITY
LINKED PROBLEMS
•SANITATION
•SEWAGE DISPOSAL
O&M
CHALLENGES
AND
DISFUNCTIONING
OF SYSTEM
AGITATION
INSUFFICIENT FUNDS
LIMITED SERVICE
LEVEL
LOCAL
BODY
GOVERNMENT/ LINE
DEPARTMENT

8. SUPPLY DRIVEN PERSPECTIVE
GOVERNMENT CONSTRUCTS
OPERATES AND MAINTAINS
LIMITED SERVICE LEVEL

9. COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT
IS MISSING
IN THE WHOLE PROCESS OF
PLANNING
TECHNOLOGY SELECTION
DESIGNING
CONSTRUCTION
LACK OF OWNERSHIP FEELING
O&M CHALLENGES

10. Degree of responsibility of
Communities
Degree of responsibility of Government




Centralized System
System with Community Participation
Community Managed System
Autonomous System

12. Supply-driven +
Engg norms+
Hardware +
Centralized (state) +
State subsidy +
Participatory
Demand-responsive?
Users choice
Software
Decentralized (district/village)
Cost recovery
Key themes in new development
approach
Move from…towards inclusive fold

13. Approach
ORGANIZING COMMUNITIES THROUGH IEC,
LIKE ........
AWARENESS Activities (pre planning, planning, implementation, post
implementation, operation, maintenance and management)
Exposure visits
PRA , PLA and PTM TECHNIQUES
CAPACITY BUILDING ! NO NO ? Its Enhancement
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE (preventive,
corrective and crisis management)

18. WHAT IS NEEDED? FACILITATION IN…
BEAR ATLEAST SOME % OF CAPITAL COST
PLAN AND DESIGN THEIR OWN SYSTEMS /
FACILITIES
EXECUTE (construct) THEIR OWN
FACILITIES
OWN THE FACILITIES AND SYSTEM
TAKE RESPONSIBILITY OF FUTURE
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE BOTH
PHYSICAL & FINANCIAL
FORM THEMSELVES AS A GROUP VWSSC, VQAT Etc.

19. HAVE BELIEF/COMMITMENT/ SKILLS IN
• USING PARTICIPATORY TOOLS
• MOTIVATING COMMUNITIES
• ORGANISING GROUPS
• DEVELOPING INDEGENOUS TECHNOLOGY
OPTIONS
• SKILLS TO TRANSFER TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE
TO COMMON FOLK
• ENHANCEMENT OF CAPACITIES OF COMMUNITIES

20. Pillars of Participatory
Development Perspective
The three basic pillars are:
Methodology
Sharing
Attitude & BehaviourA
M
S

21. Principles of Participatory
Development perspective are..
• Offsetting biases
• Seeking diversity
• Triangulation
• Optimal ignorance

24. WITH ENHANCEMENT OF SKILLS IN
TRANSACTION WITH COMMUNITY
IDENTIFICATION OF DEVELOPMENT RELATED PROBLEMS
IDENTIFICATION OF RESOURCES
RESOURCE MAPPING
INTEGRATION OF RESOURCES
PREPARING PROBABLE PLANS
DEVELOPING POSSIBLE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS
DIFFERENT COMPONENTS INVOLVED
DESIGNING
PREPARATION OF ROUGH PLANS
INTEGRATION OF CAPITAL AND PROBABLE O&M COSTS
EXPLAINING MERITS AND DEMERITS OF EACH TECHNOLOGY OPTION
HELP CHOOSE PROPER TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEM
L
O
C
A
L
L
A
N
G
U
A
G
E

28. DEVELOP O&M STRATEGIES
TRAINING ON O&M
TRIAL RUN FOR 2-3 MONTHS
REFINE COST RECOVERY STRATEGIES
ESTABLISH USER CHARGE COLLECTING
SYSTEM
RUN THE SYSTEM EFFECTIVELY
WITHDRAW

29. Operation, Maintenance & Management
• Who is responsible for what ?
USERS
GP VWSSC
Service
Quality
Income &
Performance
Political Sphere Management Sphere
Community
Sphere

30. Sustainable RWS & S
Cycle
Happy and Healthy Community
New /
Rehabilitation
/
Augmentation
of Schemes
100% O&M
Tariff by the
Users
Effective
O & M By
the
VWSSC

31. Let us also join the journey with one or other capacity realizing
the critical path…. and contribute to the extent
possible for better HEALTH and HEALTHY SOCIETY

32. When I listen, I forget,
When I see, I remember,
When I do, I Learn
----- Chinese saying

34. Thank you
for your effective listening
and also
critical thinking
Shivappa Ramakrishna