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Federal Legislation: Early Intervention and Prevention
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Early Intervention Legislation
1.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Federal Legislation: Early Intervention and Prevention
2.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. The Early Intervention Movement • Environment and experience – The belief that children are what they are has been challenged. – Environment and experiences greatly affect how a child grows and develops. – Brain research leads us to understand that children need experiences often and early to develop needed synapses.
3.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. The Early Intervention Movement (continued) • Civil rights – People with disabilities have the same rights as everyone else. – They have a right to a free, appropriate, and equal education. – Landmark legislation passed, and is continuing to pass, exercising all individuals’ constitutional rights.
4.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Landmark Legislation and People with Disabilities • University Affiliated Facilities (PL 88-164) • Their main purposes are the following: • To create, demonstrate, and evaluate intervention and educational programs for children and youth with disabilities and their families • To provide professional trainees with interdisciplinary training • To conduct research related to human development and developmental delays • To establish university-community partnerships to improve services for people with disabilities
5.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Landmark Legislation and People with Disabilities (continued) • Handicapped Children’s Early Education Assistance Act (PL 90–538) – The major purpose of this legislation is to improve early intervention services for children with disabilities, children who are at-risk for disabilities, and their families. – Federal funds supported experimental centers known as the First Chance Network and model demonstration projects.
6.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Landmark Legislation and People with Disabilities (continued) • Head Start Act – Mandated (required) that 10 percent of Head Start’s enrollment be reserved for children with developmental disabilities – Head Start continues to grow • in 2007, serving over 900,000 children • more than 12% of children have disabilities
7.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Landmark Legislation and People with Disabilities (continued) • Developmental Disabilities Act (DDA) (PL 106–402) – Section 504 focused on reducing discrimination against individuals with disabilities. – The law required that everyone with a disability be given access to jobs, education, housing, and public buildings. – This law also required schools to make accommodations for children who have disabilities but do not qualify for special education.
8.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Landmark Legislation and People with Disabilities (continued) • Education of All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94–142) – Now called the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) – Reflects person-first terminology – Guarantees all children a free, appropriate, public education – Encourages states to locate and serve preschool children needing early intervention services
9.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Landmark Legislation and People with Disabilities (continued) – IDEIA mandates • Zero reject – Local school systems must provide all children, regardless of the severity of their disability, with a free education appropriate to each child’s needs. • Non-discriminatory evaluation – Tests must be appropriate to the child’s language and cultural background. – Assessment is to be based on several types of evaluation and is to include cognitive, adaptive, and social performance.
10.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Landmark Legislation and People with Disabilities (continued) – IDEIA mandates • Appropriate education – Local school districts must provide educational services that are appropriate to each individual child. • Least restrictive environment (Inclusion) – Children with disabilities must be educated alongside students who do not have identified disabilities. • Due process – Parents must have the right to call a special hearing when they do not agree with the school’s educational plans for their child.
11.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Landmark Legislation and People with Disabilities (continued) – IDEIA mandates • Parent participation – IDEA stresses the importance of parents’ contributions to their child’s progress. – Role of parents has been strengthened with each reauthorization of IDEIA. – States must provide mediation to schools and parents if there are disagreements about children’s educational services.
12.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Landmark Legislation and People with Disabilities (continued) • Education of the Handicapped amendments (PL 99–457) – Services for children from birth to age three • This part of the law is known as discretionary legislation. • This means that a state may serve children from birth through two years of age if it chooses, but it is not required by law to do so.
13.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Landmark Legislation and People with Disabilities (continued) – Services for children birth to age 3 • Those to be served are infants and toddlers who are experiencing developmental disabilities or are at-risk of having substantial delays unless they receive early intervention services. • Labeling is no longer required. • Each infant / toddler and family receive a multidisciplinary, written assessment of his or her needs and of the services prescribed. – An Individualized Service Plan or IFSP is developed to address the needs identified by the team including the family.
14.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Landmark Legislation and People with Disabilities (continued) – Services for children ages 3 to 5 • Services for children beginning at age three are not discretionary. • States receiving federal funds for early intervention programs must serve young children with developmental disabilities according to the same formula and requirements as before.
15.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Landmark Legislation and People with Disabilities (continued) • Latest updates on IDEIA – The new definition requires special education teachers to hold at least a B.A., obtain full state special education licensure or equivalent, and cannot hold a temporary or emergency licensure. – Extensive provisions are aimed at ensuring special education and related services for children with disabilities who are homeless or otherwise members of highly mobile populations.
16.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Landmark Legislation and People with Disabilities (continued) – Changes in procedural safe guards • The addition of a resolution session prior to a due process hearing to encourage the parties resolve their dispute—within 15 days of the parent’s complaint. • Functional behavioral assessment • Children with disabilities who have been expelled from school still have the right to an education, and the state must guarantee that services are still provided throughout the expulsion. – Authority to extend Part C services for infants and toddler services beyond the age of two years. – Short-term objectives and benchmarks are no longer required sections in the IEP.
17.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Landmark Legislation and People with Disabilities (continued) • Discipline issues – A student with a disability generally cannot be suspended from school for more than 10 school days if the misconduct was related to his or her disability and services still need to be provided. – The IEP team, including parents, must conduct a functional behavior assessment and consider strategies including positive behavioral support strategies to facilitate appropriate behavior in the classroom.
18.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Landmark Legislation and People with Disabilities (continued) • Americans with Disabilities Act (PL 101– 336) – ADA gives civil rights protection to individuals in private employment, all public services and accommodations, transportation, and telecommunications. – Some of the most significant implications are in the area of access to child care and community recreation programs.
19.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Landmark Legislation and People with Disabilities (continued) • Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act – The first civil rights statute for persons with disabilities. – Protects qualified individuals from discrimination based on disability. – Employers and organizations receiving federal funds cannot exclude or deny individuals with disabilities an equal opportunity to receive program benefits and services.
20.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. No Child Left Behind • Established to improve reading and math testing in the public schools and reauthorize education reform using federal funds. • Requires states to develop accountability standards to measure annual student progress in reading and math. • Works on literacy development.
21.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. No Child Left Behind (continued) • Teacher requirements and family initiatives. • Assessment of children with disabilities – Children with disabilities or delays in development are to be tested along with children without disabilities beginning in the third grade, with few exceptions. – If a child’s IEP calls for accommodations in assessments, these must be offered.
22.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. No Child Left Behind (continued) • Concerns about NCLB lead to changes – Concerns about meeting adequate yearly progress (AYP) by deadline – 2010, proposed reform of NCLB • Broader range of assessments to evaluate academic skills – Punishments to those schools who did not meet AYP to lessen – Waivers from NCLB requirements accepted
23.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Inclusion and Case Law • Sacramento Unified School District v. Holland (1992) – The district court ruled that 9 year-old with Down syndrome must be fully included in a general education classroom and provided a four-part test that must be used to evaluate the feasibility of inclusion. The four part test asks: 1. What educational benefits are available to the child with disabilities when supplemented by the appropriate supports? 2. What are the nonacademic (e.g., social) benefits of placement in a general education classroom? 3. What is the effect on nondisabled children? 4. What is the cost?
24.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Inclusion and Case Law (continued) • Oberti v. Board of Education of Clementon School District (1993) – The judge ruled strongly in favor of the child’s right to receive inclusive education and said, “Inclusion is a right, not a privilege for a select few.”
25.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Public Policy and the Gifted • All fifty states have definitions for giftedness. • Federal funds are not allocated for gifted programs. • States have taken it upon themselves to provide services to children who demonstrate giftedness. • Educators continue to try to identify young, gifted children.
26.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Prevention • The timing of prevention – Prevention before conception • Genetics • Chromosomal mishaps • Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling can be done to assess the unborn child
27.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Prevention (continued) • Timing of prevention – Prevention during pregnancy • Good maternal health • Adequate prenatal care • Forgoing drugs and alcohol
28.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Prevention (continued) • Timing of prevention – Prevention during and after birth • Appropriate medical services • Routine screenings (APGAR) • Blood tests • Routine well baby checkups
29.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Prevention (continued) • Prevention of secondary disabilities – Disabilities that come about because of a primary disability are secondary disabilities. – They can become cumulative deficits if not treated. – Preventative measures can be put into place to lessen effects.
30.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Prevention (continued) • Prevention and related legislation – Early and periodic screening, diagnosis, and treatment—EPSDT (PL 90–248) • The intent of the law is that low-income children be screened regularly during infancy and the preschool years to prevent (and treat) health problems that could interfere with development.
31.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Prevention (continued) • Vaccines for children program (VFC) – The purpose is to prevent childhood diseases such as rubella, mumps, measles, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis.
32.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Prevention (continued) • Supplemental food program for women, infants, and children (WIC) – The law allocates nutrition money to state agencies and to certain Native American tribes. – The funds are to be used to provide healthy foods to low-income pregnant and nursing mothers and to infants and young children at-risk for medical problems.
33.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Prevention (continued) • Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program – It provides medical assistance to low-income families and children with disabilities.
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