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Allen Chapter 6
1.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Chapter 6 Sensory Impairments: Hearing and Vision
2.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Deafness and Hearing Loss • Deafness refers to a hearing loss so severe that the individual cannot process spoken language even with amplification devices. • Hard of hearing refers to a lesser loss, but one that nevertheless has a definite effect on social, cognitive, and language development.
3.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Deafness and Hearing Loss (continued) • Types of hearing loss – Conductive hearing loss • A loss in the outer or middle ear – Sensorineural hearing loss • A loss in the inner ear (cochlea) – Central deafness • A loss in the higher auditory cortex – Combined loss • A loss in two or more of the above
4.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Deafness and Hearing Loss (continued) • Warning signs of hearing loss – Lack of response to environmental stimuli – Tugs on ears – Used to talk and respond and now does not – Drops initial consonants – Seems inattentive – Looks confused when given directions – Turns head to one side to hear better
5.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Deafness and Hearing Loss (continued) • The impact of hearing loss on development – Effect on language development • A child who cannot hear sounds during the critical period may never master those sounds. • Language delays are probable. • Parents and caregivers may stop speaking to the child, because he or she cannot hear them.
6.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Deafness and Hearing Loss (continued) – Effect on cognitive development • Language and cognitive skills go hand in hand. • If children are behind in language skills, they are more than likely going to be delayed cognitively as well. • Children with little or no hearing tend to be years behind their normally developing peers.
7.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Deafness and Hearing Loss (continued) – Effect on social development • Shy and withdrawn categorize this child. • May be impulsive, aggressive or have low self- esteem. • Unintentionally, they are often left out, because hearing is so much a part of our world. • Difficulty establishing friendships or entering into conversation.
8.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Deafness and Hearing Loss (continued) – Effects on family life • Frustration • Lack of time to learn new methods • Difficult to establish behavior limits • Family therapy and counseling
9.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Deafness and Hearing Loss (continued) – Methods of communication • Speech reading – Child learns to read your lips while you talk. • Cued speech – A system of hand shapes and mouth movements in which the child learns the combinations to understand the spoken word. • American Sign Language – A language that consists of hand movements with or without speaking. • Total communication – Combines speech and sign.
10.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Deafness and Hearing Loss (continued) – Which method? • It is family preference. • No one method has been proven to be the best.
11.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Deafness and Hearing Loss (continued) – Early intervention • As with all disabilities: The earlier intervention is begun, the better. • Language learning is highly important. • Children need to learn to use what residual hearing they have.
12.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Deafness and Hearing Loss (continued) • Guidelines for teachers – Get down on the child’s level. – Sit close to the child when talking. – Make eye contact. – Use short, simple sentences. – Use concrete examples.
13.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Deafness and Hearing Loss (continued) • Assistive technology – Amplification devices/hearing aids • Molded to fit the child’s ear. – Problems: bad fit, dead batteries, feedback, on and off switch, sore ears. – FM system • Child wears a receiver and the teacher wears the microphone. – Alerting devices • Through vibration or lights.
14.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Blindness and Vision Impairments • Blind – Visual loss is severe enough that it is not possible to read print. • Low vision – Residual vision is sufficient to allow a child to read large print or possibly regular print under special conditions and to use other visual materials for educational purposes.
15.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Blindness and Vision Impairments (continued) • Total blindness – Inability to distinguish between light and dark. • Most children can see some light and shadows.
16.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Blindness and Vision Impairments (continued) • Types of vision problems – Physical abnormalities • Cataracts • Glaucoma • Retinopathy of prematurity • Cortical blindness • Visual acuity problems – Refractive errors – Astigmatism – Myopia – Hyperopia
17.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Blindness and Vision Impairments (continued) – Muscular abnormalities • Strabismus • Amblyopia • Nystygmus
18.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Blindness and Vision Impairments (continued) • Identifying vision problems – Lack of eye tracking as an infant. – May go undetected until a child is in school. – A few tests are available for the younger child • Snellen Illiterate E • Teller Acuity Cards • Photo Screening – Children often do not know they have a problem, because they do not know what they are looking at.
19.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Blindness and Vision Impairments (continued) – Warning signs • Rubbing eyes • Closes one eye • Watery or itchy eyes, not allergy related • Inability to see, squinting • Blurred vision
20.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Blindness and Vision Impairments (continued) • The impact of vision problems on development – Effects on language development • Child cannot see objects, so they have trouble learning the meaning of the spoken word. • Children must be given time to explore concrete objects to learn meaning.
21.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Blindness and Vision Impairments (continued) – Effect on cognitive development • Delays due to concept development. • Usually catch up by age five or six. – Effect on motor development • Delayed walking. • Delays in localizing sounds. • Difficulties in understanding their body and objects in space.
22.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Blindness and Vision Impairments (continued) – Effect on social development • Tend to be quiet and passive. • Unable to participate in interactions that build social skills. • Play skills develop slowly.
23.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Blindness and Vision Impairments (continued) – Effects on family life • Many vision difficulties are due to prematurity. • Care givers may have difficulty interacting with infant because infant does not smile back or react during interactions.
24.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Blindness and Vision Impairments (continued) • Early intervention programs – Orientation and mobility training • This is a must. • It exposes the children to their environment. • If things are not moved often, the children can learn independence at play and cleanup.
25.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Blindness and Vision Impairments (continued) • Teaching children with vision loss – Concrete concepts – Descriptions of objects – Rich vocabulary
26.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All
Rights Reserved. Blindness and Vision Impairments (continued) • Guidelines for teachers – Use words for everything. – Be specific. – Let the children discover through touch. – Put different textured fabric at each center, identifying the boundaries. – Make use of their residual vision: • Write words extra large and in bold colors.
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