UN Convention Rights Child

Rights of the Child
UN CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child was brought into effect to recognise that Children
needed their own set of specific human rights that should be protected and that these were a
universal right not a privilege. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child was drawn up and
accepted by the UN in 1989. The UK government agreed to abide by the principles in 1991 and it
was fully implemented in 1992. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child is the most
universally recognised set of standards for protecting the rights of children and numerous countries
have agreed to abide by it. The Convention forms a set of articles that highlight the minimum
entitlements of all children. These ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Children understand how to protect themselves, and feel protected and are protected from significant
harm including neglect, abuse and accident." The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
essentially underpins all aspects of the work we do and how we undertake it and the responsibilities
we have to the individual. It is therefore a major and key piece of legislation that we must be
familiar with to fulfill the job role and responsibilities as manager of a home.
HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998
The Human Rights Act was drawn up by the UK government and implemented in 1998. It draws on
the European Convention of Human Rights but allows for issues to be addressed within the UK
courts of Law rather than needing a European Court. "The Act provides that it is unlawful for a
public authority to act in such a way as to contravene Convention rights. For these purposes public
authority includes any other person "whose functions are functions of a public nature."" The Human
Rights Act uses a set of articles to detail the rights of everyone within the UK. Examples of these
articles include: the right to life; prohibition of torture; prohibition of slavery and forced labour;
right to liberty and security; right to respect for family and private life; freedom of thought
conscience and religion; freedom of expression; prohibition of discrimination; protection of
property; and
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Drug Law
1) An explanation will be made of the current legislation relating to the sale and possession of illicit
drugs. A discussion will then be carried out incorporating two of the moral issues associated with
these activities. Firstly, to what extent the laws relating to illicit drug use should promote good
moral behaviour and discourage immoral or harmful behaviour. Secondly, whether an individual
should have the liberty of choice to partake in drug related activities.
The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (MoDA) governs the sale and possession of illicit drugs in the
United Kingdom. This legislation was implemented following the signing of the Single Convention
on Narcotic Drugs 1961. The convention was established by the United Nations (UN) with the
intention to restrict the number of drug related offences. The MoDA 1971 classifies the offences on
possession and supply of drugs. The classification system places ... Show more content on
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Consequently, could placing legal restrictions on the choice of engaging in such activities be seen as
an infringement of this liberty. Furthermore, to what extent should the law control an individual's
personal choice? These questions raise a similar response to what was established in the Hart–
Devlin debate, which is, a principle of the law is to prevent harm arising to others. For that reason, it
could be argued that provided an individual's actions do not evoke harm on others, their choices
should remain without legal interference. However, the law principally endeavours to protect
individuals from harming others. The law can therefore justify limiting liberty of choice and
individual freedom, provided their actions would result in evoking harm to others. Cited OU (2016a
2). What often gets forgotten is the indirect effect drug use has on families and other individuals

The United Nations Convention On The Rights Of The Child
Humans are special. They are the same when they are born but as they grow and develop, they begin
to show their own differences and specialness. Some have gifted talents and some have diverse
needs which mostly can be seen in the first three years of a child such as Hearing impairment, Visual
impairment, Physical disabilities and Challenging behaviour which will be focused in this essay. As
a human, we all have the basic right to live and learn and we all should not discriminate each other
but respect one another especially children who cannot speak for themselves. The United Nations
convention on the rights of the child [UNCROC] stated that all children should be respected and
their rights should be protected despite the "child's or his or her parent's or legal guardian's race,
Colour, sex, language, religion...properly, disability, birth or other status" (United Nations, 1989,
Article 2, 1,). Parents and teachers are the first people who recognise these differences and it is
significant for the children as it can affect their success in future development and learning. In early
childhood education [ECE] setting as stated in Te whāriki (1996), "all children should be given the
opportunity to develop knowledge and an understanding of the cultural heritages" (Ministry of
Education [MoE], p.9). We as a teacher need to include these children into the centre planning not to
exclude them due to the challenges of the diverse needs. . .
The word inclusive has lots of definitions but

Englantyne Jebb's Convention On The Rights Of The Child
Although the Convention on the Rights of the Child was not adopted by the United Nations until
1989, there were documents that were created before then, which had a significant influence on the
1989 Convention. For instance, in 1924 the League of Nations decided to adopt what they called the
Declaration of the Rights of the Child. After the atrocities that affected Children during World War I,
many people finally agreed that children needed to be protected, and that it was the government's
responsibility to create rights for children in effort to protect them.
A very important person, who helped start the process of creating the Declaration on the Rights of
the Child, was a British woman named Eglantyne Jebb. In 1919, with the help of her sisters, she
founded the worldwide Save the Children Organization. It was the first organization that was able to
be truly effective in aiding children living in war–stricken areas around the world. Englantyne Jebb
believed that "A child is a child, whether red, white, brown, or black," and she also expressed that
"the only international language is a child's cry." Jebb was very passionate about saving children
around the world and she did not care what ethnicity they were, her life's goal was to try to help
children everywhere. In 1923 Jebb drafted a Declaration of the Rights of the Child, and was ... Show
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General Assembly decided to adopt the Declaration of the Rights of the Child; however, they
expanded on the document by adding two more points. In 1959 the United Nations decided to adopt
a second Declaration of the Rights of the Child. According to the article "Declaration of the Rights
of the Child, 1959" written by the Humanium website, the 1959 declaration made sure to address the
following: "The child is recognized, universally, as a human being who must be able to develop
physically, mentally, socially, morally, and spiritually, with freedom and

How Children 's Rights Are Being Breached Within The Uk
This assignment will address how children's rights are being breached within the UK. Focusing
mainly on (The Crime and Disorder Act, 1998) which is an Act currently used within the UK's
society. . (The Crime and Disorder Act, 1998) covers almost all aspects of children's rights, however
the main provisions of the Act are; Antisocial Behaviour order (ASBO), parenting orders and sex
offender's orders. (The United Nations Convention on the Rights of The Child, 1990) became part of
the UK's Law in 1992, it has 54 articles that cover child welfare and safeguarding under ever
circumstance. The aim of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of The Child aim is to keep
children's rights intact and do their best to ensure these rights are not ... Show more content on
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He is strongly believed to have taken his life as a consequence to the violence that was used on him.
A lack of safeguarding training was given to the staff that dealt with Adam Rickwood on that day,
and the use of the pain compliance nose distraction should not have been used in the way that it was.
Due to this case, that was examined within the Carlile report, Some people argue that breaching
many of these children's rights is due to children being in custody, children in custody may breach
rights from many different articles of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, however in
Adam Rickwood's case, it was Article Nineteen that was breached; 'To protect the child from all
forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment' as when prison
staff use restraining techniques such as nose and thumb distractions this can cause serious harm and
can in fact lead to suicide. Other articles, however may also be breached in prison such as; Article
seven 'The right to know and be cared for by his or her parents', this is breached within prison as the
child has no access to their parents and are cared for by the prison staff. Within custody, it may also
be argued that children do not receive the required hours of education needed, breaching article
Twenty– eight, 'the right of the child to education'. ''There are mandated hours for education in youth
custody, not all children are receiving these

Women's Rights In America Essay
The United States of America is one of the most powerful developed countries in the world, with a
strong economic and political stand in the international stage. Unfortunately, from all of the shine,
there are spots of rust. The United States faces internal issues, such as education, foreign relations,
and most importantly social policies. Recently, the United States has started to discuss more about
how women in the labor market, are receiving a lower amount of payment, compared to men. This
not only includes regular jobs, but high paying jobs as well, for example CEO's. In this paper, I
would like to discuss about how the International Labour Organization (ILO) discussed on the issues
of women's rights in the labor force and how they should be treated, and see if this is applicable to
the United States based on the recommendation of the ILO. The convention by the ILO during 1981,
was called "Workers with Family ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As I read the recommendation to see if the United States can use this as a stepping stone to fixing
the issue of wages, I find that, the education in the United States does not highlight/focus on the
issue of injustice and mistreatment of women in American society. The only time mentioned about
woman's suffrage was during classes such as history. My understanding and knowledge about this
issue was during college which shocked me the most. I believe, that if there is a chance to change
the view of woman in the workforce, as the recommendation stated in the second section, National
policy under point ten, that the public should be educated about such issues, which may and or help
start awareness to the wage

Chapter V. International Protection Of Human Rights Essay
Chapter V
International Protection of Human Rights of Stateless Persons
5.1 Protection of the Rights of Rohingyas as Stateless persons under International Law:
All human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependence and interrelated. All human beings are
equal in dignity and rights and these rights are vested upon them. So they should act each other on
the basis of the principle of universal brotherhood. All most the international human rights
instruments protect the ethnic minorities in their own country and asylum country. Though
Bangladesh and Myanmar have no legal bindings to protect the stateless persons under the1954
Convention and 1961 Convention , both the countries have ratified the major international human
rights instruments by which both states have legal obligations to protect the human rights of
stateless persons. Bangladesh and Myanmar are parties of the UN Charter, International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Convention on the Elimination All Forms of Discrimination
against Women(CEDAW), AND the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC).Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 (UDHR), is the customary international law. Bangladesh is the
contracting state of the ICESCR, CAT. When the conflict arises between the Charter obligations and
those under international agreements, the problem will be solved on favour of the Charter. Both the
states are bounds to respect, protect and ensure the human rights if the stateless persons under

Summarise the Laws and Codes of Practice Affecting Work in...
Children Act 2006 – Is an Act that defines the new duties imposed on the Local Authorities in
respect to improving the Every Child Matters outcomes for pre–school children. The Act also
defines new rules in relation to childcare for working parents as well as parental information
services. It is aimed at improving the well–being of young children. It emphasises the importance of
safeguarding children and young people within an educational setting. If a child discloses neglect or
abuse; an establishment should have instructions to help the child. This could be referral to an
outside organisation or internally. Human Rights Act 1998 – is an Act that gives legal effect in the
UK to certain fundamental rights and freedoms contained in ... Show more content on
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The Convention obliges states to allow parents to exercise their parental responsibilities. The
Convention also acknowledges that children have the right to express their opinions and to have
those opinions heard and acted upon when appropriate, to be protected from abuse or exploitation,
and to have their privacy protected, and it requires that their lives not be subject to excessive
interference. Education Act 2002/2006 – Schools which have innovative ideas to improve education,
but are prevented by an existing law from implementing them, will be able to apply for exemption
from that law. Schools which demonstrate a high standard of teaching will be given exemption
national controls such as the national curriculum, agreements on teachers' pay and conditions and
the way the scheduling of the school day and terms. The act imposes various minimum standards for
independent schools in areas such as health and safety and space requirements SEN Code of
Practice 2001– The SEN code of practice 2001 provides a clear framework for identifying, assessing
and meeting pupils' special educational needs. The fundamental principles of the SEN code are: – a
child with special educational needs should have their needs met – the special educational needs of
children will normally be met in

The Convention of the Rights of the Child
"Nelson Mandela once described the Convention on the Rights of the Child as, 'that living document
that enshrines the rights of every child without exception to a life of dignity and self–fulfillment'"
(Hodgkin & Newell, 2007). Yet, while we came to recognize the significance and impact which
CRC policy would have, there has been continual issues regarding its successful implementation,
even in a country like Canada. Within the context of this essay, Article 2, 3, 4, and 12 of the
Convention on the Rights of the Child will be assessed to determine the potential contributions and
implications which they have to make to CRC policy in Canada. While adults historically have
viewed children as "little adults" or property of their parents, we have come to learn that children
can be entirely independent if they are given the resources and support to accomplish their dreams
(Davies, 2004). The Convention of the Rights of the Child (CRC) was adopted and opened for
signatures in November of 1989 and it entered into full force on September 2, 1990 (CRC, 1989).
Recent review of signatories of the CRC shows that there are over 193 parties and 140 signatories to
the convention, and only two countries have not ratified the Convention: the U.S. and Somalia
(OHCHR, 1989). The CRC has influenced global policy for over two decades, and it has been touted
as one of the world's "most comprehensive single treaty' ever to appear in the field of human rights
(Wilkins, 2003). The CRC's general

The United Nations Convention On The Rights Of The Child
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child recognizes any person under the age of
18 as a child, following this within the Criminal Justice System of England and Wales it is specified
that people under the age of 18 are to be considered as juveniles, people between the ages of 14–18
are to be considered as young persons and anyone under the age of 14 is to be classed as a child.
What this means to us is that within the Criminal Justice System children can be distinguished by
their ages, allowing different ages to be responded to as a result. On the other hand because the age
of criminal responsibility is set at 10 years of age in England and Wales, this is not allowed. Instead
of taking notice of the varied phases of development children are at, children are tried in adult courts
as adults, where the notion of childhood is not considered.
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child believe that this is not morally
acceptable, the circumstance that our laws give the preference of recognising the different phases of
a child's development, but not in the age of criminal responsibility promotions many questions,
furthermore due to the abolishment of doli incapax 1998 Lipscombe (2012), further arguments are
put forward for the age of criminal responsibility to be altered.
This essay is going to look into problems put forward for having the age of criminal responsibility
set at ten years of age as well as why this age should be altered, with substitute

Parental Consent In The United States
When you think of a child, you may not immediately think of them as a single entity, but instead as
an extension of their parents. This view is one that doesn't seem to disappear until the child has
reached their teens and are into their junior high and high school age. This view has to do with the
idea of parental consent. Once a child reaches ages in the teens and above, they become more
capable to make decisions without the guidance of a parental or another adult figure. Issues arise
from this when we talk about the rights of the child because children don't have a universal set of
rights like the right of man, and some rights, such as the right to bear arms, wouldn't . What are we
to do if we want to give children rights that they deserve, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
has not ratified the CRC. The Convention was signed in 1995 by Bill Clinton but never ratified by a
two thirds majority vote in the house. The only other countries to not have the CRC laws ratified are
South Sudan and Somalia, nations with essentially no functional government. So is America really
on the same level of South Sudan and Somalia? Well obviously, the answer is no, because we are a
much more developed country in many ways. According to Lawrence J. Cohen and Anthony T.
DeBenedet of TIME magazine, the primary opposition of the CRC is "based on fears of U.N.
interference in U.S. laws and families." Parents worry that the Convention will undermine the rights
of parents, when in fact, the treaty protects the rights of the child AND of the parents. A sight called
ParentalRights.org has been pivotal in instilling fear in the mind of concerned parents. The sight
suggests that the adoption of such a convention would prevent parents from discipline such as
spanking and from opting out the young feeble minds of their children from the "horrors" of sexual
education. Michael Farris, the president suggests that the chief threat of the ratification of the CRC
would be the denial of American self–government. Farris states that "Upon ratification, this nation
would be making a binding promise in international law that we would obey the legal standards
created by the U.N. CRC. American children and families are better served by constitutional
democracy than international law." The group is fearful that ratification of the treaty would mean
children could choose their own religion, that children would have a legally enforceable right to
leisure, that nations would have to spend more on children's welfare than national defense, and that a
child's "right to be heard" could trigger a governmental review of any decision a parent made that a
child didn't like. Though the group may make a valid point, what kind of message are we

The Issue Of Human Rights Essay
Human rights are those rights which should be available to every single individual. Throughout
history, induced abortions have been a source of great debate and controversy since ethical,
religious, political and personal issues coincide. Two great contrasting views have arisen as a result
of this. The "pro–life" view supports the rights of an unborn child measuring life of the foetus from
the moment of conception. On the contrary, the "pro–choice" view prioritises the mother's right to
abortion with a belief that every woman should have the right to choose whether or not to go into
the journey of motherhood. The pro–choice advocates, hence, consider the right of the foetus
distinct from the pregnant woman, creating an adversarial relationship between the mother and the
baby. The legal position of the foetus raises contention since there is no way in obtaining an opinion
from an unborn child.
The concept of abortion brings into focus the ethics surrounding abortion itself and how it is viewed
morally. These two are inextricably linked and thus it will be necessary to highlight the arguments
surrounding the status of the foetus and rights of the mother, both morally and legally.
In the United Kingdom, even though abortion is a healthcare matter, it continues to be a politically
contested issue. The courts have faced an immense amount of difficulty on how to legally handle the
matter of abortion. Traditionally the English Courts have refused to regard a foetus as having a

The Un Convention On The Rights Of The Child Essay
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, illuminates the essential rights that all children have.
According to the Convention, each child has the privilege of education, it is the state 's obligation to
guarantee that essential education is free and necessary, to allow distinctive types of secondary
training, including general and professional training and to make them open to each child and to
make advanced education accessible (United Nations, 1990). But as indicated by UNICEF, an
expected 93 million kids on the planet don 't get the chance to go to school, the majority whom are
girls. A large part of these children are poor and their families can 't stand to send them to school.
They should work to help their families survive. Others, for the most part, young girls don 't go to
school since they need to help at home. However, without an education, children and families are
forced to lead an existence in poverty (UNICEF, 2015).
Due to the (1) significance of education for each child on the planet, the (2) existing barriers to
education around the world and the fact that (3) education is a lifelong learning process for
everyone, this essay argues that it is essential to make sure that everyone in the world gets an
education.
The question of education is significant for each child on earth. But e.g. for people from industrial
nations, education is one of the most normal issues on the planet, we underestimate the chance of
learning. In any case, education is

Asylum Seekers Literature Review
One of the key areas beneficial to the role of a United Nations Representative in relations to
refugees in detention is to understand Australia's current stance on children in mandatory detention,
and how Australian law is inconsistent with their international obligations. The Australian
Government has continually justified the detention of asylum seekers and refugees as necessary in
deterring future asylum seekers and refugees from attempting to entering Australia by boat. This
justification, however, has been consistently challenged by literature that argues children are not a
proven deterrent for future asylum seekers and there is no evidence to support this claim, therefore,
there is no legitimate reason for children to be detained in mandatory ... Show more content on
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Of all the literature reviewed discussing children asylum seekers, it was found that Australia was in
breach of at least one of their international treaties or conventions, with one source finding Australia
in breach of over 150 of their international obligations. The majority of reports found Australia in
breach of the Convention of the Rights of the Child in regards to the treatment of children in
detention centres, their access to basic essentials, the prolonged duration of their detainment and the
deterioration of children's mental health from this prolonged detainment. For example, one report
found the Australian Government detained children with mental and physically disabilities for
prolonged periods of time in offshore detention centres where their access to health care was limited
and insufficient to their needs as well as allowed children to remain on Nauru when it was proven to
have a negative mental and psychical health impact on the well–being of child asylum seekers,
breaching numerous human rights under the CRC. It's explained that the reason Australia is not
prosecuted for these breaches is because although Australia is a signatory of multiple international
conventions and treaties, they are not enacted in Australia's domestic law and thus cannot be
prosecuted for their

The Weak Enforcement Mechanism of the UN Convention on the...
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, hereafter referred to as 'CRC', is the most inclusive
legal document devoted to the promotion and protection of children's rights. Upon ratification, State
Parties are supposed to be bound to the CRC through international law. However, as Cynthia Price
Cohen (one of the drafters of the CRC) identifies, the CRC 'does not lay down specific rules with
sanctions for noncompliance'. Thus, it is imperative that the CRC have enforcement mechanisms in
place to ensure implementation. This essay will discuss how the existing weak enforcement
mechanism is hindering the State Parties from reaching the objectives of the CRC.
II. THE EXISTING ENFORCEMENT MECHANISM OF THE CRC
Presently, there is one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the Vienna Declaration Programme of Action, in support of the World Conference on
Human Rights, urges State Parties to withdraw reservations.
The Human Rights Committee indicates, in its General Comment No. 24, that the test that governs
interpretation and acceptability of a reservation is found in the Vienna Convention on the Law of the
Treaties, hereafter referred to as 'VCLT'. The treaty has been deemed to be a codification of
customary International Law, and as such applies to all States. The VCLT establishes that a State
may 'formulate a reservation unless...the reservation is incompatible with the object and purpose of
the treaty'. The CRC itself refers to those key terms in Article 51(2).
General Comment No. 24, hereafter referred to as 'GC24', clarifies that while the VLCT is on point,
it is not adequate to rely solely upon when human rights treaties are involved. This is due to the fact
that individual rights are at issue, as opposed to other treaties where States maintain obligations
involving other State rights. GC24 specifically says that the duty of determining whether a
reservation is compatible falls to the Committee. Due to the similarity in nature of the Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights the same would hold true for the CRC Committee.
It is also the Committee's mandate to 'examine the progress made by State Parties in achieving the
realization of

Juvenile Offenders And The United Nations Convention On...
1.0 Introduction With the escalating seriousness and devastation being caused by young criminals,
the Queensland Jurisdiction amended the Youth Justice Act 1992, on 11 February 2014, in an
attempt to control and reduce young people offending and achieve improved outcomes for young
offenders and their families. However, the reforms are argumentative with stakeholders believing
that the amendments breach the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. This report
will evaluate Queensland's criminal justice system's ability to effectively balance the rights of
juvenile offenders with the society's need for order, as well as examine different stakeholder
perspectives and make justified recommendations about legal issues and their outcomes. 2.0
Legislation The Youth Justice Act 1992 (QLD) contains laws for juveniles who commit offences, or
are alleged to have committed offences. Under the law a juvenile is a person who is not old enough,
by statutory age of criminal responsibility, to be held accountable for their criminal acts. In most
Australian jurisdictions the maximum age for treatment as a child for criminal offences is 17 years.
However, Queensland is the only Australian jurisdiction that deals with 17–year–olds as adults in
the criminal justice system. The purpose of the Youth Justice Act 1992 (QLD) is to provide fair and
balanced law to juvenile offenders to effectively balance their rights with the society's need for
order. The Act also provides services

Definition And Root Causes Of Child Trafficking In The...
Article 4 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, compiled by the United Nations in 1948,
states: "No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited
in all their forms." However, the trade in humans is currently a pressing global crime. Recruited
individuals, among which many children, have limited if any opportunity to break free from
conditions of slavery. Human beings can be trafficked across continents or within their home
countries. They are bought and sold for activities such as forced labor and sexual exploitation and
represent lucrative sources of revenues for criminal organizations. In 2008, the trade in humans
represented a highly productive market whose profit of 32 billion U.S. dollars was estimated to
come after the ones of the drugs and arms trade.
This paper offers an international perspective on the current ... Show more content on
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A discussion about the potential future changes that can be implemented globally and locally is
developed based on comparisons. The comparison among several articles attempts to answer the
question about what are the most effective actions to take in order to counteract child trafficking.
Definition and Root Causes of Child Trafficking The most relevant international tool to combat
human trafficking is the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime which
was (adopted?)approved by the United Nations member states in 2000 during a conference in
Palermo, Italy and entered into force(?) in 2003. The convention included three

Role Of The Wto On Addressing Labour Standards
Appropriate role of the WTO in addressing labour standards
Introduction
The relationship between international trade and labour standards is a key issue today. The relation
defines the link between developing countries and advanced industrialized nations. International
enforcement of labour standards is justifiable from two frontiers of arguments. The first one opines
that "unfair" labour conditions and practices exist in many countries and trading partners and call for
the need to offset an occurrence through appropriate trade policy measures in a bid to level the
playing field (Elliott & Richard 2003, p. 67). The proponents of the argument include organized
social and labour activists. Secondly, other social activists contend that ... Show more content on
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147). Such standards are aimed at enforcing the adherence to WTO agreements by trading countries
that have signed and ratified the WTO agreement. Most issues dealt with by the WTO derive from
previous trade negotiations such as the Uruguay Round (1986–1994). All measures are taken with
the view of raising standards of living and ensuring full employment (Brown 200, p. 971). To
achieve its objectives, it undertakes a series of trade liberalizing agreements reached on consensus
from the WTO 's members forming the General Council.
Labour standards under the World Trade Organization (WTO)
Labour Standards in the World Trade Organization refer to the binding rules forming part of the
principles and jurisprudence applicable within the rule making structures of the World Trade
Organization (WTO). The labour standards play a critical role within the WTO. Despite them being
a backbone in the WTO, they form a prominent issue facing the WTO hence generating academic
and economic debates (Rodrik 1997, p.37). The scope to which the WTO recognizes labour
standards is based on the principles established in Conventions of the International Labour
Organization (ILO), and renowned human rights treaties such as the International Bill of Human
Rights.
Core Labour Standards
The core labour standards are identified by the 'Declaration of the Fundamental Principles and
Rights at Work ' by the International Labour Organization (ILO). They are widely acknowledged for
their

Torres Strait Islander Children
have had more sophisticated and developed culture, society, and technology. Similarly, the white
Australians had ideas that the white are superior, and the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
should be assimilated to the white culture. Because of such circumstances, the legislative removal of
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their family and community has happened, and it
has been significant in Australian history. This essay will argue that Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander children's human rights have been protected by several human rights mechanisms, but still
not enough. Firstly, this essay will introduce several legislations, which slowed removal of the
children. Secondly, it will summarise impacts of the removal ... Show more content on
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Such legislations which have been mentioned above ostensibly aimed to provide better protection
and cares for the Aboriginal children. In fact, children who were subjects of the removal were
regarded as neglected by their parents (Beresford & Omaji 1998, p. 15), so Aboriginal families
thought as 'an acceptable living standards' from white standards were often removed their children
(Beresford & Omaji 1998, p. 62). Thus, in one sense, those Acts seemingly protected the Aboriginal
children by removing them from their parents. However, applying removed children's evidences
cited above to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNDRIP) document, the legislations
seem having caused the human rights violations of the Aboriginal children. For example, the
discrimination from white adoption mother because of skin colour (CS 82) can be violation on the
article 2, the right to 'free from any kind of discrimination'(UNDRIP p. 4). Also, sexual abuse in the
orphanage and foster homes (CE 528) can be violation on the article 7, the right the rights to life,
physical and mental integrity, liberty and security of person (UNDRIP p. 5). Additionally, the
removal, the placement, and the limitation of their behaviour are originally violation on 'the
collective right to live in freedom, peace and security' and 'shall not be

Equal Opportunities
In this essay I am going to explain the term " equal opportunities" in relation to early years practice.
Explore this in the context of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and explain the impact
the Convention on UK legislation. I am also going to suggest some steps which in my consideration
can implement equality of opportunity for children in UK. Equal opportunity is a descriptive term
for an approach intended to give equal access to a certain social environment or to ensure people are
not specifically excluded from participating in activities such as education, employment or health
care on the basis of immutable traits. The lack of access ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(UN Convention, Article 31) In upholding the rights of children, the Convention does not infringe
on the rights of parents to decide what is best for their children. Instead, it specifically states that
governments shall make every effort to keep families intact and shall provide support and assistance
to parents in fulfilling their responsibilities with regard to the upbringing and development of their
children. The promotion of children's rights is not a matter of placing children in conflict with the
adult authorities in their lives, but of encouraging all citizens to work together for a safe, healthy and
productive future for children.(http://www.unicef.org) Parents, carers, families and teachers are the
most important influence on outcomes for children and young people. The Every Child Matters:
Change for Children programme aims to ensure that support for parents becomes routine,
particularly at key points in a child or young person's life. (http://www.crin.ch) The UK government
aim is for every child, whatever their background or their circumstances, to have the support they
need to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution, achieve economic
well–being. The UK government aim is for every child, whatever their background or their
circumstances, to have the support they need to be healthy, stay

International Conventions On Child Rights
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ON CHILD RIGHTS AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION IN
INDIA TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Legal Definition of a 'Child' 1 International Law
with regard to Children 2 International Instruments 2 Declaration of the Rights of the Child, 1924 2
Declaration of the Rights of the Child, 1959 3 Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 3
Implementation in India 5 Current Legal Framework in India 5 Policies and Plans 6 National Policy
on Education, 1986 6 National Policy on Child Labour, 1987 6 National Plan of Action for Children,
1992 6 Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) 7 National Initiative for Child Protection
(NICP) 7 Analysis of Implementation 7 Child Rights in Indian Courts 8 Conclusion – The
Challenges Ahead 9 INTRODUCTION Indian law, policy and practice of child welfare have
undergone a significant change from a historical perspective. From customs expecting the wellbeing
of children to be based on values and morals, we have evolved to a system where the child is a
rights–bearer and a recipient of welfare measures. This is because of the manner in which India has
imbibed certain international principles with regard to child rights This paper will seek to explore
the relationship between international conventions which spell out on a universal basis what
children's rights are all about and their implementation in the Indian system of child welfare. The
paper will begin by trying to legally define the term "child", since children are the

Alice Miller Childhood
1A. Children's work is a perspective that can be viewed through both an adult perspective and a
child centered perspective. The adult perspective of children's work includes ultimately shedding the
skin of 'childhood' and leaving it behind. This perspective views adulthood and childhood as two
separate entities completely with little to no overlap. This adult centered perspective views imposing
violence against children as something a child will simply forget about as they age. On the opposing
end, a child centered perspective views childhood as a collection of experiences that are carried into
our adult lives as well. Although the child grows into an adult, the childhood does not come to an
end, but adult duties and responsibilities are now present as well. This perspective views childhood
as the longest lasting period in our lives (contrary to what the adult centered perspective believes).
The child centered perspective focuses primarily on the importance of childhood and the presence of
play. Through play, a child will develop the skills needed to interpret their world, and any new
stimuli they may ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nicholas Celebration" it is noted the importance that child's work has within a child's overall
development. In this article, Miller expresses how distraught she was witnessing children terrified
and on the verge of tears being told how bad they have been that year by St. Nicholas. The story
highlights the adult centered perspective which correlates with how the parents in this article were
acting as well. The adults spent no attention aiding their children after they encounter St. Nicholas.
These parents simply implied that the child would 'get over it'. This is an example of violence
against children because the children in this story were shamed, laughed at, belittled, and frightened.
However, by the adults, these effects were not observed due to the visiting of St. Nicholas being so
normal for their

Child Abduction : Bringing Together The Ecthr And The Ecj...
Child Abduction: Bringing together the ECtHR and the ECJ for the Best Interests of the Child The
1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention provided the method of securing the prompt return of
children to the State of their habitual residence in cases of abduction. The Convention assumes that
return of the children to the State of their habitual residence immediately prior to their abduction is
in their best interests. However, it also provides a few exceptions for the non–return of the child. In
case of an establishment of the exception, 'the courts of place where the child is present after
abduction generally have a discretion as to whether to return the child to the State of the habitual
residence of the child.' The Brussels II bis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For a certain period of time, 'the intervention of the ECtHR in relation to the Abduction Convention
had on the whole been positive. However, the Grand Chamber decision in Neulinger altered this
pattern and left the future of the Abduction Convention in jeopardy.' Misunderstandings of the
Abduction Convention by the ECtHR and the ECJ 'The misinterpretation of the Abduction
Convention started with the domestic proceedings in Raban v Romania, where consent was treated
as an issue under Article 3 and Article 13(b) was applied under dubious circumstances'. The ECtHR
simply 'agreed with the analysis of the Romanian Court instead of correcting these decisions based
on its own interpretation of the Convention'. As a result of this, the ECtHR held that there was 'no
violation of Article 8, the right to family life. The ECtHR said that it "cannot question the
assessment of the domestic authorities, unless there is clear evidence of arbitrariness"'. Background
of Raban v Romania In Raban, there were two children (two and three years old) who were living at
the family home with their parents in Israel. It was agreed that the mother and the two children
would visit their maternal family in Romania for a period of six months because the family were
facing financial problems in Israel. They left for Romania on 27 April 2006 and were due to return
on 24 October 2006. The mother informed the father on 3 November 2006 that they would remain in
Romania. Therefore, on 8

Bill Of Right At The International Level
Bill of rights
The idea of a bill of right at the international level was conceived at the time of framing the charter
of the U.N.at the San Francisco conference in 1945, at which the organization was established.
President Truman of the US in his closing speech to the conference stated that under the charter "we
have good reason to expect the framing of an international bill of rights, acceptable to all the nations
involved. That bill of rights will be as much part of international life as our own bill of rights is a
part of our constitution."(1) International bill of human rights consists of the UNIVERSAL
DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (UDHR), the international covenant on civil and political
rights along with its protocol and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also emphasized the need for international protection of human rights. The conscience of human
beings worldwide was shocked by Mussolini's fascist government of Italy, the Spanish civil war and
the Franco regime. The most significant formulation of this vision of a new international legal order
was the message to the US congress, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in January 1941 in which
he referred to "the four freedoms": freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom
from want and freedom from fear which were among the foundations upon which planning for the
united nation was started. In 1945 at the San Francisco Conference, where the UN Charter was
finally drafted, several actors contributed to the greater emphasis on human rights. Although the
suggestion of creating a commission on human rights was controversial among the great powers, the
US finally achieved its adoption. Thus, a commission on human rights was the only one explicitly
mentioned in the UN charter, and consequently, the human rights issue had got a flying start within
the United Nations. United nation was formally established on 24th October 1945.Human rights
issue were assigned to the economic and social council (ECOSOC), at the first session of which the
nuclear commission on human rights was set up. This commission met in April/May 1946 and made
recommendation on composition and terms of reference. These matters were finally decided by the
ECOSOC's second session, in which full

Comparing The Convention On The Charter Of Rights Of The...
Although these individuals may have committed a severe mistake, placing them with adults would
seriously risk the safety of the child, and as presented above, does not prevent them from
reoffending. The Convention on the Rights of the Child was created to ensure the rights of children
were protected by law by considering their best interests, ensuring they develop in a healthy manner
and guaranteeing that they would not be discriminated against, no matter what the circumstance may
be (UNICEF, n.d.). These young individuals may not fully understand their rights and it is important
that there are laws created to defend those who may not be fully capable of defending themselves.
Both the Convention on the Rights of the Child as well as the Charter of Rights and Freedoms aim
to protect those who may be particularly vulnerable, prevent any form of discrimination and ensure
their rights are protected. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are being held to a higher level of accountability than their cognitive functioning allows and
this permits abuse of their rights. Some may be concerned about the protection of society, arguing
that these individuals who are given a youth sentence are not being punished for their mistakes and
will just simply reoffend if given a youth sentence. With a youth sentence however, they are given a
punishment as they are still serving time in jail and under supervision, away from their family and in
circumstances that may be far from ideal. As mentioned above, it is the adult system that creates a
greater likelihood of recidivism and is in many ways

The Role Of Minors In World War II
Minors' participation in war was first mentioned in antiquity. During 1800s, it had become a
common scene for youths to serve as aides and charioteers bearers to adult warriors in the
Mediterranean basin.
World War I
In the West, boys as young as 12 were caught up in the overwhelming tide of patriotism, Many were
to serve in the bloodiest battles of the war,
World War II
In World War II, children frequently fought in insurrections in both the Allied and Axis forces.
In World War II, the youngest member of the United States Military was 12–year–old Calvin
Graham. He lied about his age when he enlisted in the US Navy, and his real age was not known
until after he was wounded.[123] The United States Military was not the sole recruiter, albeit
unintentionally or intentionally, of underage child soldiers during World War II. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even at the onset of war, Hitler Youth totalled 8.8 million members. Numbers decreased
significantly (to just over one million) once the war began as many local and district leaders were
drafted for the national army. Previous average age for local and district leaders was 24, but
following the onset of war, this had to change to those who were 16 and 17 years of age. These
youths were in command of up to 500

Human Rights In Australia
Good morning year 11 & 12 students, I am here to talk to you about the Human Rights, are they
relevant to Australian Society and the effectiveness the Australian Governments been in ensuring
that these rights are promoted and enforced. Human rights, what does it mean? "That which is
ethically good and proper and in conformity with the moral Law as it pertains to people." This can
be found in the Macquarie dictionary. 1948 was when the human rights was adopted, this was
because of the end result of World War II (WWII). With the creation of the United Nations, and the
end of WWII the international community this being "The countries of the world considered
collectively," they vowed to never again let the conflicts and disasters like in WWII to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Throughout Australia, between 2013 and 2014, sexual abuse was 14%, Neglect 28%, Physical abuse
19% and Emotional abuse 39%. Australia to improve this right could have looked more closely into
it. An example would be when on the 17th of August 2015 200 cases for child protections were
ignored in West Tasmania, most of the cases are for children under the aged of three and unborn
babies. Rebecca White Labor's human services spokeswoman said,"The fact that over 200 cases
have been referred for child protection to be assessed and they haven't even met that first hurdle is a
great concern and could mean terrible consequences for those children," Instead it has gotten worse
over the years and will get worse. For these statistics to become better the court needs to hear all the
cases of child abuse because in 2013–2014 there was a total of 137,585 cases involving 99,210 of
child abuse which were investigated expect only 127,614 were finalised by 31 August 2014.
Australia has a right for children Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). It recognises
children having the same human rights as adults, but also needing special protection of their own.
The CRC have guidelines as to what children should get from the right, these may include: Best
interest of the child as a primary consideration; the right to survival and development; the right of all
children to express their views

Developing Of Children 's Rights
Introduction It was not as late as the late nineteenth century that developing of children's rights'
safeguarding activity contravened the extensive held aspect that minors were mainly quasi–property
and economic assets. In the United States, the continuous activity confronted the courts'
unwillingness to barge into family problems, elevated wide child safety adaptations, and was
successful in having laws passed to regulate child labor and provide for necessary education. It also
elevates understanding of children's matters and instituted a juvenile court system. Further thrust for
child's rights took place in the 1960s–1970s, when some champions as victims of victimization or as
a subjugated group outlook youngsters. In the prospective of an international setting, the growth of
child's rights in international and transnational law has been single out as a noticeable variance in
the post–war legal prospect. The objectives of this rundown is to set forth some of the presentations
of definite prime international legal instruments on children's rights that layout slice of that
panorama. International Declaration of the Rights of the Child 1959 The U.N. Declaration of the
Rights of the Child (DRC) creates upon rights that had been set out in a League of Nations
Declaration of 1924. The forepart matter details that minors yearn for special safeguards and
attentions, comprise of apposite legal safeguard, in arrangement for as well as at the close to birth,
restated in 1924

Children's Rights In Canada Essay
Children are human too, do they or should all of the rights of humans apply to children in canada or
only select few. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, children should have
equal rights and some additional ones to protect them and take care of them in their young age. The
UN Convention started all the way back in 1979, this convention states the rights of children across
Canada. At first it was just saying that it should include children's civil rights and freedoms, but later
on it also included their economic, social, and cultural rights, making sure they were treated equally.
Canada really cares for its citizens, the B.C. government came up with an organization to help
families and communities take care of the kids and youth living in it, the goal is to maximize the
potential in every child of B.C. . Children's rights are very important and they all deserve a good
life, that's why social workers have the right to take kids away from their family if they aren't getting
the help and support they need from their parents. Mary Ellen Turpel–Lafond was the first
representative for kids and youth in British Columbia's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The house of Commons made it very clear that by the year 2000 child poverty will be completely
gone. Although they tried very hard for this to become true it didn't, in 2007 the percentage of a
family's income going towards their children had decreased only a little bit. One in ten children
living in Canada lived in poverty and one in four Aboriginal children in Canada lived in poverty.
There was so many different ways to stop child poverty but they could never come up with one and
all agree on it. One of the solutions was that parents with lower income should pay lower taxes but
others didn't feel that that was very fair to other Canadians. Some other people thought that the
government should play a better role in caring for the kids and youth of their

The Importance Of Children's Rights
Child rights continue to be a subject of international debate. Around the world, many government
and non–government officials seek to enhance children's rights. Children are generally vulnerable to
mistreatment, violent behavior by others, cruelty and ignorance. This results in various problems in
the children including critical issues such as high infant mortality, unhealthy mind and body
condition, improperly developed parenting skills for future life; they go about roaming on the streets
and do not have a home, tend to leave school at early age and have other difficulties in education.
All these factors contribute to a poor life and in this respect; The United Nations Children Fund
(UNICEF) puts a lot of emphasis on the child protection rights. Moreover, children are likely to
have a more healthy body and mind as they grow up, and have a higher self–confidence and esteem
in the future, if they are provided with a conducive environment for psycho social growth and their
rights are adequately protected. The universal recognition of these special needs of children led to
the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in addition to the international
human rights framework. The U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child was adopted on 20th
November 1989 and provides that national governments will respect and enforce children's rights.
The Convention is a focal point of children's rights efforts, because nearly every national
government including India and 191

De Facto Relationships
De Facto Relationships 1. Identify and describe an alternative family arrangement you have chosen
and how or why it is considered an 'alternative family arrangement'. A de facto couple is an
unmarried heterosexual or same sex couple. The Family Law Act 1975 –section 4AA defines a de
facto couple as 'persons who are not legally married to each other, persons not related by family and
having regard to all circumstances of their relationship, they have a relationship as a couple living
together on a genuine domestic basis'. Factors that indicate whether a couple are legally recognised
as a de facto couple include the duration of the relationship, nature and extent of their common
residence, whether a sexual relationship exists, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Legislation such as the Anti–Discrimination Act 1977, Family Law Act 1975, Family Law
Amendment Act, the Property (Relationships) Act 1984 and the Family Law Amendment (De Facto
Financial Matters and Other Measures) 2008 are all used to make the necessary changes in the law,
as a result of Australia's participation in the treaties, in order to comply. The Anti–discrimination Act
1977 under section 4.39 prohibits the discrimination on the ground of marital or domestic status,
including that of a de facto relationships. This reflects Article 2 of the ICESCR, which states that
'rights will be exercised without discrimination of any kind as to marital status'. Similarly, the
Family Law Act 1975 addresses Australia's International obligations of the Conventions on the
Rights of the Child. Section 60B of the Family Law Act outlines the provisions in dealing with the
best interests of the child in court proceedings. The principles underlying these objects include the
principles of CROC in that it has similar ideologies about the growth welfare and development of
the child and protection from abuse, psychical and psychological harm. Reflecting article 5 of
CROC, section 60CA of the Family Law Act affirms the principle that 'a court must regard the best
interests of the child as the paramount consideration'. Article 25 of the

The Un Convention On The Rights Of The Child Essay
Introduction and Contextualisation.
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) states that children have the right to influence
their daily life (§12–14). To assist children to obtain these rights of influence,
Teachers have an obligation to give children various opportunities to make their voices heard.
According to Grindheim et al. (2010 p.83) the teacher is the key person and transforms everyday
experiences into important co–operation moments and communication.
Why did I plan this activity?
In emergent curriculum, as is this centre's pedagogy and the 0–3 room's programme, planning is
shared with the learners, by responding to, expanding and building upon the ideas and interests of
the children in the group, collectively and individually.
My plan was to build on the children's interests in the 0–3 room, which is the children enjoy the
sounds of human voice singing coupled with traditional nursery rhymes. Children in this age group
,learning and development is still developing, so they need their teachable moments to be repeated
and repeated often, in biteable chunks which I provided.
These musical experiences was effective and in my consequent interactions with the children of this
room was in their repeated requests to myself to repeat to such nursery rhymes as Humpdety
Dumpty, Twinkle Twinke Little Star, Old MacDonald had a Farm, Incy Wincy, Ring a Ring of Roses
multiple times each day.
Grindheim et al. (2010 p.83) discuss that if Teachers are aware of

The Hague Abduction Convention For The United Kingdom And...
Introduction The hague abduction convention in 1980 is the most successful international
convention today, with 88 contracting states. Sevaral European countries, especially the United
Kingdom, establish more complete system and act as role models in International society. A
representative and straightforward case will be mentioned to lead to the purpose of the study. The
source of the convention and its determining basis will be discussed profoundly. Moreover, this
leading knowledge will be utilized to analyse the advancement the legal system has in United
Kingdom and Europe. Under the background of the new changes of the Hague Abduction
Convention ,the system is still considered as the key to avoiding misjudged case and guaranteeing
children's happiness. In this article, a case between United Kingdom and Greece will be shown in
the Part one, followed by the basic situation of Hague Abduction Convention. The legal system will
be mentioned next ,and the new changes of this convention will be analysed at the last part. A case A
Greek man and a English woman married in 1998 after cohabiting ten years. They have two children
age 4 and 1 respectively. This family lived in a luxurious villa and the father managed a hotel nearby
their villa during tourist season. They went to live in London in winter concurrently. They had been
living like this until 2002. At March of that year, the father went to Greece without any messange,
and at April, the mother started to seek a method to

The Convention On The Rights Of The Child
The Convention on the Rights of the Child, which is based on the legal systems and cultural
traditions variety constitute a set of standards and obligations universally agreed and not subject to
negotiation. And clarify these standards – also called human rights – set minimum entitlements and
freedoms that governments must respect, and one based on respect for the dignity of the individual
and the same, without any kind of discrimination, such as race, color, sex, language, religion,
opinion, origin national or social origin, property, birth or capacity, so all of these standards apply to
people everywhere. It obliges these rights governments and individuals alike not to violate the same
freedoms of others, a unit of one indivisible, and linked together closely so that it is impossible to
give priority to one of the rights to other rights account. And consent to be bound (ratification of this
instrument or accession) national governments have committed themselves to protecting and
ensuring children 's rights, and agreed to take responsibility for this commitment before the
international community. The Convention obliges States Parties to the development and
implementation of all actions and policies in the light of the best interests of the child. So is this
agreement as a quantum leap in dealing with childhood affairs, about the contents of the obligation
to comply with certain specifications and requirements for the contents of rights in all fields, after it
had been

The Trafficking Of Human Trafficking
Humanity has known since the dawn of history, multiple forms of slavery and it varies from society
to another. As long as people thought that slavery ended, never to return, they go back and sneak
into our communities in severe forms by human trafficking crimes.
When humanity eliminated the phenomenon of human slavery, it returned in different pictures and
forms, combining them enslaving people, through the recruitment, transportation, transfer of people
by force and threat, and using and exploiting them in different ways.
Among the victims of human trafficking crimes, there are those who are subjected to sexual
exploitation, labor exploitation, and removal of organs. These crimes also include the recruitment of
children, forced and early marriage, and forced marriage. Trafficking in persons is a national, global
and international phenomenon, at the same time, where they are moving across the border between
the states by organized crime gangs.
Human trafficking ranks in third place, after drugs and arms trade, in terms of the amounts of money
involved. It is a form of slavery, a violation of human rights, and constitutes a crime against the
individual and the state together, and the crime that affects human security and is the security of the
state alike. It also represents a threat to the sovereignty and security of nations, and a serious
violation of the global economy.
Thus, this paper discusses the issue of human trafficking, the background, implications and the

What Does Voluntary Child Labor Constitute Slavery? Essay
Despite slavery being deemed illegal across the majority of the world, millions of people are
subjected to slave–like conditions on a daily basis, many of whom are children with little options for
change. One aspect of slavery that commands particular attention is the exploitation of children in
various factories and farms which continues to flourish in Africa, various south east Asian countries,
Cambodia and India. Despite the rapid decrease in child slaves between 2000 and 2015 as a result of
non–government organisation action, United nations conventions and some legal measures there are
still millions of children being subjected to such treatment. This report will consider the size of the
problem and the interplay between between child sex tourism, youth employment in the pursuit
towards ending child prostitution, most commonly found as a form of debt bondage.
It is estimated that at least 5.5 million children are currently in slavery, trafficking, debt bondage and
other forms of forced labor, forced armed conflict, prostitution and other various forms of slavery.
The question is, to what extent does voluntary child labor constitute slavery and, what steps have
been taken to decrease high rates of child prostitution. Child bondage labor is the most widespread
form of slavery in children. A child becomes a bonded laborer when their labor is demanded as a
means of repayment for a loan usually taken by the Childs parents. However, the value of their work
usually always

Differences And Similarities Between Australia And New...
Introduction
To compare the legal, educational inclusion and disability regulations of different countries, you first
need to look at what that country regards as important and what that country values when it comes
to the education of people living in that country. This report will first compare and examine
Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom's laws and regulations then compare what is
regarded as important within their country to be inclusive within their education system and the
values each of these countries have that contribute to their inclusive educational system and how
this affects teachers within these counties.
Discussion
Laws and legal regulations that contribute to the countries inclusive and disability educational ...
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Meaning all persons with disabilities have the right to an education and should be excluded from
schools due to their disability. This is supported in the United Kingdom's Disability Discrimination
Act when it states that 'Disability discrimination in education is unlawful. Schools must not treat
disabled pupils less favourably than others'. In New Zealand the Education act 1989 and the
Disability Strategy both concur with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities when
both promote the Equal rights to primary and secondary education by ensuring a person with a
disability has the rights to receive at schools as people who do not have a disability. The Australian's
Disability Discrimination Act also complies with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities as it states that 'The Australian Government supports the right of children with disability
to have the same educational opportunities as other children. A person with a disability has a right to

How To Stop Child Soldiering
This paper examines the factors which cause children to become child soldiers and analyzes how
these reasons present potential obstacles to international conventions designed to stop child
soldiering. Specifically, it asserts that children enter armed forces due to push and pull factors such
as abduction (force), voluntary choice (security), or duty (economic and societal pressures) and
posits that the individual agency of children conflict with the international conventions designed to
prevent children from entering armed forces. Additionally, the individual agency of children and
parental obligations to care for children present challenges upon demilitarization of former child
soldiers once they leave the armed forces and seek re–entry into civil society.
According to the Daya Somasundaram (2002) article, Child Soldiers: Understanding the Context,
"the reasons why children become fighters can be categorized into push and pull factors" ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Specifically, in Susan Shepler's (2005) article, The Rites of the Child: Global Discourses of Youth
and Reintegrating Child Soldiers in Sierra Leone, Shepler argues that the Convention on the Rights
of the Child construct children as "innocent" and "this model of innocent child is in conflict with an
earlier model of youth as hardworking and humble" (p. 197). As a result, when children return to
their villages for demilitarization and reintegration, responsibility for the actions of child soldiers is
deflected. In fact, Shepler posits that former child and adult soldiers use the convention strategically
as a means for garnering empathy and familial support, "these claims of innocence ease children's
reintegration into their communities and also make it easier for community members to live with
former fighters in their midst" (p.

The Rights Of The Child
Children are given rights through the Convention of the Rights of the Child. In these rights, are
rights that only children have. There are over 42 rights assigned to children alone. Among these
rights are topics such as survival and development, drug use, free expression, the child's best
interest, and violence. This essay discusses two books, which examine these rights and the ways
they are influenced.
Survival and Development is a right given in the Convention of the Rights of the Child. To Ishmael
in A Long Way Gone, this played a large role in his struggle during the war. When he and his friends
are running from village to village, the boys find themselves hungry and without food. When they
try to get food some villages, they are sometimes unsuccessful and have to steal to get food just to
survive. This is much different in Bakan's book, Childhood Under Siege, where he looks at the
increase of obesity and diabetes among children in the United States. Bakan believes that children
are particularly the victims of this increase due to the decrease in regulations on product marketing.
In the U.S. junk food and sugar are not the only causes for children's health issues. Other big
companies are impacting children's health through their impact on the environment. Bakan
addresses the increase in childhood asthma and cancer, he believes this is due to the environmental
toxins emitted from these big corporations. According to Bakan, these corporations fail to think
include

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