Factors Influencing Milk Production Among Dairy Farmers

Factors Influencing Milk Production Among Dairy Farmers
FACTORS INFLUENCING MILK PRODUCTION AMONG SMALLHOLDER DAIRY
FARMERS IN MATHIRA EAST DISTRICT OF NYERI COUNTY, KENYA BY KARANJA
GEOFFREY MWANGI AST/011/12 STATISTICAL CONSULTING PROJECT STA 450 A
PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN APPLIED STATISTICS
WITH COMPUTING JULY, 2015 KARATINA UNIVERSITY DECLARATION This project report
is my original work and has not been submitted for award of a bachelor's degree in any other
university. Signature...................................... Date.......................... Geoffrey Mwangi Karanja
Ast/011/12 Declaration by the supervisor The research proposal has been submitted with my
approval as the University supervisor Signature...................................... Date........................ Mr.
Peter K. Ngigi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My sincere gratitude goes to the Almighty God for
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Lameinitis Research Paper
Laminitis is also known as lactic acid acidosis and founder, it is an inflammation of the sensitive
lamina of the hoof. Laminitis is caused by a variety of factors and is more so common in dairy
cattle. Lamina is a sensitive tissue located between the claw bone and the hoof wall, which keeps the
hoof wall attached to that bone. When that lamina that is within this capsule is disrupted or has a
lack of blood flow it will become weak causing the coffin bone to slide around, rotate, and or sink
inside the hoof. Laminitis can occur for many different reasons whether it is trauma, a metabolic
disease, infection, or a dietary disturbance. Laminitis can be seen in three forms, acute, sub–acute,
and chronic. Acute laminitis is short term, it can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The calving process can form the onset of the laminitis, lameness signs often appear 2–4 weeks after
calving. Lameness is usually recognized too late, small, stiff, careful steps is often observed, but not
seen as lameness. When lameness due to laminitis is not recognized it is called sub clinical laminitis.
Chronic laminitis describes visible deformity of the hoof wall, whitening of areas of the foot, or
stress rings, which occurs months after acute or sub–acute laminitis, without lameness. A common
cause that leads up to laminitis is rumen acidosis caused by a rapid production and absorption of
acids from the rumen when cattle consume a high intake of carbohydrates in a short amount of time.
What you feed cattle can greatly effect there hoof health, any metabolic disruption will effect the
lamina in the hoof causing the capillaries beneath the lamina to vasoconstriction, which causes the
lack of blood flow to the hoof, which in turn will cause tissue death. There is no true effective
treatment for laminitis. The key is prevention, nutrition around calving is difficult, it is important to
ensure that cows consume sufficient feed, quality is also

Dairy Cows Rumination Time
Rumination is influenced by various external and internal factors such as acute stress, disease, diet
composition, fodder quality, cow grouping, climatic conditions, reproduction status and other health
statuses (Calamari, et al., 2014). Studies conducted by Soriani, Panella, & Calamari (2013),
uncovered differences in the rumination times of healthy and sick cows. It was identified that lower
ruminations times show signs of heath disorders. Identifying such patterns in dairy cows will enable
an early detection of diseases and in some cases will save the cow/s from death. Rumination Time
data can be also used to assess relationships to the incidence of clinical symptoms of diseases and
metabolic–inflammatory indices in the blood (Soriani, Panella, & Calamari, 2013). As Calving
season approaches, cows display a change in the behavioral patterns and also change in rumination
patters. Conditions associated with calving kill 31% of the dairy cattle worldwide (Menzies ,
Bryson, & McCallion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They result in an increase in veterinary costs, culling rates and indirectly result in production and
reproduction losses. Dairy farmers need to make swift decisions to help reduce the incidence of such
diseases. Studies conducted by Calamari & team(2014) provide evidence that Rumination time,
during the calving period, is related to various health conditions, inflammation blood markers and
diseases commonly found during the first lactation month (Calamari, et al., 2014). Rumination time
is also a very accurate parameter for an early identification of metabolic disorders such as ruminal
acidosis, which is caused by feeding cows with high level of fast digesting carbohydrates such as
Barley. The disease is a deadly disease and often results in the death of the animal (Reith & Hoy,

Berkshire Vale Case Study Essay
Throughout the last couple months, spending large amounts of time with your household on
Meadow Vale, I have selected specific issues that should be addressed about your property and my
corresponding recommendations. I have carefully developed these recommendations, in order for
your property to flourish in the upcoming years and to overall improve current procedures being
undertaken at Meadow vale. 1. Managing the Property, Paddocks and Pasture In order to have a
successful, profitable farm the paddocks have to be in ideal conditions, whereas Meadow Vale
paddocks are in dire conditions. In order to maintain and support correct growth and supply
abundant food for the cattle this issue must be addressed. A large contributing factor to this problem
is the current soil quality of the paddocks. High quality pastures need essential minerals in order to
obtain optimum quality pastures and metabolisable protein intake. Meadow vale soil tests have
indicated that they are very deficient in Phosphorous and Sulfur, but this can very easily be fixed
with a superphosphate fertilizer. In order to increase the Olsen P value of 10–12ppm to the target
range 18–20pmm and the current sulfur 5–6ppm to the most favorable value of 15ppm, regular soil
tests must be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In autumn, common pastures species such as ryegrass and white clover are a good option for over
sowing winter pastures in order to keep steady ground cover when paspalum summer grass stops
growing heading back into autumn. In order to main consistent ground pasture in the more delicate
months, nitrogen fertilizer is a suitable option to assist the success of pasture. Additionally, pasture
species are required to undertake rotational grazing (normal rotations through winter through to
summer) to apply adequate and effective watering to the

The Effects Of Blood Analysis On Veterinary Practice
Blood analysis in veterinary practice is a valuable testing to address diagnosis of a large number of
conditions in farm and companion animals. Combined with the history, records and clinical
examination of patients, it provides useful information to formulate a clinical suspicion and it may
sometimes offer precise clues of specific disease or its nature. For example, changes in the number
and morphology of red blood cell count might aid in the diagnosis of different types of anemia,
whereas modification of white blood cell count may support the presence of acute or chronic
inflammation or infection or of immunoproliferative disorders. Alongside of traditional hematologic
analyses, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of acute phase response in
veterinary medicine over recent years, to the point that measurement of acute phase proteins has
proved as a powerful tool to enhance clinical evaluation in domestic animals for diagnostic,
monitoring and prognostic purposes (Eckersall and Bell, 2010). The acute phase response (APR) is
the dynamic process involving systemic early–defense mechanisms acting to restore homeostasis
and promote healing following systemic or local disorders. It represents the non–specific, innate
response of the body before the development of specific immunity to a challenge. It is activated by
specific cytokines following different stimuli, including trauma, surgery, inflammation, infection,
stress and neoplasia (Cray et al., 2009;

Why You Should Stop Drinking Milk Now
Title: Why You Should Stop Drinking Milk NOW Category: Health & Wellness Tags: dairy milk,
cows milk, synthetic hormones Teaser: If you new what was really in your milk, you may never
want to drink it again. *Photo #1* (Photo courtesy Shutterstock) Article: A glass of milk contains
some alarming ingredients including hormones, pus and antibiotics. Even if your milk is raw,
unpasteurized and organic, with less contamination and processing than regular store–bought milk,
it still contains hormones – whether synthetic or natural – intended to boost a calves' growth. And
that can wreak havoc on your body. All milk contains hormones You might think that a milk carton
that reads, "no artificial hormones added" is hormone–free. But all milk whether raw or pasteurized,
naturally contains hormones. Even in Canada, where growth hormones to stimulate milk production
in dairy cows are not permitted, natural hormones are still present in milk. The reason, suggests
Ganmaa Davaasambuu, a physician and a working scientist for Harvard School of Public Health,
cows are milked almost 300 days per year. And for much of that time they're pregnant. The farther
along a cow is, the more hormones appear in her milk. "Among the routes of human exposure to
estrogens, we are mostly concerned about cow 's milk," says Davaasambuu, "which contains
considerable amounts of female sex hormones." Dairy accounts for 60 percent to 80 percent of
estrogens consumed according to Davaasambuu. Here are a few

The Effect Of Breast Condition On Somatic Cell Count Essay
3. Results Effect of breast condition in somatic cell count Somatic cell count (SCC) analysis in milk
is the most sensitive and valid way for knowing breast health. Moreover Somatic cells are a
reflection of the immune response to intramammary infection. An increase in the Somatic cell count
is linked to the inflammatory responses generated by the immune cells in response to bacterial
infection which increase the somatic cell from 104cells/µL (infected breast) (Figure 1). The
moderate negative linear relationship was observed as P–value was significant at 0.0001 and
correlation coefficient (r) was –0.5915 (Table 1). A results showed that the somatic count is affected
by breast condition. In present study, in the case of SCC in healthy milk was belongs to 16–614
cells/µL whereas in infected breast milk increase in SCC was observed ranging from 572 –17588
cells/µL. In case of one infected mother breast milk sample, SCC was found lower than 104 cells/µL
(572 cells/µL) because of the maternal was treated with antibiotic. Box plots are reflected overall
patterns of response for a group. They offer a useful way to visualize the range and other
characteristics of responses for a large group. In the box and whisker plot, it was clearly observed
that the endpoint maximum value of SCC (614 cells/ µL) in healthy breast milk and starting lowest
value of SCC (572 cells/ µL). According to present observation log103 cells/µL could be a critical
value to differentiate the SCC in healthy

A Research On Dairy Barn
Imagine your modern–day dairy barn, with your usual milk cows: manure scrapers clean the floors
constantly, feed–pushers keep the feed fence ready, and tagged collars give unique insights about
each cow. But beyond all of the conventional gadgetry this barn has something else: no people. This
dairy barn features the Lely Astronaut, a new, reliable employee that uses the cow's behavior to
cause them to enter the stall and increase their milk production, and requires almost no human help.
Lely is a Dutch company founded in 1948, and since then has been one of several industry leaders
committed to building revolutionary products that use simple behaviors as an advantage to both the
dairy business and the cattle involved. Lely has come the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Another benefit is that to a consumer on the outside looking in, the system is well rounded, and it's
easy to see the cows are happy and healthy. But what motivates the cattle to enter the Astronaut?
Cows begin learning to enter stalls like this early in their life– and it all revolves around one thing.
Food! At six days old the calves enter a small stall to get their milk. This then turns into bigger
stalls, where full grown cows eat their daily feed. When it's time to learn how to enter the Astronaut,
where nutrient–rich concentrates and relief from a full udder awaits, it's usually no problem getting
the cows inside. The secret here is association, a fairly simple idea that goes all the way back to the
1890's with Pavlov and his dogs. Once the cattle learn to associate the milking stall with only good
things, they're willing to enter by themselves, without the usual poking and prodding of a directed
cow system, making things much easier for both the people and the cattle involved. Getting inside
the Astronaut is not a problem either. Cows prefer a straight, uncomplicated route, and Lely has
designed the I–flow just for that purpose. Although it sounds like an app for your iPhone, the I–flow
has reduced milking time by 4% and has increased the average milk per cow

The Pros And Cons Of Selective Breeding Of Animals By Humans
Selective breeding of animals by humans can be evidenced as far back as circa ten thousand years
ago. Although farm animals such as cattle, sheep and chickens are predominantly the most common
targets for artificial breeding, it is not limited to these species. The subject of selective breeding has
always been a controversial one; however, selective breeding among canines has proven to be the
most targeted form of this practice as they have been bred throughout the years for appearance and
not functionality. This report will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of selective breeding of
farm animals bred for human consumption and to increase yield of animal bi–products.
Although human interference in the breeding of animals has proven controversial it has nevertheless
had an enormous impact upon modern society. Selective breeding over the years has had an effect
not only on our yield of crops but on the animals we rear for meat, the clothes we wear and the
animals we choose to domesticate as pets. It has permeated into almost every aspect of our society.
Although it has arguably been a useful tool; it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the process is time consuming and not always successful the advantages far outweigh the
disadvantages as the only alternative would be genetic modification. Selective breeding is not only
inexpensive but is also a more environmentally conscious way of producing desirable offspring. It
offers a higher profit margin for the breeders as they as able to produce products specifically geared
towards the needs of the consumer. Selective breeding can also ensure the survival of a species by
eliminating numerous inherited diseases and illnesses. Although genetic variation may be
diminished the survivability of the selectively bred species is

The Scenes Of Your Cup Of Milk
Christine Lee
Professor Lynn Dowdy
Biology 100
16 October 2015
Behind the Scenes of Your Cup of Milk
Magazines, newspapers, and health blog posts have been talking about the unhealthy consequences
of Bovine Growth Hormone (rBGH) for many years. The more people grew conscious of what they
were consuming, the more they researched about their food. The usage of Bovine Growth Hormone
among the dairy industries has caught the attention of many consumers. Countless studies that were
done regarding rBGH treated milk only validated the negative effects of rBGH. Cows should not be
treated with rBGH due to the detrimental effects the hormone has on cows ' health, the potential
harmful effects it can have on consumers due to rampant antibiotic use, and the breaching of
autonomy and rights abuses of the cows treated.
"Bovine Somatotropin (BST) is commonly known as Bovine Growth Hormone (BGH).
Somatotropin is a natural hormone produced in the pituitary gland of animals. BST aids in
increasing the growth in young cattles and lactation in milk cows. rBGH is an artificial somatotropin
hormone that is created through recombinant biotechnology. When rBGH is administered to milk
cows, the milk production of the cows increase by 10 to 15 percent" (USDA, 2009). Injecting the
cows with rBGH forces the cows to lactate more–which makes them more vulnerable to mastitis
(udder infection). Mastitis causes the cows to secrete pus from their udder, hence, pus incorporated
milk. Monsanto's data

Improving Quality Of Dairy Housing Essay
Improving Quality of Dairy Housing in Kenya
MICHAEL MUKUMBU NGUGI
AB243–2423/2009
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER TWO
2.1. INTRODUCTION
Good dairy housing design requires knowledge of the various dairying concepts and applying this
knowledge to building construction to create a facility that provides quality performance in its
suitability for the cows' accommodation and efficiency in the facility operations. This chapter covers
existing literature related to the topic of research that will help in informing the research. This
chapter will further outline key design factors to be considered in dairy housing.
2.2. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
An efficient management of cattle will be incomplete without a well–planned and adequate housing
of cattle. Improper planning in the arrangement of animal housing may result in additional labour
charges and that curtail the profit of the owner. During erection of a house for dairy cattle, care
should be taken to provide comfortable accommodation for an individual cow. No less important is
the proper sanitation, durability, and efficient arrangement plan for the stalls and production of clean
milk under convenient and economic conditions, etc. (TNAU, 2009)
There are a number of statements within the 'Code of Recommendations for the Welfare of
Livestock: Cattle' published by Defra (2003) regulations that relate to the accommodation for
animals outlining the minimum requirements for dairy cattle welfare extracted from The Welfare of

We Have All Heard That Milk Is Good For The Bones, But
We have all heard that milk is good for the bones, but do most of us know how milk, butter, and
pretty much all dairy products are made? Most people do not know how we get them from cows.
Essentially, newborn calves are taken from cows a matter of hours after their birth. I found it
heartbreaking to conduct research on this. What I found was so horrible that it made me sick to my
stomach. To tell you the truth, during my research, I thought that they did not suffer much/ In this
article, the authors said, "When a dairy cow is born, she is taken from her mother within 24 hours, if
not immediately. The primary reason she does not stay with her mother is so that she does not drink
up all the farmer's profit (e.g. her mother's milk). That milk ... Show more content on
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This might seem like a huge amount of water, but considering that in the U.S. alone there are
currently nine million dairy cows and that in a dairy operation, water is required to hydrate cows,
clean parlor floors, walls, and milking equipment, water use adds up fast. (Chavez, 2016) I would
never have imagined that they used so much water. In fact, I always assumed that farmers did not
have to clean things much and that much of the water went to waste. Another fact that I learned was
that there was a connection between carbon emissions and dairy production: The FAO report,
'Greenhouse Gas Emissions From the Dairy Sector: a Life Cycle Assessment,' estimates that the
global dairy sector contributes four percent of total global anthropogenic GHG emissions. This
figure includes emissions allotted to milk production, processing and transportation, and the
emissions from fattening and slaughtering dairy cows. By and large, methane is the most troubling
GHG produced by dairy cattle as it has the ability to trap up to 100 times more heat into the
atmosphere than carbon dioxide. Around 52 percent of the GHGs produced by dairy is methane. It is
estimated that cows produce between 250 and 500 liters of methane a day. Going back to our dairy
factory farm with 700 cows, that is up to 350,000 liters or 325,500 pounds of methane pumped into
the atmosphere every day.(Chavez.2016) Gross It is unbelievable

Is Rbgh A Big Issue In Dairy Cow?
A Monsanto plant was sued in 2009 by residents of the town Sauget, Illinois. The residents claim
that the factories have released PCB, a synthetic, organic chlorine compound derived from biphenyl,
and other toxic chemicals into the town's environment for over 70 years. Monsanto produces rBGH,
which is the hormone that farmers inject into cows to help them produce more milk. This may seem
like a good thing, as it produces more milk, a needed source of calcium, and many other vitamins,
for most people. However, rBGH is a big problem for cows, humans and the environment. The first
reason why rBGH is a big issue is because of the effect it has on cows. The effects of rBGH can
cause mastitis in Dairy Cows. According to AHDB.org, Mastitis is the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to Science News, 80 percent of all US feedlot cattle are injected with hormones. Which
means that most milk you're drinking has hormones in it. Which could eventually lead to diseases,
environmental issues and the death of a lot of cows. One way that humans could solve this problem,
is buying organic milk. There is many other ways to solve the issue of rBGH. Such as feeding cows
natural diets and supporting your local farms that make organic milk. All these things can solve this
problem, potentially saving cows, humans, and the

Animal Welfare ( Dairy Cattle ) Code Of Welfare Essay
Animal Welfare (Dairy Cattle) Code of Welfare 2014 Overview This code gives animal owner and
the person in charge of the animals' guidelines of minimum standard of care and management taken
when caring for dairy cows in New Zealand. The code of welfare for dairy cows would be especially
important as the dairy industry is becoming increasingly important in New Zealand, the high
demand in dairy product would mean more farmers would have to provide adequate care and
welfare for the ever increasing dairy cows produced. This code gives the owner or the person in
charge of the animals a list of 6 minimum standards to follow whilst managing dairy cows, the
minimum standards listed includes the stockmanship, the physical environment, health, and
husbandry practices. The owner or person in charge of the cattle must follow the minimum
requirements, the failure to comply to the minimum standards may be used as evidence to prosecute
under the Animal Welfare Act (1999). Positive Attributes The code of welfare for dairy cows at part
4.4 states that cow and calves must be able to lie down and rest for a sufficient amount of time per
day to meet their behavioural needs (Placeholder1). This is proven to an important aspect while
managing dairy cows as providing an open paddock for the cows to lie down and rest would
increase the cows' well–being and comfort as well as increasing production (D. B. Haley, J. Rushen,
& A. M. de Passillé, 2000), as opposed to cows being housed in tie–stalls

What Is Mastitis?
Mastitis can be best defined as inflammation of the mammary gland and udder tissue. Mastitis is
usually an immune response to a bacterial invasion in the teat canal, but it can also be caused by
chemical, thermal, or a mechanical injury to the cows' udder. There are several bacteria that can
cause the disease. The bacteria are easily spread through the bedding cattle are kept in and through
the production system; making mastitis a multi–factorial disease. Some studies have shown that
environmental factors play a large role in the spreading of the disease. Mastitis is a major endemic
in dairy cattle. It is easier to find mastitis in dairy cattle because they are handled every day, and
their udders are much more visible than beef cattle that

Prevalence Of Incidence Of Infection
2.4. Prevalence of infection The serological surveys revealed that about 60–80% of animals older
than one year are seropositive to BVDV. The seropositivity may be attributed to the using of BVDV
vaccines or the existence of PI animals (Baker 1995). Paisley et al. (1996) investigated 256 beef
herds for BVDV in the United States, the percentage of positive herds and animals was 90% and
68%, respectively. Wittum et al. (2001) revealed that about 3% of randomly investigated beef herds
in United States had PI calves. In Denmark, about 19 dairy herds with unknown BVDV status have
been tested for BVDV. The prevalence of PI animals was 1.4%. Furthermore, the prevalence of
seropositive animals in herds contain and free from PI animals was 87% and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
2001). The introduction of BVDV to susceptible pregnant cows resulted in abortion, increase
neonatal mortalities, decrease growth rates, congenital defects, still birth, immunosuppression and
increase susceptibility to other affections (Houe 1999). It has been previously reported that there is
significant association between viremia or seroconversion to BVDV and outbreaks of respiratory
tract infection in feedlot animals (Fulton et al. 200; Fulton et al. 2002; Loneragan et al. 2005). Also,
Booker et al. (2008) observed that animals reared in pens contained PI animals had more respiratory
tract infection and mortalities in comparison to animals reared in pens free from PI animals.
Hessman et al. (2009) compared between animals reared in pens contain PI animals and other
animals reared in pens free from PI animals, the weight gain was significantly higher in animals
reared in PI free pens. In Scandinavian countries, the estimated economic losses as a result of
BVDV outbreaks ranged from few thousands to 100000$ per herd. Therefore, many countries
started an eradication program to decrease losses (Houe 2003). Niskanen et al. (1995) described the
effects of BVDV infection on health and reproduction of 213 Sweden dairy herds, Exposure to
BVDV increases the risk of clinical mastitis, retention of placenta and other reproductive problems.
In another study, exposure of

Phi 103 Informal Logic Essay
Factory Farming and the Welfare of Animals PHI 103 Informal Logic Factory Farming and the
Welfare of Animals Even though higher yields are met for demand and human consumption, factory
farming is cruel to animals due to the fact animals are often subject to harsh living conditions, more
susceptible to diseases and injuries and are treated inhumanely during the slaughtering process.
Unfortunately, with an increase in human population worldwide, the strain on farmers to meet the
demand increases as well. This in turn causes more animals to be subject to this cruelty. In the U.S.,
the concept of factory farms primarily involving animals such as pigs, cattle and chicken began in
the 1920's as a way to increase efficiencies by capturing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is due in part by the previous statement to get higher yields out every animal raised. Cattle,
chickens and pigs alike are all subject to certain fattening diets, modern breeding techniques and
growth hormone treatments. These forced practices have very adverse, life altering and threatening
affects that lead farmers to use antibiotics in order to keep diseases at bay. The Committee on Drug
Use in Food Animals states, "doses are used when pathogens are known to be present in the
environment or when animals encounter a high stress situation and are more susceptible to
pathogens ", (1999, p. 28). It is important to point out that the use of growth hormones and
antibiotics dramatically increases body mass, drastically shortens the lifespan of animals such as
cattle and is being detected in food for human consumption. Farming practices like the use of
growth hormones in cattle has created a new dilemma when considering welfare and health of
factory farm animals. Moving even beyond the farm to the actual dinner plate, the effect consuming
factory farm raised animals is still under debate but the fact still remains that the animals display
compromising health issues. For instance, dairy cattle are given a growth hormone called BST, or
bovine somatotropin, is given to dairy cattle during lactation cycles to sustain milk production. The
fact that cattle are producing more milk by administering a naturally occurring hormone is not really
the

What Are The Arguments Against Factory Farm
Lizzie Sutton
Hintson
English IV
29 February 2016
Easy to Hate, Difficult to Avoid
Temple Grandin once said, "Some egg producers got rid of old hens by suffocating them in plastic
bags or dumpsters. The more I learned about the egg industry, the more disgusted I got. Some of the
practices that had become 'normal' for this industry were overt cruelty. Bad had become normal. Egg
producers had become desensitized to suffering. There is a point where economics alone must not be
the sole justification for an animal production practice. When the egg producers asked me if I
wanted cheap eggs, I replied, 'would you want to buy a shirt if it was $5 cheaper and made by child
slaves?' Hens are not human, but research clearly shows that they feel ... Show more content on
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Many people for factory farms view this as one of their many benefits. These types of business do
not pay much, nor do they take much capital to stay open; therefore, their profit margin is very large.
The main reason these business are so cheaply run, and produce cheap food, is because of the
cruelty the animals are put through. Organic farms invest much more time into their animals and
organisms, while factory farms do not. The animals in a factory farm are very limited in space and
feed. Animals are not fed with expensive feed, or given space to roam around and be themselves. In
fact, each animal is confined to about 2.5 to 4 feet of space (Park 34). Pigs have in North Carolina
have also tested positive for being fed dog food (Kirby 356). When the baby pigs are born, they
have their tails removed and are immediately castrated without any pain medication ("Farm
Sanctuary"). Once the piglets do not need their mother's milk anymore (weaned) their mother's are
placed back into gestation crates and immediately impregnated again ("Farm Sanctuary"). Pregnant
mothers spend their entire pregnancy in gestation crates ("Farm Sanctuary"). The turnover rate is
extremely high. Mothers do not have long to heal after birth. Chickens are also mistreated. They are
each placed in very small battery cages. Inside the battery cages, the hens can't even flap their wings
(Park 41). Chickens no longer see the life

Case Study on Economic and Environmental Impact of Biogas...
CASE STUDY ON ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BIOGAS PLANTS ON
FARMERS IN PAKISTAN
Submitted By: M. Zohaib Alam B.Sc Economics May 21, 2009 School of Social Sciences
Beaconhouse National University
2007–2011
PREFACE
The following case study has further led me to begin construction of the first biogas plant, with the
consultation of PDDC, at Ijaz Rahim‟s farm which is near Head Baloki. I wish to further add on to
this case study at a later time and experiment with the technology to produce electricity and provide
a fully organic residence for the crops and cattle at the BT Dairy Farm (see Image 8). To begin with,
I have been designated about 5 acres of farm land, to house about 50 cattle, which in turn will
provide all the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is highly due to the fact that 70% of Pakistan population is involved in the agricultural sector
which counts for 35% of our export earnings, and thus for the sake of building a solid foundation for
development a nation must start from the bottom up. Crux of the Environmental and Economic
Problem and Providing a Solution Adapting to Biogas is an initiative that can help keep the
environment substantially cleaner by avoiding the uncontrollable release of the green house gas
methane, which is released form decomposing cow or buffalo dung. Also, since Pakistan is covered
with only 5% forestation, whereas the average country should have at least 25% forest cover, Biogas
is an alternative of wood use and will correlate with increasing forest cover since people will turn to
this renewable energy resource instead of the chopping and burning of unnecessary wood. Biogas is
also a renewable energy resource because as the dung releases the gas during the fermentation
process, after its release from the outlet of the plant it can also be reused to assist in producing gas
again, if not fully dried out. And when fully dried out, it becomes excellent and perfectly organic
fertilizer or even works as a bacteria resistant bedding for the cows/bulls, which in turn has multiple
benefits for the farmer. Biogas can also decrease the expenses incurred by poor

S. Aureus Research Paper
Brief History of S. aureus Infections
S. aureus Infections: A Growing Problem
Humans are a natural reservoir of S. aureus. Thirty to fifty percent of healthy adults are colonized,
with ten to twenty percent persistently colonized (Lowy, 1998). In particular, S. aureus isolates of
concern to the medical community are methicillin–sensitive and methicillin–resistant strains, which
are also persistent colonizers. Increased risk factors for S. aureus infection are persistent
colonization, patients with type 1 diabetes, intravenous drug users, patients undergoing
hemodialysis, surgical patients, and patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Patients
with qualitative or quantitative defects in leukocyte function are also at ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Several reports have highlighted the increased incidence of Staphylococcal disease among Pacific
Islanders, American Indians, Alaskan Natives, and Africans (Fridkin, 2005). Africans were
associated with increased rates of invasive S. aureus disease in 1998 in one population–based study
in Connecticut and in other studies evaluating invasive pneumococcal disease (Fridkin, 2005).
Compounding the issue are the recent reports of the transatlantic spread of
S. aureus. International travel and the increasing trend of training or working abroad among health
care workers probably contribute to its global spread (Tietz, 2005).
There are several promising technologies/treatments available to take care of antibiotic resistant S.
aureus. One of these technologies, heteropolymers may serve as a substitute to complement
mediated clearance of pathogens. Moreover, data suggests that it is more effective in rapidly
clearing pathogens and antigens compared to the natural immune system. Another treatment that
could be used as a defense against MRSA infection is herbal medicines. There are a host of data
supporting the efficacy of natural medicines in the treatment of S. aureus. The most significant costs
involved in approving herbal medicines would be the cost of conducting controlled clinical trials.
Cervinkova et al. (2013) said that bovine mastitis is a large scale infectious disease and reduces the
economy of milk

Why I Should Pursue A Career Field At The University Of...
During my high school years, I recall working in the fields during vacation breaks with my mother
harvesting tomatoes, picking up cherries, and pruning grape vines. Fascinating as it sounds, I was
always intrigued to understand why fruits and vegetables spoil or often cause food poising in
humans. Although, when I questioned my mother why these fruits spoil, she responded it was due to
"little bugs," which was not a sufficient response.
Thereafter, I decided to pursue a career in the biological sciences with an emphasis in
Microbiology/Molecular Biology to further understand how postharvest diseases affect many crops,
and why foodborne pathogens infect humans. While continuing my general education at the College
of the Sequoias, I became involved in various clubs and organizations in my community college,
including the Science, Engineering, Technology, Association (SETA), and the Alpha Gamma Honors
Society where we make collaborative efforts to raise funds for student scholarships and provide
valuable volunteer opportunities such as providing food for needy families and accomplishing local
ecological restorations.
As a SETA member I have participated twice as a workshop presenter for the annual STEM
Workshop Conferences, "Expanding Your Horizons," and the "Latino Youth Leadership Academy."
These conferences entitle grade school students to expose themselves to science workshops; raising
awareness of higher education in the STEM field, which is an important advocacy I

Potential For Victoria 's Dairy Industry
Potential for Victoria's Dairy Industry to Move towards a Partial Mixed Ration Feeding System
Jasmine Hasluck
Feed is a major cost in the production of milk so it is important for Victorian dairy farmers to
consider which feeding strategy is going to be the most efficient in generating high profit and
productivity. We can broadly group dairy feeding strategies into 5 systems (Little, S 2010). System 1
is pasture based with other forages and up to 1 tonne of grain or concentrates fed in bail. System 2 is
pasture based with other forages and more than 1 tonne of grain or concentrate fed in bail. System 3
is a partial mixed ration (PMR) fed on a feed pad, grazed pasture and grain or concentrate may be
fed in bail. System 4 is a hybrid system, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It requires minimal capital and infrastructure by allowing cattle to graze pasture. However this
system has become less efficient as Victorian dairy farms have become more intense and climatic
conditions and milk prices are volatile. Since the price of milk became deregulated in 2000 there
was a push for Australian dairy farms to become more productive to remain competitive with
international dairy industries (Edwards, G 2003). This led to increases in stocking density and
ultimately put pressure on pasture supply. Rainfall is a limiting factor on pasture growth and year–
to–year variability in rainfall has had a huge negative effect on Victorian dairy farmers. In 2009/10
Victoria was faced with severe droughts, which showed a fall in milk production of over 340 million
litres (Dairy Australia, 2015). During an extended period of low rainfall the quantity and quality of
pasture is limited, which means pasture–based farms are forced to buy in supplementary feed and/or
irrigation water to satisfy the feed requirements of dairy cattle. Climatic variability poses a high risk
in this system, which has led to farmers to start considering other feeding options such as a partial
mixed ration which might alleviate this risk. Figure 1. Dairy Feeding Systems (Little, S 2010)
Partial mixed ration systems combine the cost effectiveness of pasture–based feeding with a
formulated diet which gives the potential to improve productivity and decrease the risk associated
with climatic

Animal Cruelty : The Meat And Dairy Industry
Animal cruelty continues to plague the meat and dairy industry and a policy to reverse this is
enacting stricter regulations on meat and dairy labels that explicitly state the additives and
preservatives used on the product. Moreover, my policy will persuade people to purchase meat and
dairy that is ethically raised and is not made with preservatives or additives, this is my value of
health. Moreover, my policy is for those who eat meat and dairy and are unaware of the health side
affects of consuming it and the animal cruelty that goes into producing a piece of meat or glass of
milk, which encompasses my value of compassion. We are a compassionate species who turns the
channel during an ASPCA commercial. We root for Nemo, Babe and Bambi yet we watch the movie
whilst eating fish, pork or venison. The hypocrisy is unbelievable yet not talked about. Most
Americans do not recognize this link between our compassion and the animals we eat and the
hypocrisy that surrounds it. In this essay I address the compassion humans posses and how it is
being wiped out through eating meat and dairy. I also address how we have the potential to rid the
meat and dairy industry of the abuse. I will also discuss how meat and dairy is detrimental to our
health.
As you start reading this essay create a new tab and follow this link
http://www.adaptt.org/killcounter.html, return to this tab after finishing the essay. Most people do
not know what actually occurs in a slaughterhouse because it is

Sample Resume : Great Dairy Lodging
2.1. INTRODUCTION Great dairy lodging outline obliges information of the different dairying
ideas and applying this learning to building development to make an office that gives quality
execution in its suitability for the cows ' convenience and productivity in the office operations. This
section spreads existing writing identified with the subject of examination that will help in
illuminating the exploration. This section will further framework key outline components to be
considered in dairy lodging. 2.2. GENERAL Contemplations An effective administration of steers
will be inadequate without a very much arranged and satisfactory lodging of dairy cattle.
Disgraceful arranging in the plan of creature lodging may bring about extra work charges and that
shorten the benefit of the proprietor. Amid erection of a house for dairy steers, consideration ought
to be taken to give agreeable convenience to an individual bovine. No less imperative is the best
possible sanitation, sturdiness, and effective course of action arrangement for the slows down and
generation of clean drain under advantageous and financial conditions, and so forth. (TNAU, 2009)
There are various proclamations inside of the 'Code of Proposals for the Welfare of Domesticated
animals: Steers ' distributed by Defra (2003) regulations that identify with the convenience for
creatures laying out the base prerequisites for dairy steers welfare separated from The Welfare of
Cultivated Creatures, Britain (2007).

Johne 's Disease And Human Health Risks Associated With...
Johne's disease Introduction: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is
commonly referred to Johne's disease and mainly affects cattle but is also capable of infecting and
causing the disease to occur in other ruminant species as well (sheep, goats, llamas, deer.) The
bacterium Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is the cause of Johne's disease. This disease is a chronic,
progressive, debilitating, incurable bowel disease characterized by diarrhea, and weight loss. About
twenty two percent of dairy and eight percent of beef herds in the United States are estimated to be
infected with Johne's disease (Irish Veterinary Journal, 2009). In the past this disease has been
largely overlooked by the industry but has more recently gained relevance due to the economic
impact that occur from herd infection and the potential human health risks associated with
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Johne's disease has become a more relevant topic in terms of
human health and how the disease could potentially be related to Crohn's disease in humans. There
has been significant research into how the two diseases could potentially be related and or causative
of one another. It is my assumption that the disease will continue to gain further attention and
relevance in the cattle and livestock industries as a whole in the future. The need to discuss and
consider this disease as a physiological phenomenon is due to several factors. The disease impacts
adult cattle but is acquired in the

The Use of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin Injection
The use of recombinant bovine somatotropin in the dairy industry has been widely used since its
approval by the Food and Drug Administration in 1994. Recombinant bovine somatotropin injection
increases milk yield in dairy cows by decreasing the drastic drop in milk production that occurs after
peak lactation. Recombinant bovine somatotropin also stimulates the production insulin–like growth
factor 1, which, in turn, stimulates the mammary glands contributing to the increased milk yield
(Van Den Berg, 1989). Recombinant bovine somatotropin is important to agriculture because it has
greatly helped the dairy industry. It has been shown to improve calving intervals between
pregnancies, improve healthy by lowering the incidence of metabolic diseases after gestation, which
leads to lower veterinary costs, and overall improve herd life, animal well–being, and profitability.
Somatotropin, also known as growth hormone, is a protein hormone produced by the anterior
pituitary gland at the base of the brain. It was discovered in the 1930's when rats injected with
anterior pituitary extract exhibited increased growth and more weight gain compared to non–treated
rats (Schaffer and Lee, 1935). In the 1950's, it was found that some cases of dwarfism in humans
were due to inadequate pituitary production of somatotropin. Studies were conducted using patients
with dwarfism to test if bovine somatotropin would increase growth. However, results demonstrated
that bovine somatotropin was not

Summary Of No Impact Man By Laura Gabbert
Laura Gabbert's intriguing documentary, "No Impact Man," follows the life of one man and his
family for one year, as they attempt to leave "no impact" on the earth. Collin Beavan, his wife, and
daughter decide to give up the modern day luxuries of electricity, gas–powered transportation,
shipped food and public waste disposal. While following the changes made in order to curb their
environmental impact, Beaven attempts to persuade the audience that it is possible to live a good life
without wasting resources. In the film, Beaven presents the question," Can I live on this planet and
do more good than bad?" One of the main goals of the Beavan's family is to eat only local, non–
packaged food. To present the audience with credible evidence of

Belgian Blue Cattle Manipulation
The effects of selective breeding and genetic manipulation can be seen in many ways as cruel
treatment in the cattle industry, especially when talking about dairy cattle and beef cattle. As stated
by United Kingdom levy board for milk production, the European Milk Development Council, "The
average dairy cow now produces more than 6695 L of milk per year, approximately 20% more than
her counterpart from just 10 years ago." This is twenty times more than the average calf needs,
meaning dairy cattle are exploited for their milk to satisfy the demand in the growing industry. Like
humans, cows only produce milk when they are pregnant, meaning dairy cattle are pregnant most of
their life. If not for the abuses of milk production within dairy cattle, ... Show more content on
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The "Belgian Blue" is highly sought over as it has the a naturally occurring gene that breeders have
taken advantage of to create more meat on the animal, in this case the Belgian Blue is "double–
muscled." This unfortunately has been capitalized negatively to the point where females of the
Belgian Blue cattle cannot give natural childbirth and must have cesareans (European Commission
Scientific Committee). The treatment of these animals due to only being able to give birth through
cesarean is greatly diminished because because the number of caesareans that can be performed is
physiologically limited. It is commonly accepted that five caesareans is a maximum that a cow can
physically sustain (Kolkman et al). So, not only is the cow going to be born just be slaughtered, but
they also have to endure a relatively invasive surgery to bring their young into a world in which
their fate is identical. The Belgian Blue is only one example of the exploitation of many different
cattle species that share this naturally occurring "double–muscled" gene. The use of genetic
manipulation within the industry of animal agriculture plays a substantial negative role in the lives
of cattle and their treatment and should not be a frequently

The Effects Of Beef On Cattle Farms
On many farms in the United States, it is common to utilize hormones and other additives on cattle
in factory farms. Farms often feed animals hormones to quicken the slaughtering process. Although
the factory farms sell a surplus amount of cattle to stores, cattle are being treated unfairly and
inhumanely. Cattle in farm factories are subject to the injection of hormones, harsh environments
and poor physical treatment. Due to the utilization of hormones, abuse of cows and monopolization
of cattle factories livestock farms, cows are deprived of basic needs and suffer physical trauma. Beef
is a popular meat amongst the North American population and is sold in many factory farms and
ranches throughout the nation. From a young age, cattle are sent to slaughterhouses well before their
natural lifespan. According to an organization named Last Chance For Animals, "Nearly all cows
used for dairy in the U.S. are eventually slaughtered for human consumption", (LCA).At an average
of less than 5 years of age, exhausted cows are considered "spent" and sent to slaughter, and
millions of them are eaten by Americans as hamburger. In a natural setting, a cow can live more than
20 years", (LCA). Millions of cows are slaughtered every year, and are also growing in numbers.
According to Farm Sanctuary, "In 2010, 34.2 million cattle were slaughtered for beef in the United
States" (Sanctuary). The mass growth and selling of cow meat is largely responsible for the growth
and death rate of the

Disease, Infection, And Poor Living Conditions : The Dirt...
Disease, Infection, and Poor Living Conditions: The Dirt of the Meat Industry Over the course of
industrialization in food processing industries, sanitation has never been up to par. In recent years,
sanitation has taken a nose dive and it is negatively impacting people's health. Livestock,
particularly cattle, chicken, and pigs, in the meatpacking industry are kept in unsanitary living
conditions that are causing the animals to contract dangerous diseases that are contaminating the
meat being processed for food. In 1972, the Food and Drug Administration conducted
approximately 50,000 food safety inspections. In 2006, the FDA conducted 9,164 (Food Inc.).
Sanitation in food processing industries needs to increase to improve the health of the American
people. The exercise of industrialized meat processing spans back to the 19th century. The first meat
packaging plant was started in Cincinnati, Ohio (History of the Meat Industry). Throughout the
years, meatpacking was transported with the help of the railroad system and mechanical
refrigerators were put in place to keep the meats cool. Due to poor working conditions and
unsanitary practice, employed workers in the food processing industries went on strikes, therefor
making the industries enforce immigrants to take the place of existing workers (History of the Meat
Industry). The conditions animals were in within the meat industry also became harsh. Many cows
receive inadequate veterinary care resulting in deaths from

Meat Vaccination
The prevention of disease is one of the most important aspects of raising livestock. If disease is
introduced to the farm or operation, it can be an operation breaker because it can cause all the
animals to to contract the disease and not be able to be productive. In cattle there are some common
diseases. They are clostridial Diseases, Respitory Disease stress, and Parasites. The first is
Colstridial disease and causes sudden death in young cattle. The diseases are Blackleg and
Enterotemia. To prevent theses vaccinations should be given early in life and given boosters when
needed. Respiratory disease stress can be form weather changes and infections. To minimize stress,
the use of wind protection such as a shed or a windbreak. The best ... Show more content on
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Keeping everything sanitary and having the people that come and go from the farm clean or change
before entering or leaving the farm will help to reduce the spread of disease to other farms. The
major disease that are found on poultry farms are END (exotic Newcastle disease) and AI (avian
influenza). Theses diseases come on very quickly and can cause extreme economic loss. The disease
can be spread from humans, vehicles, other animals, carcasses, and other flocks of birds. To prevent
diseases owners, need to make sure that they keep other unauthorized people and have areas that are
considered "clean" and "dirty". The "clean" areas are only for people who work there and is
disinfected and considered free of germs. The "dirty" area is considered where germs are and the
birds shouldn't be allowed to be there. Keep other birds, as in game birds and migratory waterfowl
out. Make sure that any visitors or workers clean their shoes and cloths after contact. Clean the
cages and clean the water and feed daily. After visiting a different farm or taking the birds to other
places the vehicle that was driven should be cleaned and disinfected. Sharing of tools or cages is not
a good idea, but if no other option make sure that they are cleaned and disinfected. Knowing the
signs of disease will help in early detection. The signs of disease are, increase in deaths, sneezing,
gasping, coughing, and nasal discharge, lack of energy and poor

Bio Forge Club
AVID
(Treasurer)–Managed profits and bookkeeping records; raised money to schedule college trips and
other academic activities such as recognition ceremonies. The club's mission revolved to support
AVID students to continue their interest in pursuing a four–year degree.
CSF
Fundraised money for scholarships and participated in community projects such as a field survey
study to measure the circumference of trees at the Kaweah Oaks Preserve Park for statistical
purposes.
LINK CREW
Participated as a mentor and leader to incoming high school freshmen by supporting academic
success and character development.
INTERACT CLUB: Participated in meaningful community service projects such as planting trees in
local parks along the Tulare City Santa Fe Trail. As the treasurer, I also managed the club's financial
reports.
CLOSE UP PROGRAM ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SHPE
SECRETARY – I mentored high school students to build their self–confidence by promoting
knowledge and interest in science in our annual "Noche De Ciencias" (night of science) event. As
the secretary, I committed to write meeting minutes and biweekly agendas.
Bio Forge Club
Attended the Stanford University Minority Medical Alliance (SUMMA) conference to explore and
learn about the diversity of the health professions. As a club member, I also volunteered at the River
Ridge Ranch to conduct ecological restoration: pruning and planting trees.
Alpha Gamma Honors Society
Volunteered to serve soup on campus during "Free Soup Day" and also hosted children's activities at
the Royal Oaks School Carnival.
MESA
Attended the MESA Student Leadership Retreat in Santa Cruz, developing leadership skills by self–

discovery through talk reflections. In addition, I was part of the COS chemistry team which earned
first medal in the chemistry competition in qualitative analysis.

Essay on Outlaw Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone Now
Outlaw Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone Now
For a moment, put yourself in John Elway's shoes. Imagine getting paid thousands of dollars to do a
milk promotion. Now, would you still do the promotion if you knew the milk had come from a cow
injected with hormones? The use of rBGH, Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone, has become a
concern in the dairy industry. The controversy is over whether or not the hormone is harmful to the
cows and people.
In animals and humans, there is a growth hormone produced. This protein hormone, produced in the
pituitary gland, is fundamental for normal growth, development, and health maintenance. It was
discovered sixty years ago that by injecting cows with GH, the growth hormone extracted from ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Out of those one thousand people surveyed in Wisconsin, 75% of them stated they would pay as
much as forty–four cents extra per gallon to avoid genetically engineered hormones in their milk.
Keep in mind that Wisconsin is the leading milk producing state (Rachel. "Hormones...")
Monsanto and the Food and Drug Administration are speaking with the same voice on this situation.
The Food and Drug Administration says, "There is 'virtually' no difference between milk from cows
injected with rBGH and cows not injected." However, virtually means almost (Rachel. "Trouble...").
Scientific evidence from the United States, England and Europe shows that complications with the
injected cows do exist. Some of the problems showing with the cattle are as follows: more pus from
infected cows' udders, more antibiotics given to cows to treat those infections, an "off" taste and
shortened shelf life due to the pus, perhaps higher fat content and lower protein content and more of
a tumor–promoting chemical known as IGF–I. This chemical has been implicated in cancers of the
colon, smooth muscle, and breast (Rachel. "Hormones...").
More milk is exactly what the United States doesn't need. The slightest increase in milk production
can lead to a drastic decline in milk prices. "In 1990–1991, a 3% increase in milk production led to a
35% decline in dairy prices" (Atwater). Declines such as these really

Animal Cruelty In America
At this very moment, there are approximately 250 million cows being used in the dairy industry. 9
million of those cows are in America, and 16.5 percent of those will die from disease. That's just one
of the outcomes on a dairy farm. Animal cruelty is intentionally inflicting suffering or harm upon
any non–human animal, whether it is legal or not. Dairy farms fall under the "animal cruelty" label
for many reasons. Not only do cows get injected with hormones that cause disease, but they also
have to live in unsanitary living conditions, and the cows suffer with a lot of health and emotional
problems due to forced impregnation. Living conditions on a dairy farm sound like something out of
a horror film. To begin with, cows on typical dairy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But, can hormones over stimulate? One common known hormone is rBST, which is a product that is
primarily given to dairy cattle by injection to increase milk production. It sounds good, right? More
milk for us, right? Companies in America such as Monsanto, American Cyanamid, Eli Lilly, and
Upjohn will tell you 'yes'. But what do Canada, Argentina, New Zealand, Japan, Israel, and the
European nation say? RBST was banned in those 6 areas for a reason. A report done by a European
Nation will tell you the real outcome from rBST. It states that the hormone leads to severe and
unnecessary pain, suffering and distress, mastitis, foot disorders, and even reproductive issues. One
of the most common effects is mastitis. This disease is very persistent and causes a large amount of
pain. Mastitis is also known to be the most common illness among dairy cattle in America. It's very
persistent and results in swelling, heat, redness, hardness, or pain. If that isn't enough, not only does
it make the cows suffer, but it kills them also. It is one of the most leading causes to death in the
dairy industry. Not only does living conditions affect lameness in dairy cattle, but hormones affect
that, also. There was an estimated 55% increase in lameness for cows that were treated with rBST.
Lastly, the use of the hormone rBST increased the risk of failing to conceive among cows by 40%.
In the past 50 years, the pregnancy rates have been steadily reduced. America is one of the few
countries that still use rBST, which is coincidental, considering that the U.S is struggling with the
issue of reproduction among dairy cattle. According to the numbers, rBST leads to nearly 40%
increase of the reduction in fertility, a 55% risk of clinical mastitis, and a 55% increased risk of
clinical signs of

Commercial And Industrial Farming Vs. Farming
Topic: Commercial/industrial farming vs Family farming.
Structure: compare and contrast
Three focus Areas: Quality of food/meat. How how farms are run.
Quality of the milk.
Example paragraph
Have you ever asked yourself why is sustainable agriculture is so much better than industrial
agriculture? Or what 's in the milk i drink or the meat that i eat? Every time you sit down for a meal
containing meat or dairy you're dining with unknown carcinogens, bacteria, and other contaminants
that can accumulate in your body and remain there for years. A carcinogen is a substance,
radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis which is the formation of cancer.
commercial/industrial farming products are loaded with bacteria, ... Show more content on
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The reason farmers put hormones into a cow is the farmer wants really nice lean meat because
people like lean meat and the hormones help the cow established better meat, they put hormones
into dairy cows to keep them in heat and or put them into heat or keep them out of heat.
If a industrial farmer would put steroids or hormones knowing the harms and dangers of putting
steroids and hormones in there meat why not spend a couple more bucks for family farming meat, it
could definitely save you more money from getting sick from the cheap industrial meat and the need
doctors help to get rid of whatever you have been diagnosed with.
Which brings us to the quality of the milk, lots of commercial farms put steroids in there cows to
produce more milk than a regular cow could produce, prolactin, steroids including estrogens,
progesterone, corticoids, and androgens, these are just some of the steroids commercial farmers
inject in there cows. Sometimes when a cow produces too much milk they could develop mastitis in
cows, mastitis is an infection or inflammation in the udders which makes them produce chunky milk
it can be potentially fatal in the mammary gland and very expensive for the dairy
commercial/industrial farms says HDB dairy, if the udders of a dairy cow doesn 't work they often
get shot and get butchered for meat just because the farm was pushing them to hard

The Effects Of Dairy Farms On The Dairy Industry
The dairy industry, which includes dairy farms and dairy processing plants, is a major contributor to
the economy. Dairy farms are involved in the production of raw milk, whereas dairy processing
plants produce a variety of dairy products (such as processed milk, cheese, butter, yogurt and ice
cream). The dairy industry ranks third (based on farm cash receipts) in the Canadian agriculture
sector and Newfoundland has the fewest number (n=33) of dairy farms of all the provinces (CDIC
2014). Although Quebec and Ontario are the major dairy producing provinces in Canada,
Newfoundland has the highest number of dairy cows and milk production levels per farm (CDIC
2014). The close contact between animals within a dairy farm can make them prone to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2014). Furthermore, some diseases that infect dairy animals can also be transmitted to humans
(Bannantine et al. 2014). Therefore, epidemiological studies are important for successful prevention
and control programs. The work described in this thesis will focus on two bacterial pathogens
affecting dairy animals: (i) Klebsiella species, one of the causative agent of clinical mastitis (CM,
cases where the cow displays definitive symptoms of inflammation of the mammary glands and
udder tissue) and (ii) MAP, which causes Johne's disease, which is a contagious bacterial disease of
the intestinal tract. The molecular diversity of the pathogens associated with these two diseases has
not been examined in Newfoundland previously and was therefore selected to be the topic of the
research project.
1.3 Mastitis and Klebsiella species
Mastitis in dairy animals is caused by a number of bacteria that include the major pathogens such as
Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. Other mastitis causing pathogens are
Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Corynebacterium bovis, Mycoplasma spp.,
Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Citrobactor spp., Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Pasteurella spp. and Bacillus spp. Sometimes fungi, yeasts and moulds are

The Effect Of Farming On The Environment And Waterways Essay
Intro:
Hook: One dairy cow is estimated to excrete enough waste and bacteria equivalent to about 14
people Foote et al. (2015) this waste ends up in our waterways and tables.
Background Information: It is well known that New Zealand is well regarded internationally for
both farming and being "100% pure, clean and green"
Thesis: Is it appropriate to continue marketing New Zealand as "100% pure, clean and green" when
intensive dairy farming is polluting waterways to an extent where they are unsafe to swim in? How
can dairy farms reverse current and further potential pollution and runoff into waterways to help
New Zealand maintain its so called "pure" image.
Overview: In this essay I will examine the damage that farming has done to our environment and
waterways; I will then determine whether marketing New Zealand as "100% pure, clean and green"
is still appropriate whilst suggesting ways that farming can improve and maintain a sustainable
image instead of impacting the environment negatively.
How has farming impacted the environment?
Paragraph 1:
Topic Sentence: Intensive farming of dairy cows causes nitrate and other minerals to leach into the
water tables Foote et al. (2015).
Supporting Detail: Nitrate leaching in the Waikato region caused by dairy farming led to around 30
% of groundwater sites under dairy land did not meet the Ministry of Health's drinking water
guidelines, compared with only 5 % from dry stock farms and urban wells when tested in 2008.
Foote et

Meat: Is It Safe? Essay
When ordering a steak from a restaurant one usually considers what they want on their steak, how
they want it cooked, and if they want a side of potatoes or rice with that, but how often does one
stop and think about how the cattle was raised. Many farmers today administer hormones into their
livestock to increase weight gain, and to boost milk production in dairy cows. Though these
hormones are beneficial to the meat and dairy industry, these injections may prove to be harmful to
the consumer. Unless the cattle in which your steak was butchered from was organically raised you
may be asking for a side of health problems with your meal. The use of hormones in livestock dates
back to the early 1930's. It was discovered that when cows were ... Show more content on
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Six hormones are injected into cattle. Estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone are all natural, and
zeranol, trenbolone acetate, and melengestrol acetate are synthetic. The European Union's Scientific
Committee on Veterinary Measures Relating to Public Health (SCVPH) stated when the hormones
are already naturally present in the cattle their hormone levels increase 7 to 20 times. They came to
the conclusion that there is no acceptable daily allowance for any of the six hormones. Another
conclusion that was drawn by the SCVPH was that people who consumed meat that contained
additional hormones are at an increased risk for some types of imbalances in hormones and certain
cancers. For example, milk from rBGH–treated cows contains increased levels of Insulin Growth
Factor–1 (IGF–1). People produce IGF–1 naturally, and higher levels in individuals have been
believed to be linked to breast and colon cancer. "Even exposure to small levels of residues in meat
and meat products carries risks"(James, 1999 ). The use of hormones has been banned in Europe as
a result of the SCVPH's speculations. Japan, Australia and Canada have also outlawed the use of
hormonal injections. Though it has not been officially proven that consuming milk and meat
products from cattle that have been administered growth hormones cause cancer, this should not
mean the practice should be allowed in the U.S. Not only could it be a possible risk for humans, but
it has been

The Effects Of Blood Analysis On Veterinary Practice
Blood analysis in veterinary practice is a valuable testing to address diagnosis of a large number of
conditions in farm and companion animals. Combined with the history, records and clinical
examination of patients, it provides useful information to formulate a clinical suspicion and it may
sometimes offer precise clues of specific disease or its nature. For example, changes in the number
and morphology of red blood cells count might aid in the diagnosis of different types of anemia,
whereas modification of white blood cells count may support the presence of acute or chronic
inflammation or infection or of immunoproliferative disorders. Alongside of traditional hematologic
analyses, considerable progress has been made in the understanding ... Show more content on
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The systemic response results in a variety of pathophysiolocigal changes aimed at repairing the
injury (Whicher and Westacott, 1992), and it is accompanied by the hepatic synthesis and release of
several plasma proteins, known as acute phase proteins (APP) (Baumann and Gauldie, 1990), which
initiate the anti–inflammatory process through a wide range of biological functions. The pattern of
responding APP varies between animal species, and they are classified as major, moderate, minor
and negative APP based on their increase in plasma (Murata et al., 2004). Positive associations have
been established between circulating concentrations of specific APP and the extent of particular
disorders in different species, which support their potential use as health markers in animals.
Nevertheless, they act as non–specific markers, as they do not clarify the etiology of disease
(Petersen et al., 2004) but are able to disclose the presence of inflammatory lesions, whether they
are primary or secondary to other disorders (Eckersall, 1995).
Current research has shown that the potential of APP analysis encompasses also a large variety of
non–inflammatory conditions, such as metabolic and endocrine disorders (Eckersall, 2003;
Nakagawa et al., 1997), stress (Alsemgeest et al., 1995), pregnancy and parturition (Uchida et al.,
1993; Vannucchi et al., 2002).
With regard to the public health perspective, determination of APP has a wide range of implications
in

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