6. During acute injuries in which a
distinct event produces a partial or
complete separation of apophyseal
fragment
Mechanism
Direct injury
Avulsion
Associated with dislocation
7.
8. Subluxation of the annular
ligament
Mechanism
Longitudinal traction
Displacement occurs most
easily with forearm in pronation
9. Fractures involving the lateral condyle in the immature skeleton can either cross the
physis or follow short distance into troclear cartilage
Rarely associated with other injuries , but uncommonly injuries associated are
Dislocation of elbow
Radial head fracture
Olecranon fracture
10.
11.
12. Mechanism of injury
Pull off theory
This injury was produced by adducting the forearm with elbow fully extended and forearm
supinated
Avulsion Injury to common extensor injury owing to varus stress exerted on the extended
elbow
Push off theory
This injury was produced by direct blow to palm with elbow flexed causing radial head to push
lateral condyle
Axial load transmitted to forearm leading to impingement of radial head to lateral condyle
13. Classification
Anatomical
Milch
Type 1 – fracture line courses lateral to the trochlea and into capitellar-troclear groove.
It represent a salter –harris type 4 , elbow is stable because trochlea is intact
Type 2 – fracture line extends into the apex of trochlea
It represents a salter- harris type 2 , elbow is unstable because trochlea is disrupted
14.
15. Stages of displacement
Jakob et al.
First stage – fracture is displaced and the articular surface is intact
16. Second stage
Fracture extends completely through the articular surface leading to proximal fragment
to become more displaced and can allow lateral displacement of the olecranon
17. Third stage
The condylar fragment is rotated and totally displaced laterally and proximally , allowing
olecranon and radial head translocation
18. Weiss modiefied
Type 1 – displaced less than
2mm
Type 2 – displaced more than
2mm but have intact cartilaginous
hinge
Type 3 – displace more than
2mm and no intact cartilaginous
hinge
19. Fracture involve only the true articular surface of lateral condyle
Rarely seen in children
Classification
Hahn – steinthal type – contains a rather large portion of cancellous bone of the lateral
condyle, lateral crista of trochlea is included
Kocher – Lorenz is more of pure articular fracture with little if any subchondral bone
attached
20.
21. Fracture involving medial condyle has 2 components
The intra – articular component involves troclear articular surface
The extra – articular involves medial epiphysis and medial condyle
These are called trochlea fractures because the fracture line extend into the articular
surface of trochlea
22.
23.
24.
25. Classification
Milch
Type 1 – fracture line traverses the apex of trochlea
Type 2 – fracture line traverses through the capitulotrochlear groove
Kilfoyle
Type 1 – incomplete fracture that does not violate joint but may hinge open
Type 2 – fracture line enters the joint but displacement is less than 2mm
Type 3 – fracture line enters the joint and results in malalignment , malrotation and
displacement
26.
27. Least common fractures
Mechanism
Direct blow to lateral condyle of elbow
Sometimes in children avulsion forces from the extensor muscles may be responsible for
these injuries
If the proximal part of fracture line lies between common extensors and extensor carpi
radialis longus there eill b elittle displacement
If fracture line enters the origin of the extensor carpi radialis longus then considerable
displacement occcurs