कक्षा ८ नैतिक शिक्षा

नैितक िश ा
क ा ८

नेपाल सरकार
िश ा ,िव ान तथा िविध म ालय
पा म िवकास क
े
सानोिठिम, भ पुर

g}lts lzIff
sIff *
g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
kf7oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/

k|sfzs g]kfn ;/sf/
kf7oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/
© ;jf{lwsf/ kf7oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
o; kf7ok':ts;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ kf7oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/df
lglxt /x]sf] 5 . kf7oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|sf] lnlvt :jLs[ltlagf Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf
nflu o;sf] k'/} jf cf+lzs efu x'ax' k|sfzg ug{, kl/jt{g u/]/ k|sfzg ug{, s'g}
ljB'tLo ;fwg jf cGo k|ljlwaf6 /]s8{ ug{ / k|ltlnlk lgsfNg kfOg] 5}g .
k|yd ;+:s/0f M lj=;+ @)&@
kl/dflh{t ;+:s/0f M lj=;+ @)&^
d'b|0fM hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb| ln=
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/ .
d"No ?=
kf7ok':ts;DaGwL kf7sx¿sf s'g} klg k|sf/sf ;¬´fjx¿ ePdf kf7oj|md ljsf;
s]Gb|, ;dGjo tyf k|sfzg zfvfdf k7fOlbg'x'g cg'/f]w 5 . kf7sx¿af6 cfpg]
;¬´fjx¿nfO{ s]Gb| xflb{s :jfut ub{5 . tkfO“n] lsg]sf] kf7ok':tsdf s'g} q'l6
ePdf glhssf] ljt/saf6 pSt k':ts ;f6g ;Sg'x'g] 5 .

xfd|f] egfO
lzIffnfO{ p2]Zod"ns, Jofjxfl/s / ;d;fdlos agfpg kf7oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] ljBfno txsf
kf7oj|mdtyf kf7ok':ts ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljBfyL{df
/fi6«k]|d, /fli6«otf k|ltsf] ;dk{0f / nf]stflGqs k4ltnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{] efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fO{ g}ltsjfg,
cg'zfl;t, :jfjnDaL tyf l;h{gzLn eO{ ;dfj]zL ;dfh lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg lbg ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; x'g
cfjZos 5 .pgLx¿df eflifs tyf ul0ftLo l;ksf ;fy} lj1fg, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw, jftfj/0f,
:jf:Yo tyf hg;ªVof;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 1fg tyf hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ljsf; x'g h?/L 5 . To;} u/L
ljBfyL{x¿df snf tyf ;f}Gbo{ k|ltsf] cg'/fu / dfgjLo d"No dfGotf, cfbz{ tyf j}lzi6ox¿k|ltsf]
;r]ttf ;lxt ltgsf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g ug]{ efjgfsf] ljsf; cfjZos 5 . ;dtf d"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf
;xof]u k'¥ofpg pgLx¿df ljleGg hfthflt, lnªu, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt / If]qnufotsf ljljwtfx¿sf]
;Ddfg ug{] / dfgj clwsf/ tyf ;dflhs d"No dfGotf k|lt ;r]t eO{ lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{] efjgfsf] ljsf;
u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . plNnlvt cfjZostfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7oj|md -sIff ^–*_, @)^(
nfO{ d"n cfwf/dfgL lzIff;DaGwL ljleGg cfof]usf ;'emfj, lzIfs, ljBfyL{ tyf cleefjsnufot lzIff;“u
;Da4 ljleGg JolSt ;lDdlnt uf]i7L / cGt/lj|mofsf lgisif{ / ljleGg ljBfnodf k/LIf0f u/L k|fKt
k[i7kf]if0f ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6L of] kf7o k':ts tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .
kf7ok':tsnfO{ o; :j¿kdf Nofpg] sfo{df s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs >L lbjfs/
9'ªu]n, piff bLlIft, 8f= lrGtfdl0f of]uL, s]zjk|;fb Gof}kfg], ;fg' cdfTo, Psf/Tg zdf{
cfrfo{, lbg]z vgfn, t'n;L cfrfo{, 1fgdl0f g]kfn, x]d/fh vltj8f / k'?iff]Ttd l3ld/]sf]
ljz]if of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . kf7ok':tsnfO{ cWofjlws tyf kl/dfh{g u/L k|sflzt ug{]
sfo{df o; s]Gb|sf dxflgb{]zs 8f= n]vgfy kf}8]n, >L u0f]zk|;fb e66/fO{ / >L lrgfs'df/L
lg/f}nf of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . o; k':tssf] rf/ /ªdf ljsf; ug{sf nflu snf ;Dkfbg sfo{
>L >Lxl/ >]i7af6 ePsf] xf] . o; kf7ok':tssf] ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g sfo{df ;+nUg ;a}k|lt
kf7oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| wGojfb k|s6 ub{5 .
kf7ok':tsnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfOsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;fwgsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . o; kf7ok':tssf] k|of]uaf6
kf7oj|mdåf/f nlIft ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . kf7ok':tsnfO{
;s];Dd lj|mofsnfkd'vL / ?lrs/ agfpg] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 . o; kf7ok':tsnfO{ ce}m kl/is[t kfg{sf nflu
lzIfs, ljBfyL{, cleefjs, a'l4hLjL Pjd ;Dk"0f{ kf7sx¿sf] ;d]t dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] x'“bf ;Da4 ;a}sf]
/rgfTds ;'emfjsf nflu kf7oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/
lj= ;+= @)&^ kf7oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|

ljifo;"rL
PsfO ljifoj:t' k[i7 ;ªVof
PsfO Ps rfl/lqs ljsf; !–!*
kf7 ! ufp“sf] ;fg cfOtdfg @
kf7 @ c;n pbfx/0f agf}“ &
kf7 # /fd|f] ;f]r, l;s / u/ !#
PsfO b'O{ dfgjLo d"No dfGotf !(–#^
kf7 ! dgsf c;n ;fyL @)
kf7 @ d]/f] jf:tljs klxrfg @%
kf7 # ;a}lt/ cfkmGt #!
PsfO tLg gful/s st{Jo / bfloTj #&–%@
kf7 ! gful/s st{Jo #*
kf7 @ d}n] ug]{ sfd $#
kf7 # ;dfh ;]jL ld;|Lnfn $*
PsfO rf/ ;fd"lxs hLjg k4lt / ljljwtf %#–&)
kf7 ! zflGt / ldqtf %$
kf7 @ d]/f] jf:tljs klxrfg ^)
kf7 # kf“r efOsf] syf ^^
PsfO kf“r cg'zf;g tyf ;sf/fTds lrGtg &!–**
kf7 ! kZrfQfk &@
kf7 @ leqL cf“vf &&
kf7 # cltn] vlt *#

g}lts lzIff, sIff * 1
l;sfO pknlAw
c;n rfl/lqs Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug{
c;n rl/qn] dfgjLo hLjgdf kfg]{ k|efj dgg u/L ;f]cg'¿ksf] Jojxf/ ug{
c;n rl/q lgdf{0fsf nflu ;To, ;bfrf/, zflGt, k|]d / clx+;f h:tf dfgjLo d"No /
dfGotf Jojxf/df k|of]u ug{
PsfO
! rfl/lqs ljsf;

2 g}lts lzIff, sIff *
ck]lIft Jojxf/
c;n sfdsf nflu ;a}af6 k|]l/t x'g
cfTdljZjf; hufO{ sfd ug{
c;n ljrf/ JoSt u/L ;f]xLcg';f/ Jojxf/ b]vfpg
;fdflhs lxtdf nfUg / c¿nfO{ klg nufpg
sfddf lgikIftf b]vfpg
kl/jf/, 6f]n jf ;d'bfodf cg's/0fLo JolSt aGg
cfOtdfgsf] 3/ ;fnkf]v/L ufpFdf 5 . of] ufpF b'u{d 7fpFdf k5{ . pgL :yfgLo
ljBfnodf k95g . pgsf cfdfa'af >d u/]/ hLjgofkg u5{g . pgLx¿n] ;fgf] 5Fbf
k9g] cj;/ kfPgg . To;}n] cfOtdfgsf] k9fOaf/] pgLx¿n] /fd|/L hfg]sf 5}gg .
pgLx¿ 5f]/fn] /fd|/L k9f]; eGg] dfq rfxG5g t/ cfOtdfgsf] k9fO eg] /fd|f] x'g
;s]sf] lyPg .
n]vk9 ug]{ / ;fyL;Fu v]Ng] /dfpg] pd]/sf eP klg cfOtdfgsf] :jefj uDeL/ lyof] .
pgL 3/sf] ul/aL / sdhf]/ k9fOsf sf/0f k9fO g} 5f]8g'k5{ ls eGg] klg ;f]Ry] .
pgnfO{ s] u/f}F, s] gu/f}F eO/x]sf] lyof] .
Ps lbgsf] s'/f xf], cfOtdfg ljBfno hfFb} lyP . ljBfno hfg v]tsf] cfnLdflyaf6
lxF8g'kYof]{ . pgL cfnLdf lxF8b} lyP . ToxfF Pp6f 7'nf] 8Nn] ls/f] d'vdf vfg]s'/f
Rofk]/ cfnLdfly plSnFb} lyof] . cfnLsf] l8ndf cfOk'u]kl5 vfg]s'/f Rofk]sf] RofKo}
ls/f] n8]/ v]tdf k'Uof] . ls/f] v]tdf r'k nfu]/ a;]g . vfg]s'/f Rofk]/} ls/f] cfnL
lzIf0f ;'emfj
c;n rl/qcg'¿ksf] Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug{ cfjZos kIfsf af/]df 5nkmn u/fO{ ljBfyL{nfO{ tL kIf
Jojxf/df ptfg{ pTk|]l/t ug'{xf]; . kl/jf/, 6f]n jf ;d'bfodf c;n rfl/lqs Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug]{
JolStTjsf cg's/0fLo kIfx¿sf] ;"rL agfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf]; .
ufp“sf] ;fg cfOtdfg
!
!

r9of] . ls/f] aNn aNn cfnLsf] l8ndf cfOk'u]sf] lyof], klxn] h:t} n8]/ v]tdf
k'Uof] . ls/fn] lxDdt xf/]g . ls/f] vfg]s'/f Rofk]/} t];|f] k6s cfnLdfly r9of] /
Kjfndf /x]sf] cfkmgf] 3/leq k:of] .
36gf ;fdfGo lyof] t/ To;n] cfOtdfgnfO{ uDeL/ k|efj kf¥of] . pgn] ;f]r], ‘;fgf]
hLj dfg]sf] ls/f] t la£gafwf kG5fP/, b'Mv u/]/ cfkmgf] p2]Zo k"/f u5{ . d
t dflg;, ddf ePsf] 1fg, a'l4 / r]tgfsf] s] sfd <’ cfOtdfgdf lg/Gt/ k|of]u
u/L ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg u/]/ ;kmn eOG5 eGg] ljZjf; hfUof] . pgnfO{ s'g} klg
sfd lg/Gt/ u/] ;kmntf kfOG5 eGg] nfUof] . k9fO 5f]8g] pgsf] ljrf/ x/fof] .
cfOtdfgn] of] s'/f ljBfnosf ;fyLx¿ / lzIfsnfO{ klg ;'gfP . lzIfsn]
eGg'eof], æefO alxgL xf], sfdsf] yfngL g} gug]{ lgDg / yfngL ug]{ t/ afwf cfP
5f]8g] dWod >]0fLsf dflg; x'g . yfn]sf] /fd|f] / dxfg sfd hlt;'s} afwf cfP klg
g5f]8g], k"/f u/]/} 5f8g] dflg; pQd >]0fLsf x'g . xfdL pQd >]0fLsf dflg; x'g'k5{ .Æ
cfOtdfgsf] ljrf/ / Jojxf/ ablng yfNof] . pgdf gofF sfd ug]{ hfFu/ k}bf eof] .
jiff{sf] ;dodf ;fnkf]v/L ufpF lxnfDo x'GYof] . cf]Nnf] 3/ kNnf] 3/ cfjthfjt
ug{ klg cK7of/f] x'GYof] . cfOtdfgn] ufpFn]sf af/Lsf 9'ªuf l6k]/ af6f]df la5ofpg]
h'lSt lgsfn] . o;f] ubf{ af/L ;kmf eP/ cGg w]/} kmNg yfNof] eg] af6f] lxF8g klg

;lhnf] eof] . cfOtdfgn] ljBfno labf ePsf] lbg ;fyLx¿nfO{ of] sfd ug{ xf}:ofP .
;fyLx¿n] pgsf] s'/f dfg] / kl5 kl5 ufpFn]n] klg ;fy lbg yfn] .
;fnkf]v/L ufpFdf :jf:Yo;DaGwL hgr]tgfsf] sdL lyof] . ufpFn]x¿nfO{ ljleGg /f]u
nfUYof] . cfOtdfgn] :jf:Yo lzIff k9]sf] kmfObf lgsfNb} k|To]s 3/df zf}rfno agfpg]
/ kfgLsf] d'xfg ;kmf /fVg] cleofg rnfP . pgn] ufpFn]nfO{ JolStut / 3/ cfFugsf]
;/;kmfOdf klg ;lj|mo u/fP . pgsf] sfdn] ufpF :j:y / ;'Gb/ eof] . cfOtdfgsf]
k9fO klg /fd|f] x'Fb} uof] . pgL sIffdf k|yd x'g yfn] . lzIfsn] klg pgnfO{ c;n
sfd ug]{ xf};nf lbO/x] .
cfOtdfg k9g] ljBfnodf pgsf efO klg tNnf] sIffdf k9y] . Ps lbg efOn] sfuhsf]
6'j|mf ljBfnosf] d"n 9f]sf cufl8 kmfn] . cfOtdfg / kfn] bfOn] Tof] b]v] . kfn] bfOn]
cfOtdfgsf] efOnfO{ ufnL gu/L sfuhsf] 6'j|mf l6Kg nfu]sf lyP, cfOtdfgn] /f]s] .
pgn] eg], æbfO, cfkm"n] u/]sf] uNtL cfk}Fm ;'wf/]/ dfq dflg; c;n aG5 . Tof] 6'j|mf
d d]/} efOnfO{ l6Kg nufpF5' . To;f] eof] eg] pgn] km]l/ kmf]xf]/ ub}{gg . pgsf ;fyLn]
klg hxfF kfof] ToxLF kmf]xf]/ ug'{ x'Fb}g eg]/ rfn kfpg] 5g .Æ cfOtdfgn] sfuhsf] 6'j|mf
efOnfO{ g} l6Kg nufP . efOn] klg eljiodf hxfF kfof] ToxLF kmf]xf]/ gug]{ jfrf u/] .
ljBfnodf hf8f] labf lyof] . cfOtdfgsf a'afnfO{ sfd ljz]ifn] lhNnf ;b/d'sfd
hfg'kg]{ eof] . cfOtdfg klg a'af;Fu} ;x/ uP . sfof{nosf] Pp6f sf]7fdf k':tsfno
klg lyof] . a'afn] sfof{nodf cfkmgf] sfd u?Gh]n cfOtdfgn] k':tsfnodf dxfg
JolStx¿sf] hLjgL ePsf] k':ts k9]/ l;WofP . ljBfno v'n]kl5 pgn] cfkm"n]
k9]sf] hLjgLsf ljifodf ;fyLx¿;Fu s'/f u/] . pgn] eg], æc¿n] eg]/ c;n rl/qsf]
ljsf; x'Fb}g . cfk}Fmn] cg'zf;g kfngf u/] rfl/lqs ljsf; x'Fbf] /x]5 .Æ ;fyLx¿n]
klg k/f]ksf/, cg'zf;gsf] kfngf, zflGt / ;Ddfgsf af/]df s'/fsfgL u/] . dof{bf,
w}o{ / nugzLntfaf6 c;n / dxfg aGg ;lsg] ljifodf 5nkmn u/] .
lxhf]cfh cfOtdfg ;fnkf]v/L ufpF / ljBfnodf ;a}sf nflu cg's/0fLo
ag]sf 5g . 5f]/fsf] kf}/v b]v]/ cfdfa'af klg v';L 5g . klxn]sf] cfOtdfg /
clxn]sf] cfOtdfgdf cfsfz hldgsf] leGgtf 5 . ufpFn]x¿ eG5g, æ;fn kf]v/L ufpFsf]
;fg, cfOtdfg .Æ

;f/f+z
rl/q lgdf{0f af]lng] ljifo geP/ Jojxf/df k|bz{g ul/g] ljifo xf] . cfTdljZjf;,
;befj / ;dk{0faf6 rl/qsf] lgdf{0f / ljsf; x'G5 . o;sf nflu ;;fgf kfq /
k|;ªu klg k|]/s x'g ;S5g . ltgaf6 k|]l/t eP/ cfkmgf] sfddf nflu/xg] dflg;n]
g} hLjgdf k|z+;f / ;kmntf kfpg ;kmn x'G5 . c;n ;f]rfO / Jojxf/n] dflg;sf]
rl/q cg's/0fLo klg aGg k'U5 .
cEof;
!= cfkmgf] d"Nofªsg cfk}m u/ M
-s_ d s'g} klg sfd cfTd ljZjf;sf ;fy
-c_ u5'{ -cf_ ulb{gF
-v_ d ;'? u/]sf] c;n sfddf ;d:of cfof] eg]
-c_ lard} 5f]85'
-cf_ k"/f u/]/ 5f]85'
-u_ d uNtL ;RofP/ cfkm"nfO{
-c_ sdhf]/ b]vfpFlbgF
-cf_ ;'wf/ u5'{
-3_ d km';{bdf k|]/0ffbfoL k':ts
-c_ k95'
-cf_ k9lbgF
-ª_ d d]/f] sfdaf6 kl/jf/nfO{
-c_ ;Gt'i6 agfpF5'
-cf_ s]xL klg agfpFlbgF
@= 5f]6f] pQ/ b]pm M
-s_ cfOtdfgnfO{ k|]/0ff lbg] 36gf s] xf] <
-v_ s:tf dflg; pQd >]0fLsf x'G5g <
-u_ ufpFsf] lxnf] af6fsf] ;d:of s;/L ;dfwfg eof] <
-3_ cfOtdfgsf efOsf] uNtL s] lyof] <
-ª_ hLjgL k9]sf] s'/f ;'g]/ cfOtdfgsf ;fyLx¿n] s:tf] 5nkmn u/] <
-r_ cg's/0fLo dflg; aGg s] ug'{k5{ <

#= ltd|f] ;d'bfodf dflg;n] /fd|f] sfd u/]/ :ofaf;L kfPsf xf]nfg . tL sfd
s] x'g, ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿;Fu ;f]wvf]h u/L sfdsf] ljj/0f tof/ kf/ .
$=
oL sfd u/ M
-s_ cfOtdfgn] u/]sf /fd|f sfdx¿sf] ;"rL agfO{ sIffdf 6fF; .
-v_ ljBfno labf ePsf] lbg ;fyLx¿n] ldn]/ cfkmgf] 6f]n÷l5d]sdf ug{ ;Sg]
/fd|f] sfdsf] ljj/0f tof/ kf/ .
-u_ ltdL s:tf] dflg;nfO{ c;n rl/qsf] dfG5f}, pbfx/0f lbO{ n]v .
%= tn lbOPsf] lrqnfO{ bz jfSodf j0f{g u/ M
^= ltdL cfkmgf] sdhf]/L klxrfg u/L ltgnfO{ ;'wfg{ s] ug{ ;S5f}, n]v .
&= ;do ldnfP/ glhssf] :jf:Yo rf}sLdf hfpm . ToxfF b}lgs ¿kdf s] sfd x'Fbf]
/x]5, cjnf]sg u/ / ltdLn] ug{ ;Sg] sfdsf] ;"rL agfpm . To;kl5
cleefjssf] cg'dlt lnO{ :jod;]jLsf ¿kdf :jf:Yo rf}sLdf sfd
klg u/ .
*= cfkmgf efOalxgLnfO{ c;n dflg; agfpg ltdL s:tf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u5f}{ <
(= JolSt s;/L /fi6«sf] ;fg aGg ;Snf, cfkmgf ljrf/ n]v .

ck]lIft Jojxf/
c;n rl/qaf6 k|efljt eO{ /fd|f] sfd ug{
:yfgLo JolSt / k|s[ltaf6 c;n sfdsf nflu k|]l/t x'g
;fd"lxs / ;fdflhs sfddf ;lj|mo /xg
;]jf / ;xof]u ug{
JolSt / ;dfhdf cg's"n k|efj b]vfpg
pbfx/0fLo JolStTj lgdf{0f ug{
clgn, slkn, sf]lknf, bf]h]{, nvgnfn / /]lhgf Pp6} sIffsf ;fyL x'g . Ps lbg
a]n'sL kv pgLx¿ ufpFsf] rp/df v]ln/x]sf lyP . v]n v]Nbf pgLx¿n] ;d"x lgdf{0f
u/] . h'g;'s} sfd klg ldn]/ ubf{ ;kmn eOG5 eGg] s'/f pgLx¿n] ;'g]sf lyP .
o;/L sfd ubf{ /dfOnf] x'g] /x]5 eGg] pgLx¿nfO{ nfUof] . pgLx¿lar ljBfno 5'66L
ePsf] lbg o:t} sfd ug'{k5{ eGg] rrf{ rNof] .
clgnn] cfkmg} ufpFdf ePsf af]6 la?jfaf/] hfgsf/L lng] k|:tfj /fv] . lj1fg ljifodf
;xof]u k'Ug] ePsfn] bf]h]{n] o;df ;xdlt hgfP . ufpFsf] 5]pdf cfFksf] au}Frf lyof] .
nvgnfnn] ToxfF hfg' /fd|f] x'g] ;'emfj lbP . o;df ;a}sf] ljrf/ ldNof] .
labfsf lbg sIffsf ;a} ;fyL cfFksf] au}Frfdf uP . au}Frfel/ cfFksf d'h'/fx¿
nfu]sf lyP . cfFksf af]6 g} km'n]/ 9sdSs eP h:tf b]lvGy] . au}Frf / jl/kl/ cfFksf]
d'h'/fsf] ;'uGw km}lnPsf] lyof] . cfFksf af]6d'lg pd|]sf emf/kftsf a'6f klg ;'Gb/
b]lvGy] . d'h'/fsf] k|efjn] ltgaf6 klg ;'uGw km}ln/x] h:tf] nfUYof] . pgLx¿ o:tf]
lzIf0f ;'emfj
g}lts, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts d"No dfGotf Pjd rfl/lqs cfr/0f h:tf ljifo If]qn] c;n rl/q
lgdf{0fdf s;/L ;xof]u k'¥ofO/x]sf x'G5g eGg]af/]df sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; . ljBfyL{x¿
s] aGg rfxG5g, ;f]Wg'xf]; / To:tf] JolStn] c;n rl/qsf] gd'gf k|:t't ug{ cfjZos kg]{ st{Jo
kfng;DaGwL tYox¿sf] ;"rL agfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf]; .
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b[Zo x]g{ kfPsfdf w]/} v';L lyP . rf/}lt/sf] ;'ulGwt jftfj/0fn] pgLx¿nfO{ n67
kfl//x]sf] lyof] .
To;} a]nf pgLx¿n] au}Frfsf] glhsaf6 Ps hgf dflg; lxFl8/x]sf] b]v] . pxfF ljBfnosf
k"j{lzIfs Hof]lt/fh x'g'x'Fbf] /x]5 . ;a}n] pxfFnfO{ gd:sf/ u/] / au}Frfdf cfpgfsf]
sf/0f atfP . pgLx¿n] pxfFnfO{ au}Frfsf] ;f}Gbo{ / ;'uGwaf/] lh1f;f /fv] . of] s;/L
;Dej eof] egL ;f]w] . Hof]lt/fhn] au}Frfdf kl/jf/sf ;a} hgf ldn]/ sfd ug]{
u/]sf] s'/f atfpg'eof] . o;af6 cfkm"n] l;s]sf] s'/f klg pxfFn] atfpg'eof] . To;kl5
Hof]lt/fhn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ o;/L ;Demfpg'eof] M
æx]/ gfgL afa' xf] Û au}Frfsf] ;f}Gbo{ / ;'uGwaf6 Psl5g v';L x'g] dfq xf]Og, hLjgdf
lzIff klg lng'k5{ . cfFkdf nfu]sf] d'h'/fn] c¿ ?vnfO{ klg ;'ulGwt agfPsf] 5 .
gkm'Ng] ?v klg km'n] h:tf /fd|f b]lvPsf 5g . km]bsf ;fgf emf/kft klg d'h'/fsf]
k|efjn] ;'ulGwt ag]sf 5g . oxfF /fd|fsf] 5fk g/fd|fdf kl//x]sf] 5 / g/fd|f] klg
/fd|f] eO/x]sf] 5 . o;} u/L xfdL klg ;dfhdf d'h'/f h:t} ;'Gb/ / ;'ulGwt x'g'k5{ .
To;f] eof] eg] JolStsf] /fd|f] k|efj ;dfhdf k5{ . clg /fd|f] ;dfhsf] k|efj JolStdf
klg k5{ . To;kl5 g/fd|f] eGg] s'/f] pTkGg x'Fb}g / ePsf] klg /fd|fdf kl/jlt{t x'Fb}
hfG5 .Æ
Hof]lt/fhn] yKg'eof], æltdLx¿n] lj1fgdf k9]sf] klg x'g ;S5 . st} b]v] ;'g]sf] klg
x'g ;S5f} . Pp6f >Lv08 eGg] k|l;4 ;'ulGwt jg:klt x'G5 . >Lv08sf] 5]p5fpdf

ePsf af:gf gcfpg] cGo af]6la?jfx¿ klg To;sf] k|efjn] ;'ulGwt x'G5g . of]
pbfx/0f dfgj ;dfhdf klg nfu' x'G5 . 1fg / r]tgf gePsf] af]6jg:kltdf t
/fd|f] u'0f lng] :jefj x'G5 eg] xfdL dflg;df lsg gx'g' < ltdLx¿ cfFksf] d'h'/f /
>Lv08 h:tf] ag, ;dfh To:t} aGg k'U5 .Æ
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emNsg] pbfx/0f eP elglbg cg'/f]w u/] . ljBfyL{sf] ?lr a'em]/ Hof]lt/fhn] Pp6f
5f]6f] syf ;'gfpg'eof] M
w]/} jif{ cufl8sf] s'/f xf] . Ps hgf k|l;4 ;Gt lyP . pgsf] ;Hhg kg pbfx/0fLo
lyof] . pgL cfkmgf]eGbf klg c¿ JolSt / ;dfhsf] lxtsf nflu ;dlk{t lyP .
lgM:jfy{ ;]jfsf nflu pgn] y'k|} k'/:sf/ klg kfPsf lyP . Psk6s ;]jf ug]{ j|mddf
pgL ljb]z uP . Tof] b]z w]/} wgL lyof] . ;Gt c¿;Fu dfu]/ s]xL vfFb}gy] . vfg]s'/f
lsGg pgL;Fu k};f lyPg . s;}n] lbP vfg], glbP gvfg] t/ ;a}sf] ;]jf ul//xg] pgsf]
:jefj lyof] . k|rf/ k|;f/ u/]/ cfk"mnfO{ rlr{t agfO/xg] afgL klg pgsf] lyPg .
Ps lbg ;Gt ;8s k]6Ldf lxFl8/x]sf lyP . pgn] w]/} lbgb]lv s]xL klg vfPsf
lyPgg . lxF8bflxF8b} ef]sn] pgL ;8s k]6Ldf n8] . glhs} kmnk"mnsf] Jofkf/ ug{]
;fwf/0f Jofkf/Ln] Tof] b[Zo b]v] . pgL bf}l8Fb} ;Gtsf glhs uP / n8gfsf sf/0f
;f]w] . ;Gtn] ef]s nfu]sf] s'/f t u/] t/ cfkmgf] lgodcg';f/ vfg b]pm eg]gg .
Jofkf/L eg] ;fdfGo dflg; lyP . pgn] Jofkf/af6 w]/} wg sdfPsf lyPgg . pgn]
;Gt ef]sn] n8]sf] oyfy{ yfxf kfP . Jofkf/Ln] ;GtnfO{ kmnk"mn lbFb} eg], æxfdL xfd|f]
b]zdf sf]xL klg ef]sf g/x"g eGg] rfxG5f}F . tkfO{F h:tf] ;Gt klg xfd|f] b]zdf cfP/
ef]s} /xg'k¥of] . d b]zs} tkm{af6 tkfOF{;Fu Ifdf dfU5' .Æ
Jofkf/Lsf] s'/f ;'g]/ ;Gt clt g} k|efljt eP . pgnfO{ To; b]zsf gful/ssf] efjgf
/ Jojxf/k|lt uf}/j nfUof] . Ps hgf ;fwf/0f JolStn] klg 7'nf ;GtnfO{ k|efj kf/] .
To;af6 ;Gtn] To; b]zsf] ;dfh klg a'emg] df}sf kfP . ;Gtn] cfkmgf] b]z kms]{kl5
klg Tof] 36gf w]/} dflg;nfO{ ;'gfP .
Hof]lt/fhn] eg]sf s'/faf6 ;a} ljBfyL{ v';L eP . pgLx¿n] cab]lv c¿nfO{ /fd|f]
k|efj kfg]{ sfd ug]{ jfrf u/] . cfcfkmgf] kl/jf/, 6f]n / l5d]sdf klg o:t} sfd
ug]{ lgwf] u/] . af]6 la?jfsf ljifodf hfGg / /dfOnf] ug{ uPsf pgLx¿ hLjgdf
cfjZos 1fg / k|]/0ff;d]t lnP/ a]n'sL kv 3/ kms]{ .

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Pp6} JolStn] dfq klg /fd|f] sfd ubf{ To;sf] ;sf/fTds k|efj k5{ . To;af6
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JolStdf k5{ . ;fdfGo JolSt / ;fwf/0f 36gfn] klg slxn]sfxLF b"/ufdL dxŒjsf]
sfd u5{g . ctM k|To]s JolStsf sfd k|]/s, k|efjsf/L / pbfx/0fLo x'g'k5{ .
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-v_ c;n JolStsf] k|efj ================ x'g'k5{ . -;sf/fTds÷gsf/fTds_
-u_ /fd|f] s'/f ========== l;Sg ;lsG5 . -w]/} 6f9f uP/ dfq÷cfkmg} jl/kl/af6 klg_
-3_ k|s[ltn] klg xfdLnfO{ =============== lbG5 . -1fg÷;Ddfg_
-ª_ /fd|f] pbfx/0f ================= aGg'k5{ . -cfk}Fm÷c¿ g}_
@= 5f]6f] pQ/ n]v M
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cfkm"nfO{ l7s nfu]sf] a'Fbfdf l7s lrgf] -√_ nufpm M
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6f]n, ;d'bfoaf6 ltdL / ltd|f] kl/jf/n] l;s]sf /fd|f sfd / Jojxf/sf] ;"rL
agfO{ k|:t't u/ .

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u/L o;af6 k|fKt x'g] lzIff;d]t sIffdf k|:t't u/ M
;NnLrf}/ ufpF lgs} ;'Gb/ 5 . oxfF ljleGg :jefjsf dflg; a:5g . ufpFdfly
7'nf] kfvf] 5 . oxfF kf]xf]/ jiff{ofddf klx/f] uof] . ufpFsf w]/} v]t / af/L
klx/fn] k'¥of] . ufpFn] b'MvL eP . ufpFdf Ps hgf lzIfs klg lyP . pgn]
klx/f] kG5fpg ufpFn];Fu ;/;Nnfx u/] . pgn] ;DalGwt lgsfox¿df
;Dks{ u/]/ klx/f] kG5fpg cg'/f]w klg u/] . pgsf] ;lj|motfdf ufpFn]
/ ljBfyL{x¿ klx/f] kG5fpg nfu] . x]bf{x]b}{ klx/f] w]/} klG5of] . cab]lv
ufpFn]x¿n] k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] ;dodf Psh'6 eO{ sfd ug]{ c7f]6 u/] . To;kl5
sfd ug{ klg ;'? u/] . cflv/df klx/f] kG5fpg] sfd ;lsof] . To;kl5 ;a}
ldn]/ klx/f] uPsf] kfvfdf la?jfx¿ /f]k] . v]taf/Ldf v]tL nufP . klx/f]
kG5fpg ;lj|mo x'g] ;a}sf] sfdnfO{ ufpFn]x¿ k|z+;f u5{g . lxhf]cfh ;NnLrf}/
x/fe/f 5 . cfkmg} k|of;n] ljktaf6 5'6sf/f kfpFbf ufpFn]x¿ ;a}
bªu 5g .
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sIffdf 6fF; .
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n]v n]v M
km]bsf ;fgf emf/kft klg d'h'/fsf] k|efjn] ;'ulGwt ag]sf 5g . oxfF
/fd|fsf] 5fk g/fd|fdf kl//x]sf] 5 / g/fd|f] klg /fd|f] eO/x]sf] 5 . o;}
u/L xfdL klg ;dfhdf d'h'/f h:t} ;'Gb/ / ;'ulGwt x'g'k5{ . To;f] eof]
eg] JolStsf] /fd|f] k|efj ;dfhdf k5{ . clg /fd|f] ;dfhsf] k|efj JolStdf
klg k5{ . To;kl5 g/fd|f] eGg] s'/f] pTkGg x'Fb}g .
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egfOnfO{ ljrf/ u/ / xfd|f] b]zsf ;Gbe{df of] egfO s:tf] xf]nf, Ps
cg'R5]bdf cfkmgf] ljrf/ n]v .
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ljZn]if0f u/L Ps cg'R5]b n]v .

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lbbL;Fu s]xL l;Sg] p2]Zon] s'/fsfgL ub}{ 5g M
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;w}F c;n sfd dfq l;sfpg'k5{ .
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sf] 5 / Û
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cfof] / h] eof] To;nfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} gSsn ug'{ x'Fb}g .

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s] glng] eg]/ 5'6ofpg lgs} xf]l;of/L b]vfpg'k5{ .
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emg /fd|/L a'emg] lyPF .
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x'g ;S5g, af]6la?jfaf6 km'n]sf k"mn klg x'g ;S5g . b]Vbf ;a} /fd|f
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/fh' M g/fd|f eP cfkmgf klg 5f8g] / /fd|f eP c¿sf klg sfd s'/fsf] l;sf]
ug]{ eGg'ePsf] xf] lbbL <
gldtf M :ofaf; Û efO, l7s eGof} . /f]u eP cfkmg} klg 5f]8g'k5{, cf}ifwL eP
c¿sf] klg lng'k5{ . c¿af6 kg]{ k|efjnfO{ ltdL o;/L g} a'em .
/fh' M /fd|/L a'e]Fm . ca t tkfO{Fn] eg]sf s'/f ;Dem]/ ljrf/ u/]/ n]V5' .
;fyLx¿nfO{ klg eG5' – /fd|f] ;f]r, l;s / u/ .
;f/f+z
hgtf /fi6«sf cleGg cªu x'g . /fi6«sf] k|efj hgtfdf k5{ eg] hgtfsf] sfdsf]
k|efj /fi6«df klg k5{ . ;'vb kl/0ffdsf nflu b'j} cªun] cg's"n / pkof]uL sfd
ug'{k5{ . jt{dfg ;do ljZjJofkL k|efjsf] ;do klg xf] . JolStut / /fli6«o
hLjgnfO{ pGgt agfpg] sfdsf] cg's/0f ug'{k5{ . b]lvg] s'/f w]/} / l;lsg] s'/f
yf]/} x'g ;S5g . JolSt, /fi6« / ljZjaf6 /fd|f] l;Sbf lxt x'G5 .

cEof;
!= vfnL 7fp“ e/L jfSo k"/f u/ M
-s_ d /fi6«nfO{ /fd|f] sfd u/]/ =============
-v_ d c¿n] u/]sf] /fd|f] sfdsf] l;sf] =============
-u_ d l7s a]l7s 5'6ofpg =============
-3_ d}n] b]zaf;Lsf] ;Ddfg x'g] sfd =============
-ª_ d cfkmgf sfd c¿n] klg l;s"g eGg] =============
@= 5f]6f] pQ/ n]v M
-s_ /fi6«sf] k|efj s;df k5{ <
-v_ /fi6«sf] OHht s;/L a95 <
-u_ l;ªuf] ;+;f/ 3/ h:tf] x'gfsf] sf/0f s] xf] <
-3_ xfdLn] s'g s'/fdf xf]l;of/L b]vfpg'k5{ <
-ª_ cfkmgf] 5f]8g'kg]{ / c¿sf] lng'kg]{ ljifo s] s] x'g <
-R_ /fi6« / hgtf lsg leGg x'g ;Sb}gg <
#= hf]8f ldnfpm M
v08 ‘c’ v08 ‘cf’
-s_ /fi6«sf] k|efj -s_ c;n sfd dfq ug'{k5{ .
-v_ clxn] l;ªuf] ;+;f/ -v_ OHht a9fpg'k5{ .
-u_ ljZjsf] k|efjnfO{ xfdLn] -u_ /fi6«af;Ldf k5{ .
-3_ hgtfn] /fi6«sf] -3_ Pp6f 3/ h:tf] ePsf] 5 .
-ª_ 5fgL5fgL lng'k5{ .

$= tn ltdLn] lrg] hfg]sf ljleGg ju{sf] gfd lbOPsf] 5 . tL ju{af6 cfkm"n]
l;s]sf jf l;Sg ;Sg] Pp6f Pp6f /fd|f] sfd vfnL 7fp“df n]v M
cleefjs ================================================================================ .
lzIfs =============================================================================== .
;fyL ================================================================================ .
l5d]sL ================================================================================= .
g]tf ================================================================================ .
%= oL sfd u/ M
-s_ ‘/fi6«sf] k|efj hgtfdf k5{ eg] hgtfsf] sfdsf] k|efj /fi6«df klg k5{ .’
eGg] jfSosf] ;f/nfO{ ltd|f] cleefjsn] s;/L a'emg'ePsf] /x]5 , pxfFx¿sf]
egfOsf cfwf/df a'Fbf l6kf]6 u/L sIffdf ;'gfpm .
-v_ ltd|f] 6f]n l5d]sdf a;f]af; ug]{ JolStx¿n] s:tf sfdnfO{ cg'lrt sfd
dfGg'x'G5 / tLaf6 aRg s] s:tf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug'{ePsf] 5, pxfFx¿;Fu
cGt/lj|mof u/L pkfox¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kf/ .
-u_ c;n /fi6« agfpg ltdLn] s] s:tf sfo{x¿ ug'{knf{, cfkmgf] dt lnlvt
¿kdf sIffdf k|:t't u/ .
^= tnsf] cg'R5]b k9 . To;kl5 cfkm"eGbf ;fgfnfO{ s] l;sfp“5f}, n]v .
df}/L h:tf] ;fgf] ls/fn] t l7s / a]l7s 5'6ofpg ;S5 eg] xfdLn] klg ljj]s
nufP/ To:tf j:t' 5'6ofpg ;Sg'k5{ . ljZjaf6 cfPsf] ;a} k|efj glng] t/
/fd|f], pkof]uL / :jfefljs nfUg] ljifosf] dfq l;sf] ug]{ k|oTg ug'{k5{ .

PsfO
@ dfgjLo d"No dfGotf
l;sfO pknlAw
dfgjLo d"Nox¿ -/fli6«o_ sf] klxrfg u/L To:tf d"Nok|lt ;sf/fTds ;f]r /fVb} of]ubfg ug{
dfgjLo d"No -cGt/f{li6«o_ atfpg / tbg'¿k Jojxf/ ug{

ck]lIft Jojxf/
cfWoflTds d"Nosf] ljsf; / ;+/If0f ug{
;To af]Ng / c¿nfO{ klg o;df k|]l/t ug{
c;n u'0fsf] ljsf; u/L zflGt sfod ug]{ sfddf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg
w}o{zLn x'g] afgL a;fNg
cfkm" / c¿nfO{ :j:y /fVg
Psk6s eujfg uf}td a'4 st} hfFb} lyP . pgsf k|d'v lzio cfgGb klg ;fydf lyP .
lxF8bf lxF8bf pgLx¿nfO{ ysfO nfUof] . pgLx¿ Pp6f ?vsf] km]bdf a;] . a'4nfO{
ltvf{ nfUof] . pgn] cfgGbnfO{ kfgL Nofpg c/fP .
glhs} kfgLsf] ;fgf] vf]N;f] lyof] . cfgGb ToxfF uP / Psl5g kl5 kfgL glnO{ cfP .
pgn] a'4nfO{ eg], ævf]N;fdf ev{/} uf8f lxF8]sf] /x]5 . To;n] kfgL wldNofP5 .
d gbLdf uP/ kfgL lnP/ cfpF5' .Æ gbL s]xL 6f9f lyof] . a'4n] eg], æxf]Og, kfgL
vf]N;faf6 g} Nofpm .Æ cfgGb vf]N;fdf uP t/ kfgL wldnf] g} lyof] . pgL kms]{/
a'4;fd' cfP . ægbL 6f9f eP klg s] eof] t < d bf}l8Fb} uP/ kfgL lnP/ cfOxfN5'
lg Û vf]N;fsf] wldnf] kfgL lsg vfg' <Æ cfgGbn] eg] .
a'4n] eg], æx'Fb} x'Fb}g, kfgL vf]N;faf6 g} Nofpm .Æ a'4sf] cf1fsf cufl8 cfgGbsf]
s'g} hf]8 rn]g . pgL t];|f] k6s vf]N;fdf k'u] . pgL crDddf k/] . kfgL ;ªnf]
eO;s]sf] lyof] . kftkltªu/ kfgLd'lg l:y/ eO;s]sf lyP . kfgL k"0f{ ¿kdf vfg
nfos ePsf] lyof] . cfgGb clt g} v';L eP / kfgL lnP/ a'4;fd' cfP .
a'4n] eg], æcfgGb, dflg;sf nflu w}o{ wf/0f clt g} cfjZos u'0f xf] . w}o{af6 rfx]
lzIf0f ;'emfj
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfWoflTds d"Nosf af/]df atfO{ pgLx¿sf kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf s] s:tf cfWoflTds
d"No k|rngdf 5g egL ;f]Wg'xf]; . pgLx¿nfO{ dg kg]{ d"Noaf/] cfk;df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; .
ljBfyL{x¿n] s'g s'g cfWoflTds d"No cg';/0f ug]{ dflg;sf] ;xof]u lnO/x]sf 5g, eGg nufO{
eljiodf kfngf ug{'kg]{ cfWoflTds d"Nosf af/] k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf]; .
dgsf c;n ;fyL
!
!

sf] kl/0ffd kfpg ;lsG5 .
of] g} cfWoflTds u'0f klg
xf] . o;sf] kfngf ug{ xfdLn]
e'Ng' xF'b}g .Æ a'4sf] egfOaf6
cfgGb k|efljt eP . a'4sf]
s'/f pgnfO{ dg k¥of] . To;
lbgb]lv pgL cK7of/f] cj:yfdf
klg w}o{n] sfd ug{ yfn] .
a'4 / cfgGbsf] o; syfn]
xfdLnfO{ ulx/f] ;Gb]z lbG5 .
w}o{ klg cfWoflTds d"No /x]5
eGg] ;f/ oxfF kfOG5 . jf:tjdf ;+;f/df ePsf ljleGg j:t'sf] d"No tf]lsPsf] x'G5 .
dflg; d"No lt/]/ cfkmgf] cfjZostfsf j:t' lsG5g / pkof]u u5{g . dflg;nfO{ hLjgdf
s'g} g s'g} j:t' lsGg' g} k5{ . j:t'sf] d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{ cg]s cfwf/ 5g . j:t' laj|mL
ug]{ dflg;n] kmfObf klg lnG5g . lsga]rsf] If]qdf of] ;fdfGo k|lj|mof xf] .
;a} j:t'sf] d"No eP em}F dflg;sf] klg d"No x'G5 . t/ dflg; k};fdf lsga]r ul/g]
k|f0fL xf]Og . dflg;sf] d"No aflx/L tf}n, ¿k, /ª, cfsf/ / pkof]lutfsf cfwf/df
tf]lsFb}g . dflg;sf] d"No dgsf u'0fx¿df lglxt x'G5 . To;nfO{ cfWoflTds d"No
elgG5 . of] lslgg], a]lrg], tf]lsg] jf ;f6km]/ ug{ ldNg] d"No xf]Og .
;a}sf] lxt ug]{ u/fpg] efjgf, ljrf/ Pjd p2]ZonfO{ cfWoflTds d"No eGg ;lsG5 .
;To Pp6f o:t} d"No xf] . ;To zlSt klg xf] . ;Tosf] kfngf u/]/ zlSt cfh{g
u/]sf / To;af6 cfkm" Pjd c¿nfO{ klg lht]sf y'k|} dflg;sf pbfx/0f kfOG5g .
;Toaf6 cfTd ;Gt'li6, ;bfrf/, zflGt, k|]d / clx+;fsf] af6f]df lxF8g ;lhnf] x'G5 .
b}lgs Jojxf/df cg'zf;gsf] Odfgbf/Lk"j{s kfngf g} ;bfrf/ xf] . ;bfrf/sf] kfngf
gug]{ dflg;n] w]/} b'Mv kfpF5 . To;}n] xfdLn] ;w}F ;bfrf/sf] kfngf ug'{k5{ .
cfWoflTds ;Dkbfsf] ljsf;df zflGtsf] klg cfjZostf kb{5 . zflGt JolSt, /fi6« /
ljZjs} nflu cfjZos 5 . zflGtlagf k|]dsf] pbo x'Fb}g / k|]dlagf clx+;fsf] efjgf klg
k}bf x'Fb}g . dflg;sf ljleGg ;fyL x'G5g . c;n ;fyLn] /fd|f] af6f]df nfUg k|]l/t u5{g eg]
v/fa ;fyLn] g/fd|f] af6f]df lxF8fpF5g . To;}n] xfdLn] ;w}F c;n ;fyLsf] ;ªut ug'{k5{ .

xfd|f] dgnfO{ klg ;fyL rflxG5 / tL ;fyL c;n x'g'k5{ . dgsf c;n ;fyL
eg]sf ;To, cfTd ;Gt'li6, ;bfrf/, zflGt, k|]d / clx+;f g} x'g . logn] xfd|f] dgnfO{
;w}F c;n af6fdf nufpF5g . To;kl5 xfdL c;n sfd u5f}{F . xfd|f] dg :j:y x'G5 .
dgsf o:t} lxtsf/L ;fyLnfO{ cfWoflTds d"No elgG5 . o; kf7sf] syfaf6 w}o{ klg
dflg;sf] dgsf] c;n ;fyL /x]5 eGg] yfxf x'G5 . w}o{n] dgnfO{ ;kmf agfpF5 .
:j:y /xgsf nflu dflg;n] cg]s pkfo u5{g . :jf:Yo xfd|f] 7'nf] ;DklQ xf] .
/f]urflxF ljklQ xf] . :j:y /xg ul/g] cg]sf}F pkfodWo] b'O{cf]6f pkfo Hofb} ;lhnf
/ ;:tf 5g – of]u ;fwgf tyf Wofg . of]u eg]sf] dg / z/L/sf] d]n xf] . xfdLn]
dg / z/L/nfO{ l:y/ /fv]/ ltgLx¿lar cleGg ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{ ;Sof}F eg] Tof]
of]u x'G5 . s'g} sfdnfO{ s'zntfk"j{s ;kmn agfpg' klg of]u xf] . of]udf nfUg] sfd
of]u ;fwgf xf] . z/L/sf ;fy;fy} dg;Fu klg ;DaGw /fVg] ePsfn] of]u ;fwgfnfO{
klg cfWoflTds d"Nodf /fVg ;lsG5 .
s'g} sfddf dgnfO{ Psfu| /fVg' Wofg xf] . o;n] sfddf ;kmntf kfpg ;xof]u
k'¥ofpF5 . k|ltlbg ul/g] Wofgn] dgnfO{ klg ;kmf kf5{ . ;]jfsf] d"No t u0fgf ug{
g} ;lsFb}g . c¿sf] b'Mv kL8f / ;d:ofdf lgM:jfy{ ;xof]u ug'{ ;]jf xf] . jf:tljs /
lgM:jfy{ ;]jf ug{ hl6n klg 5 . xfdLn] dgdf ;]jfsf] efjgf /fVof}F eg] of] c;n ;fyL
algxfN5 . xfdLn] dgdf c;n ;fyLnfO{ /fVof}F eg] xfd|f xft d'v cflb cªun] klg
:jtM /fd|f] sfd u5{g . dg, af]nL / sd{n] c;n sfd ubf{ ;w}F /fd|f] glthf cfpF5 .
;f/f+z
dflg;sf cfcfkmg} d"No x'G5g . tLdWo] cfWoflTds d"No ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 .
;To, cfTd ;Gt'li6, ;bfrf/, k|]d, clx+;f, w}o{, zflGt / ;]jf h:tf dfgjsf u'0f g}
cfWoflTds d"No x'g . logsf] kfngf / cEof;af6 dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s ;d:of x6]/
hfG5g . ;a}lt/ zflGt 5fpF5 . dfgj hLjg ;kmn / ;fy{s x'G5 .
cEof;
!= sf]i7saf6 pko'St zAb 5fgL vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
-s_ dgsf u'0fx¿ g} dflg;sf ======== x'g . -d"No÷j:t'_
-v_ dgnfO{ klg c;n ======== rflxG5 . -kmfObf÷;fyL_

-u_ cfWoflTds d"No ====== a:5g . -dgdf÷z/L/df_
-3_ ;d:of cfOkbf{ ========= n] ;dfwfg ug'{k5{ . -zlSt÷w}o{_
-ª_ lgM:jfy{ ;xof]u ============ xf] . -of]u÷;]jf_
-s_ dflg;sf] d"No s]df lglxt x'G5 <
-v_ cfWoflTds d"Nodf s'g s'g s'/f k5{g <
-u_ dgnfO{ lsg c;n ;fyL rflxG5 <
-3_ a'4 cfgGbnfO{ s] l;sfpg rfxGy] <
-ª_ :j:y /xgsf nflu cfjZos b'O{cf]6f pkfox¿ s] s] x'g <
#= dgdf a:g ;Sg] c;n ;fyL / v/fa ;fyLsf] gfd tn lbOPsf 5g .
ltgnfO{ 5'66f5'66} sf]7fdf n]v M
clx+;f, l/;, w}o{, lrGtf, lx+;f, b':6ofOF, ;]jf, zq'tf, ;bfrf/, k/f]ksf/, bof,
abnfsf] efjgf, Ifdf, 5nsk6, ckdfg, dof{bf, ;To, ldng;fl/tf, clt nf]e,
bfgzLntf

c;n ;fyL v/fa ;fyL
$= dgsf c;n ;fyLaf6 x'g] kmfObf / v/fa ;fyLaf6 x'g] xflgaf/]
cfk;df 5nkmn u/ / ;"rL agfO{ sIffdf 6fF; .
%= oL sfd u/ M
tn k|:t't syf k9 / ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] cg';f/ pQ/ b]pm M

s'g} ufpFdf Pp6f ls;fg a:y] . pgL Hofb} kl/>dL lyP . pgsf kfFr efO 5f]/f
lyP . pgLx¿ kl/>d ub}{gy] . k9g klg dg nfpFb}gy] . ls;fgsf] Pp6f au}Frf
lyof] . ToxfF pgn] cDafsf y'k|} la?jf /f]k]sf lyP . s'g} la?jf ;l/;s]sf lyP
eg] s'g} la?jf e/v/ ;g]{ j|mddf lyP .


;w}Fe}Fm ls;fg au}Frfdf uP . ToxfF cDafsf ;a} la?jf pv]lnPsf, efFlrPsf /
dfFl8Psf lyP . Tof] b]v]/ ls;fgnfO{ w]/} b'Mv nfUof] . o:tf] sfd s;n] u¥of]
xf]nf eg]/ pgnfO{ lrGtf klg nfUof] . ls;fgn] kfFr} efO 5f]/fnfO{ hDdf u/]/
h]7f], dflxnf] ub}{ rf/} efO 5f]/fnfO{ ;f]w] . s;}n] klg cfkm"n] lauf/ u/]sf] s'/f
u/]gg . clGtddf ls;fgn] sfG5f] 5f]/fnfO{ ;f]w] . sfG5fn] eg], æxf] a'af Û lxhf]
v]Nbf To:tf] ePsf] xf] . To;sf bf]ifL bfh'x¿ klg x'g / d klg x'F . tkfO{Fn] h]
;hfo lbP klg ;xG5' .Æ efOsf s'/f ;'g]/ bfh'x¿ Hofb} 8/fP . ls;fgn] eg],
ælauf/ u/] klg ltdLn] ;To af]Nof} . To;}n] ubf{ ltdLnfO{ s'g} klg b08 lbGgF .
t/ bfh'x¿n] lauf/ klg u/] / c;To klg af]n] . t;y{ pgLx¿n] klxn] h:t}
la?jf g/f]kL v]Ng hfg kfpFb}gg . Tof] sfd l7s;Fu u/] gu/]sf] x]g]{ sfd ltd|f]
eof] .Æ

a'afsf] cf1fcg';f/ rf/ hgf bfh'efOn] cDafsf la?jf /f]k] . lbg}lkR5] kfgL
xfn] . sfG5f] efOn] bfh'x¿n] u/]sf] sfd /fd|/L x]/]] . s]xL lbgkl5 cDafsf la?jf
;/] . au}Frf xl/of] eof] . ;a} bfh'efOn] lauf/ gug]{, e'm6f] gaf]Ng] / kl/>d ug]{
s'/f a'af;Fu u/] . ls;fg v';L eP . km';{bsf] ;dodf pgLx¿n] v]Ng hfg klg
kfP .
-s_ kfFr hgf 5f]/fdWo] a9L c;n 5f]/f] s'g /x]5, sf/0f vf]nL Pp6f 5f]6f]
ljj/0f tof/ kf/ .
-v_ dflysf] syf k9]/ ltdLn] s] ug]{ / s] gug]{ ;f]rfO agfof}, ;"rL agfO{ k|:t't
u/ .
-u_ dfly lbOPsf] syf;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5f]6f] syf ;f]wvf]h u/L sIffdf ;'gfpm .
^= ltd|f dgsf ;fyLx¿ s:tf s:tf 5g, tL ;fyLsf] ;fy lnP/ ltdL
cfk"mnfO{ s:tf] agfpg rfxG5f}, cfkmgf] ljrf/ n]v .
&= v/fa ;fyLx¿nfO{ c;n ;fyL agfpg ltdL s] s] u5f}{, a'Fbfdf k|:t't
u/ .
*= w}o{ s:tf] u'0f /x]5, Ps cg'R5]bdf n]v .
ck]lIft Jojxf/

/fi6«k]|dsf] efjgf lj:t[t kfg{
/fli6«o ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ug{
/fli6«o df}lnstfsf] k|bz{g ug{
;fd"lxs sfddf ;xeflutf hgfpg
l;h{gfTds sfddf pT;flxt / ;lj|mo x'g
kf]xf]/ ;fn xh'/cfdf;Fu d glhs}sf] l5d]sL ufpFdf k|jrg ;'Gg uPsf] lyPF . ToxfF y'k|}
dflg; k|jrg ;'lg/x]sf lyP . xh'/cfdf klg ?lr dfg]/ ;'lg/xg'ePsf] lyof] . k|jrgsf]
;a} ljifo d}n] a'lemgF tfklg Pp6f s'/f rflxF ;lDem/x]sf] 5' . ToxfF k|jrg ug]{ ljåfgn] rf/
y/L sfd u¥of] eg] dflg; rnfv / a'l4dfg x'G5 eg] . dnfO{ tL sfd s] xf]nfg eg]/ hfGg
dg nfUof] . c¿ dflg;nfO{ h:t} dnfO{ klg rnfv / a'l4dfg x'g] OR5f k}bf eof] . k|jrg
ug]{ dflg;n] eg], æ3'dlkm/ u/]/, hfGg] ;'Gg];Fu ;ªut u/]/, 7'n7'nf ;ef ;df/f]xdf ;fd]n
eP/ / c;n lstfa k9]/ dflg; rnfv x'G5 . p;sf] a'l4 klg a95 .Æ
dnfO{ of] egfO lgs} dg k¥of] . dnfO{ 3'dlkm/ ug{ c;fWo} dg nfU5 . k|jrg
ug]{ dflg;n] eg]sf] ;'g]kl5 ddf cem a9L 3'Dg] OR5f hfUof] . ljBfnosf] jflif{s
k/LIff ;lsPkl5 ;fyLx¿lar s] ug]{ eGg] 5nkmn eof] . ljleGg k|:tfj cfP . s]xL
;fyLx¿n] z}lIfs e|d0fdf hfg] s'/f p7fP . To;df lzIfsn] klg ;xdlt hgfpg'eof] .
clGtddf z}lIfs e|d0fsf nflu n'lDagL hfg] k|:tfjdf ;a}n] ;xdlt hgfP . k|jrgdf
;'g]sf] s'/f, cfkmgf] ?lr / sfo{j|md ldn]sfn] d}n] klg To;df ;fd]n x'g] lg0f{o u/]F .
jflif{s k/LIff ;lsPkl5 xfdL ljBfnosf] xftfaf6 n'lDagL hfgsf nflu a;df
r9of}F . cljefjs, kyk|bz{s / ;+/Ifssf ¿kdf xfd|f] 6f]nLdf Ps hgf lzIfs
lzIf0f ;'emfj
:yfgLo :t/df pknAw s'g} ljz]if :yfgsf] e|d0f u/fO{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ToxfFaf6 cg'ej u/]sf
kIfx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf]; . /fi6«, /fli6«otf Pjd /fli6«o Pstfsf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{gsf
af/]df sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; .
d]/f] jf:tljs klxrfg
@
@

;lDdlnt x'g'x'GYof] . xfdL 9'Ss eof}F . cfkm"eGbf 7'nf] dflg; ;fydf ePkl5 3/leq
a;] h:t} ;'/lIft cg'ej x'Fbf] /x]5 . dnfO{ To:t} nfUof] .
xfd|f] a; u'8g yfNof] . sf]xL ukm ug{ yfn], sf]xL uLt ufpg nfu] . sf]xL gfRg
klg tlD;P . drflxF emofnaf6 af6fsf] bfofFafofF x]g{ yfn]F . ofqfdf st} vf]nf, st}
jg hªun, st} xl/of rp/, st} ufpF / a:tL b]lvGy] . Psl5g dfq ofqf ubf{ klg
o:tf] ljljwtf b]Vg kfpFbf d v';Ln] ubub ePF . dnfO{ d]/f] b]z w]/} ;'Gb/ 5 h:tf]
nfUof] . l5gl5gdf h:tf] b[Zo x]g{ dg nfUof] To:t} x]g{ kfOg] 7fpF cGt sxfF xf]nf
/ Û af6fdf b]lvPsf x/]s j:t'k|lt d]/f] ddtf / ;Ddfg plDn/x]sf] lyof] . af6fsf b[Zo
x]bf{x]b}{ sxfF cfOk'luof] eGg] klg yfxf kfOgF . cfkmgf] b]znfO{ dfof gug]{ dflg;n]
c¿ s;}sf] klg dfof ub}{g eGg] ;'g]sf] lyPF . dnfO{ Tof] ;To nfUof] . dnfO{ a;af6
b]lvPsf j:t' / b[Zo cfFv}df n'sfP/ /fvf}F h:tf] nfUof] . o:t} b[Zo x]bf{x]b}{ xfdL n'lDagL
k'Uof}F . n'lDagL g]kfnsf] k|l;4 tLy{:yn /x]5 .
a;af6 cf]n]{kl5 lzIfsn] xfdLnfO{ kªlSta4 eP/ lxF8g lgb]{zg lbg'eof] . n'lDagL
Pp6f 7'nf] au}Frf h:tf] /x]5 . d}n] o;cl3 n'lDagLaf/] ;'g]sf] / k9]sf] dfq lyPF .
of] 7fpF b]v]sf] lyOgF . clxn] k'Ug / 3'Dg kfPsfdf k'm?ª ePF . ;a}eGbf klxn]
xfdL czf]s :tDe k'Uof}F . ;d|f6 czf]sn] /fv]sfn] o;sf] gfd czf]s :tDe /x]sf]
s'/f lzIfsn] ;'gfpg'eof] . o;n] xfd|f] /fli6«o kl/ro lbPem}F nfUof] . ;+;f/sf s/f]8f“}
a'4dfuL{x¿sf] kljq :yn n'lDagLsf] ;fg ag]/ of] :tDe v8f eO/x]sf] lyof] .
;+;f/df a'4k|lt cf:yf / >4f /fVg] y'k|} dflg; 5g . pgLx¿sf b]zdf h'g;'s} wd{

dfGg] g]kfnL k'u] klg a'4 hGd]sf] 7fpFsf] dflg; eg]/ pgLx¿ 7'nf] ;Ddfg u5{g .
tL b]z k'u]/ cfpg'ePsf l5d]sL bfO o:t} s'/f ;'gfpg'x'GYof] . d}n] n'lDagL cfOk'Ubf
Tof] klg ;De]Fm . of] :tDe cln cln rls{Psf] /x]5 . ;+/If0fsf nflu kmnfdsf kftfn]
s;]/ / dd{t u/]/ /flvPsf] /x]5 . dnfO{ g]kfn lrgfpg] o:tf P]ltxfl;s / ;f+:s[lts
;Dkbfsf] /Iff ug'{ ;a}sf] st{Jo xf] eGg] nfUof] . ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3n] n'lDagLnfO{ ljZj
;Dkbf ;"rLdf /fv]sfdf dnfO{ uj{ nfUof] .
xfdLn] n'lDagLdf dfofb]jLsf] dlGb/ klg x]¥of}F . a'4 hGd]sf] 7fpF, dfofb]jLn] :gfg
u/]sf] kf]v/L h:tf 7fpFnfO{ ljz]if ;+/If0f ul/Psf] /x]5 . oxfF ljleGg b]zaf6 k|ltjif{
nfvf}F ko{6s cfpF5g . pgLx¿ oxfF cfpg kfPsfdf uf}/j klg u5{g . pgLx¿
g]kfnnfO{ ;u/dfyfsf] b]z, a'4 / ;Ltf hGd]sf] b]z, nfnL u'/fF;sf] b]z / jL/x¿sf]
b]z eg]/ klg lrG5g . a'4sf] hGd, sd{ / k|l;l4n] xfdL ;a} g]kfnLsf] OHht a9]sf]
5 . n'lDagL k'Ubf d}n] o;nfO{ hf]ufO/fVg] k|lt1f u/]F .
n'lDagLdf ljleGg b]zsf] df}lnstf emlNsg] u/L u'Daf, ljxf/ / :df/s :yn klg
ag]sf /x]5g . oxfF y'k|} af}4 leIf'x¿ klg a:bf /x]5g . dnfO{ oxfF gcfpGh]n n'lDagL
g]kfnsf] Pp6f k|l;4 7fpF dfq eGg] nfUYof] . oxfF cfPkl5, 3'd]kl5 / jftfj/0f
a'em]kl5 t of] cGt/f{li6«o tLy{:yn /x]5 eGg] nfu]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;'/Iff, ljsf; /
k|rf/ k|;f/ ug'{ xfdL ;a}sf] ;femf st{Jo /x]5 . g]kfn / g]kfnLnfO{ lrgfpg] jf:tljs
;Dkbf log} /x]5g .
lzIfsn] xfdLnfO{ n'lDagL kl/;/sf ;a} dxŒjk"0f{ 7fpF 3'dfpg'eof] . tL k|To]s 7fpFn]
a'4sf] hLjgnfO{ ;DemfO/x] h:tf] nfUYof] . lzIfsn] g]kfndf /fli6«o klxrfg lbg] c¿
klg 7fpF ePsf] atfpg'eof] . cfufdL lbgdf ToxfF klg e|d0f ug]{ ;Nnfx lbg'eof] .
;'g]/ / k9]/ cfh{g u/]sf] 1fgeGbf k|ToIf b]v]/ / cfk}Fm k'u]/ kfPsf] 1fg kSsf x'g]
ts{ klg pxfFn] ug'{eof] . pxfFn] P]ltxfl;s / ;f+:s[lts dxŒjsf :ynx¿n] xfdLdf
/fi6«k]|dsf] efjgf klg a9fpF5g eGg'eof] . dnfO{ of] s'/f klg lrQ a'emof] .
xfdL e|d0f ;Sg] t/v/ ub}{ lyof}F . n'lDagL kl/;/s} Ps 5]pdf y'k}| dflg; lgdf{0fsf]
sfd ub}{ lyP . xfdL ;a} hgf ToxfF uof}F . 7'nf] ;ef ejg aGg nfu]sf] /x]5 . ljleGg
b]zsf a'4dfuL{x¿lar cfk;df 5nkmn u/L n'lDagLsf] dxŒj lj:tf/ ug]{ p2]Zon]
Tof] ejg aGg nfu]sf] yfxf eof] . ;of}F dflg; :jod ;]jf ul//x]sf lyP . xfdLnfO{
klg ;s]sf] sfd ug{ dg nfUof] . lzIfsn] ;d]t o;sf nflu pTk]|l/t ug'{eof] .

afnsb]lv j[4fj:yfdf k'u]sf leIf';d]t >dbfg ul//x]sf lyP . Tof] b]v]/ xfdLnfO{
cem a9L k|]/0ff ldNof] . b]z ljsf;sf c¿ sfddf klg o;} u/L h'6g ;s] ;kmntf
kfOGYof] eGg] nfUof] . ljsf; eGg] s'/f a;]{/ cfpg] xf]Og . xfdL ;a}n] ;fd"lxs ¿kdf
;xefuL eP/ g} To:tf] x'g] xf] eg]/ lzIfsn] klg ;Demfpg'eof] . e|d0f ;s]/ a]n'sLkv
xfdLn] cf/fd u¥of}F . lzIfsn] d Pp6f s'/f eG5', ltdLx¿ dfGg tof/ 5f} eg]/
;f]Wg'eof] . xfdL ;a}n] tof/ 5f}F eGof}F . pxfFn] ljBfnodf Pp6f k':tsfnosf] cfjZostf
ePsf] s'/f ug'{eof] . clg ljBfno labf ePsf] s'g} Ps lbg ;a} hgf >dbfg ug{
tof/ x'g'kg]{ k|:tfj /fVg'eof] . xfdLn] v';L;fy ;xdlt hgfof}F / ljBfnoaf6 kms]{kl5 ;a}
ldn]/ k':tsfno klg agfof}F . dnfO{ ;;fgf sfddf b]vfOPsf] ;fd"lxs ;xeflutfn] klg
b]z ljsf;df ;xof]u k'U5 eGg] ljZjf; nfUof] .
a; r9]kl5 dnfO{ nfUof], cfh aNn d}n] d]/f] jf:tljs kl/ro kfPF . dflg;nfO{
lrgfpg] ;fwg / dfWod t /fli6«o ;DklQ kf] /x]5g . logsf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g ug'{
eg]sf] cfkmg} kl/ro / ;'/Iff /x]5 . cfkm" lrlgg cfkmg} e"ld x]/]/ / 6]s]/ lxF8g'kg]{
/x]5 . ;fd"lxs ;xeflutfn] kl5 uP/ /fi6«s} ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] /x]5 . k|jrg
ug]{ dflg;n] 3'dlkm/ ugf{n] rnfv / a'l4dfg algG5 eg]sf] l7s} /x]5 .
;f/f+z
k|To]s JolStdf ;fg}b]lv b]zk|]dsf] efjgf hfUg'k5{ . To;n] p;nfO{ st{Jodf tNnLg
u/fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . dflg;n] cfkmgf] kl/ro klg :yflkt ug'{k5{ . b]zsf
P]ltxfl;s, ;f+:s[lts / k|fs[lts dxŒjsf :ynx¿n] To; b]zsf] kl/ro klg lbG5g .
ltgsf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g ug'{ cfkmg} kl/rosf] /Iff / lj:tf/ xf] . ljsf;sf sfddf
;fd"lxs ;xeflutf, /fli6«o ;Dkbfsf] ;'/Iff Pjd /fi6«k|]dsf] efjgf cfjZos x'G5 .
cEof;
!= cfkm"nfO{ dg kg]{ sfddf l7s -√_ / dg gkg]{ sfddf a]l7s -x_ lrxg
nufpmM
-s_ c¿sf /fd|f s'/f ;'Gg - _
-v_ c¿sf s'/f sf6g - _
-u_ Ps} 7fpFdf al;/xg - _

-3_ dxŒjk"0f{ 7fpF 3'Dg - _
-ª_ b]zk|lt dfof b;f{pg - _
-r_ b]zk|lt Wofg glbg - _
-5_ /fli6«o ;DklQsf] pk]Iff ug{ - _
-h_ /fli6«o ;DklQ arfpg - _
-em_ ;fd"lxs sfddf ;xefuL x'g - _
-`_ r'krfk al;/xg - _
@= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
-s_ 3'dlkm/ u/]/ klg =================== a95 . -rnfvL / a'l4÷nf]e / cfn:o_
-v_ b]zsf] dfof ug]{ dflg;n] c¿nfO{ klg ====== u5{ . -3[0ff÷dfof_
-u_ n'lDagLn] g]kfnsf] ============= ¿kdf kl/ro lbPsf] 5 . -u|fdL0f÷cGt/f{li6«o_
-3_ P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ xfd|f] ============== xf] . -st{Jo÷ kl/ro_
-ª_ ;fd"lxs ;xeflutfn] ============ of]ubfg k'U5 . -b]z ljsf;df÷ b]z
ljgfzdf_
#= 5f]6f] pQ/ n]v M
-s_ dflg;nfO{ rnfv / a'l4dfg agfpg] s'g} rf/cf]6f ;"q n]v .
-v_ n'lDagL s:tf] 7fpF /x]5 <
-u_ g]kfnnfO{ lrgfpg] s'/fx¿ s] s] x'g <
-3_ s:tf] 1fg kSsf x'G5 <
-ª_ s] s'/fn] b]zk|]dsf] efjgf hfU5 <
-r_ ;fd"lxs ;xeflutfsf] kmfObf s] xf] <
-5_ xfdL ;a}sf] ;femf st{Jo s] xf] <
-h_ lzIfsn] lbPsf] ;Nnfx s] xf] <
-em_ P]ltxfl;s :ynx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfd s'g d"NocGtu{t kb{5 <

$= kf7sf] ;f/f+z n]v .
%= oL sfd u/ M
-s_
ltd|f] ;d'bfodf a;f]af; ug]{ a'9fkfsf;Fu ;f]wL ltd|f] ufpmF jf 6f]ndf /x]sf
;Dkbfsf] ;"rL lgdf{0f u/ / ltgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug{ cfjZos sfo{x¿sf]
;"rL agfpm .
-v_
ltd|f] ;d'bfodf s] s:tf l;h{gfTds sfdx¿ x'g] u/]sf 5g, ltdL ;lj|mo
¿kdf ;xefuL ePsf] s'g} Ps sfdsf] j0f{g u/ .
-u_
tn lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ToxfF s] s:tf ;d:of /x]sf 5g, ltgsf] klxrfg
u/ / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ k|:t't u/ M
z}n]z / ljj]s ;fyL ;fyL x'g . pgLx¿ Ps lbg ;x/ 3'Dg uP . ;x/df
pgLx¿n] Pp6f k'/fgf] / elTsg nfu]sf] kf6L b]v] . kf6Lsf] cufl8k6l6
9'ªufsf ;;fgf d"lt{ lyP . d"lt{ n8g nfu]sf / rs]{sf lyP . d"lt{dfly
s]6fs]6L v]Ng] uy]{ . kf6Lsf] leQfdf /x]sf 9'ªufdf ga'lemg] efiffdf s] s] s'/f
n]lvPsf] lyof] . ToxfF dflg;n] kmnfdsf lsnfn] sf]/sf/ kf/]sf lyP . kf6Lsf]
5fgf] r'lxg] lyof] . leqk6l6 klg ;;fgf y'k|} d"lt{ lyP . kf6Lsf] jl/kl/
kmf]xf]/ kmflnPsf] lyof] . rf/}lt/af6 b'u{Gw km}ln/x]sf] lyof] . glhs}af6
ljb]zLx¿ To; kf6Lsf] kmf]6f] klg lvlr/x]sf lyP . ;fydf Ps hgf ky k|bz{s
klg lyP . 5]paf6 dflg;x¿ lxFl8/x]sf lyP . tLdWo] Ps hgfn] l6Kk0fL
u/], æeGg] a]nfdf ;x/df klxnf] k6s ag]sf] 3/ eg]/ lrgfpg], xfnt o:tf]
5 .Æ of] ;'g]/ z}n]z / ljj]s 5Ss k/] .
-3_
ltdLn] e|d0f u/]sf] s'g} 7fpFaf6 /fd|f] s'/f s] l;Sof}, j0f{g u/ .
-ª_
ltd|f] ufpF÷6f]n÷;d'bfodf dd{t / ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ s'g} dxŒjk"0f{ :ynsf]
ljj/0f tof/ kf/ .
^= ltd|f] ljBfnodf ul7t afn Snasf] g]t[Tjdf lzIfssf] ;xof]u lnO{
ljBfno kl/;/sf] ;/;kmfO u/ .
&= ltdL cfkm"nfO{ s:tf] gful/ssf] ¿kdf lrgfpg rfxG5f}, Ps cg'R5]bdf
n]v .

ck]lIft Jojxf/
JolSt, ;dfh / /fi6«k|lt ;befj /fVg
ldqtfk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{
k/:k/ ;xof]u ug{
c¿sf] cl:tTjsf] /Iff / ;Ddfg ug{
b]zsf] k|lti7f a9fpg] sfd ug{
st{Jodf tNnLg /xg
w]/} dflg; ljhodf v';L x'g] / k/fhodf b'MvL x'g] u5{g t/ pgLx¿ ljho k|fKt
ug]{ / k/fhosf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ sf/0f vf]Hb}gg . dflg; k|s[lt;Fu xfg{ ;S5 t/ a'l4
/ ljrf/ k'¥ofpFbf c¿ ;a} dflg;nfO{ lhTg ;S5 . ;a} dflg;nfO{ lhTg ;lsg] Pp6f
dfq pkfo pko'St Jojxf/ xf] . xfd|f] Jojxf/ zq' / ldq b'j} hGdfpg] cfdf xf] .
ldqsf] rfxgf /fVg] dflg;n] ;+;f/sf ;a} dflg;k|lt dfgjLo Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ . ;+;f/sf ;a}
dflg;n] cfk;df bfh'efO / lbbL alxgLsf] h:tf] Jojxf/ ubf{ ldqx¿sf] hGd x'G5 .
o;}nfO{ ljZjaGw'Tjsf] efjgf klg elgG5 . of] ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/ xfd|f cfkmg} gftf s'6'Dasf]
3/ xf] eGg] pbf/ efjgfn] ljZjaGw'Tjsf] lj:tf/ x'G5 . of] g} ;Dk"0f{ dfgj hfltsf]
;femf cGt/f{li6«o d"No klg xf] .
cfh s'g} klg /fi6« / JolSt c¿af6 5'6l6P/ /xg ;Sb}g . s'g} sfd ;DkGg ug{
/fi6« / JolStsf] ;ª3 ;+u7g cfjZos x'G5 . ;ª3 ;ªu7gn] To;df nfu]sf JolSt
/ lgsfonfO{ alnof] agfpF5 . @! cf}F ztfAbLsf] o'u ;ª3 ;ªu7gdf zlSt x'G5 eGg]
s'/fdf ljZjf; /fVg] o'u xf] . To;f] x'Fbf xfn ;+;f/df ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;ª3
lzIf0f ;'emfj
cGt/f{li6«o :t/df nfu' ug{ ;lsg] dfgjLo d"Nox¿sf] ;"rL agfO{ sIffdf 6fF:g'xf]; / To;af/]
ljBfyL{x¿lar 5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; .
ckl/lrt dflg;;Fu ltdL s:tf] Jojxf/ u5f}{ egL ;f]Wg'xf]; / ljBfyL{sf] pQ/ ;'lg;s]kl5 yk
ug'{kg]{ ljifox¿ elglbO{ aGw'Tjsf] efjgf a9fpg ljBfyLx¿nfO{ pTk]|l/t ug'{xf]; .
;a}lt/ cfkmGt
#
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;ªu7gx¿ k|z:t v'n]sf 5g . ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3 o:t} k|d'v cGt/f{li6«o ;ªu7gx¿dWo]
Ps xf] . o;sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ePkl5 /fi6«x¿nfO{ kmfObf klg ePsf] 5 . o;sf]
d'Vo sfd ;+;f/df zflGt sfod ug'{ xf] .
dflg;x¿n] ldn]/ a:g 6f]n l5d]sdf ;d]t sltko lgod agfPsf x'G5g . tL lgodn]
pgLx¿nfO{ k/:k/ ldqsf] h:tf] Jojxf/ ug{ l;sfpF5g . ;dfhdf zflGt / Joj:yf
alnof] x'G5 . cGt/f{li6«o
;ª3 ;ªu7gnfO{ o:tf lgod
/ l;4fGt cem a9L cfjZos
k5{g . k|To]s /fi6«sf] cfk
mgf] ;Ldf, zlSt / :jfledfg
x'G5 . To;sf] ;Ddfg ubf{
/fi6«x¿lar ;'dw'/ ;DaGw
a9]/ hfG5 .
/fi6«x¿ ;fgf jf 7'nf x'g
;S5g . s'g} wgL / zlStzfnL
x'G5g eg] s'g} ul/a /
sdhf]/ klg x'g ;S5g t/
;a}sf] cl:tTj ;dfg x'G5 .
zlStzfnL /fi6«n] sdhf]/ /
fi6«nfO{ wDSofpg, x:tIf]k ug{ / cfj|md0f ug{ kfOFb}g . of] klg cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf /
l;4fGt xf] . 7'nf / zlStzfnL /fi6«n] ;fgf / sdhf]/ /fi6«nfO{ bafpg] xf] eg] ;+;f/
df zlStsf] dfq zf;g rN5 . ljlwsf] zf;g ;dfKt x'G5 . ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3 h:tf
;ªu7gn] ;a} /fi6«sf] ;'/Iff / cl:tTjdf Wofg lbPsf 5g .
k|To]s /fHosf] zf;g Joj:yf Ps csf{;Fu leGg x'g ;S5 . zf;g Joj:yf leGg
x'g'df ljljw sf/0f x'G5g . t/ ;a} /fi6«n] csf{sf] cl:tTjnfO{ zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf
:jLsf/ ug'{k5{ . o;} u/L /fi6«x¿n] klg csf{sf] e"uf]n, zf;g Joj:yf, wd{, ;+:s[lt
/ ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfdf rf]6 k'¥ofpg' x'Fb}g . of] klg ljZjdf aGw'Tjsf] efjgf
lj:tf/ ug]{ Pp6f pkfo xf] .
Ps JolStnfO{ csf]{ JolStsf] ;xof]u rflxG5 eg] Pp6f /fi6«nfO{ klg csf]{ /fi6«sf]

;xof]u cfjZos k5{ . ;xof]u b'O{tkmL{ g} x'G5 . b]zsf] ljsf; ug{, k|fs[lts b'3{6gfsf]
;fdgf ug{ / 7'n7'nf ck/fwLnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ klg /fi6«x¿lar ;xof]u cfjZos
x'G5 . ;a} /fi6« ;a} ljifodf ;DkGg x'Fb}gg . Pp6fn] csf{sf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{
/ u/fpgsf nflu bf]xf]/f] ;xof]u rflxG5 . /fi6«x¿lar ;Ddfg, ;lxi0f'tf, ;befj /
;xof]un] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw a9]/ hfG5 . o:tf dfGotfx¿ k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt;Fu
d]n vfG5g . ;+;f/df d]n / ldqtf a9fpg oL l;4fGtn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf
5g . o;df JolSt / ;Dk"0f{ gful/ssf] klg of]ubfg /x]sf] x'G5 . o;/L ;a}sf] ;Ddfg,
;'/Iff / ;xof]u g} cGt/f{li6«o d"Nosf ¿kdf /x]sf x'G5g .
g]kfnn] klg dfu / cfjZostfcg';f/ ;xof]u u/]/ cGt/f{li6«o hutdf ljZjaGw'Tjsf]
efjgf lj:tf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3sf] cfxjfgdf czfGt b]zx¿df zflGt
:yfkgf ug{ g]kfnsf] klg ;lj|motf /x]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] dfof kfP/ tL
b]zsf gful/sx¿n] xfd|f] ;Ddfg a9fPsf 5g . g]kfnsf] ;xof]u / cGt/f{li6«o ;Ddfgn]
ljZjaGw'Tjsf] efj km}lnFb} uPsf] 5 . /fd|f] sfd u/]/ g]kfnLx¿n] cGt/f{li6«o k'/:sf/
klg kfPsf 5g . ljZjaGw'Tjsf] efjgf km}nfpgsf nflu oL sfd klg k|efjsf/L
ag]sf 5g .
ljZjdf zflGt, cl:tTj / aGw'Tj sfod ug{sf nflu Pp6f ;fdfGo JolStsf] klg e"ldsf
x'G5 . h'g;'s} pd]/, ju{ / cj:yfsf] eP klg JolStsf] sfdn] ;d]t o;df e"ldsf
v]ln/x]sf] x'G5 . cfh u/]sf] sfdaf6 ef]ln kl/0ffd lg:sG5 . k|To]s JolStn]
cfcfkmgf] 7fpFaf6 st{Jo k"/f ubf{ eljiodf cGt/f{li6«o d"No dfGotfsf] :yfkgf /
kfngfdf ;xof]u k'U5 .
;f/f+z
k|To]s dflg;sf] Jojxf/ c¿k|lt ;Ddfg / ;befj a9fpg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . ;a}
dflg;;Fu d]n / ;befjsf] Jojxf/ ubf{ ljZj aGw'Tjsf] lj:tf/ x'G5 . o;af6
;+;f/df zflGt klg sfod x'G5 . /fi6«x¿sf] gLlt / sfd klg c¿sf] ;Ddfg a9fpg],
;'/Iff ug]{ / x:tIf]k gug]{ x'g'k5{ . k/:k/sf] cl:tTj af]wn] ;xof]usf] jftfj/0f
klg lgdf{0f x'G5 . JolSt / /fi6«sf h:t} ljZjsf ;femf d"Nox¿sf] :yfkgf / kfngf
ug{ ;a}n] cfcfkmgf] st{Jo k"/f ug'{k5{ .

cEof;
!= cfk"mnfO{ l7s nfu]sf] a'Fbfdf l7s -√_ lrxg nufO{ cfÇgf] d"Nofªsg
cfk}m u/ M
-s_
d ;a} dflg;nfO{ ldqsf] cfFvfn]
-c_ x]5'{ - _ -cf_ x]lb{gF - _
-v_
d /fd|f] Jojxf/af6 ljZjaGw'Tjsf] lj:tf/
-c_ u5'{ - _ -cf_ ulb{gF - _
-u_ dnfO{ ;xof]usf] cfbfg k|bfg ug{
-c_ dg k5{
- _ -cf_ dg kb}{g - _
-3_
d lgoddf a:g
-c_ ?rfpF5' - _ -cf_ ?rfpFlbgF
- _
-ª_ ;+;f/df zflGt sfod ug{ d]/f] klg e"ldsf
-c_ 5 - _ -cf_ 5}g - _
@= 5f]6f] pQ/ n]v M
-s_ c;n ldq s;/L agfpg ;lsG5 <
-v_ dflg;nfO{ s:tf] Jojxf/n] lhTg ;lsG5 <
-u_ ljZjaGw'Tjsf] efjgfnfO{ s;/L lrgfpg ;lsG5 <
-3_ /fi6«x¿lar ;'dw'/ ;DaGw a9fpg s] ug'{k5{ <
-ª_ /fi6«x¿lar ;xof]u lsg cfjZos x'G5 <
-r_ cGt/f{li6«o d"No s] s] x'g <
-5_ g]kfnn] ljZjaGw'Tjsf] efjgf s;/L a9fPsf] 5 <
-h_ st{Jo k"/f ugf{n] s] kmfObf x'G5 <
#= ltdLnfO{ l7s gnfu]sf egfOx¿ ;RofP/ sfkLdf n]v M
-s_ dflg;sf] hGd zq'tf b]vfpg klg ePsf] xf] .
-v_ dflg; k|s[lt;Fu xfg{ klg ;S5 .
-u_ xfd|f] Jojxf/n] ldqtf dfq hGdfpF5 .

-3_ ;ª3 ;ªu7gn] JolStnfO{ dfq alnof] agfpF5 .
-ª_ ljZjdf cGt/f{li6«o ;ªu7g v'n]sf 5g .
-r_ ;a} /fi6«sf] cl:tTj ;dfg x'Fb}g .
-5_ Pp6f /fi6«n] csf]{ /fi6«nfO{ x]Kg' x'Fb}g .
-h_ cGt/f{li6«o d"Nosf] :yfkgfdf ljBfyL{sf] e"ldsf x'Fb}g .
$= tn lbOPsf] tflnsfnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ Pp6f 5f]6f] cg'R5]b n]v M
d"No
cfWoflTds /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o
;To b]zk|]d ljZjaGw'Tj
;bfrf/ /fli6«o uf}/j af]w cx:tIf]k
;befj /fli6«o ;+:s[lt / ;xcl:tTj af]w
clx+;f /fli6«otfsf] ;+/If0f ;xof]u, ;xsfo{
w}o{ /fi6« ljsf;df ;xeflutf cgfj|md0f
Wofg
%= oL sfd u/ M
-s_ sIffsf ;fyLx¿ b'O{ ;d"xdf afFl8P/ a; . Pp6f ;d"xn] ljZjaGw'Tjdf kg]{ /
csf]{ ;d"xn] k~rzLnsf l;4fGtdf kg]{ a'Fbfx¿ n]vL cfk;df 5nkmn u/ .
-v_
ltd|f] 6f]n l5d]sdf eP u/]sf sfdx¿dWo] s'g sfdn] ljZjaGw'Tjsf] efj
a9fpg ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5, cleefjssf] ;xof]u lnO{ n]v / sIffdf k|:t't u/ .
^= tn lbOPsf cg'R5]bx¿ k9 / /fli6«o ;Ddfgsf nflu ;a} ldn]/ s] s]
sfd u/], l6kf]6 u/L sIffdf ;'gfpm M
-c_
ce'sf] 3/ b'u{d ufpFdf k5{ . pgL ToxfFsf] :yfgLo ljBfnodf k95g .
pgL ;f/} ldlxg]tL 5g . pgL k|ltefzfnL klg 5g . ljBfnodf ePsf w]/}
h;f] k|ltof]lutfdf pgL k'/:sf/ kfpF5g . pgsf] k9fO / kl/>daf/] k|rf/
k|;f/ klg eof] . To;af6 k|efljt eP/ sf7df8f}Fsf] Ps ljBfnon] pgsf]

k9fOsf] lhDdf lnof] . lxhf]cfh ce' dfdf3/ a;]/ ;f]xL ljBfnodf k9b}
5g . pgL sf7df8f}Fsf] ljBfnodf klg k9fO / cGo k|ltof]lutfx¿df
;w}F k|yd x'G5g . pgn] ;fyL, lzIfs / cleefjssf] dfof, ;xof]u / k]|/0ff
kfPsf 5g .
-cf_ ljBfnodf labf lyof] . ce' 3/df a;]/ kl9/x]sf lyP . To;} lbg ce'sL
dfOh'3/
aflx/ hfg nfUg'eof] . ce'n] klg dfOh';Fu} hfg rfx] . dfOh"n] pgnfO{ ;Fu} n}hfg'eof] .
ce" dfOh";Fu Pp6f 7'nf] ;ef ejgsf] xftfleq k'u] . ToxfF cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng x'g nfu]
sf] lyof] . rxnkxn klg lgs} lyof] . ejgsf] cufl8k6l6 kmnfdsf vDafdf ljleGg
b]zsf emG8f km/km/fO/x]sf lyP . ljleGg cfsf/ / lrq ePsf emG8f
km/km/fO/x]sf] b]v]/ ce' v';L eP . ejgsf] 9f]sf cufl8 ljleGg b]zsf gS;f klg
ldnfP/ k|bz{g ul/Psf lyP . gS;fsf Ps 5]pdf cfcfkmgf] b]zsf /fli6«o kf];fs
nufP/ w]/} dflg; plePsf lyP . tL dflg; b]v]/ ce'nfO{ gf}nf] klg nfUof] . tL
dflg;sf] efiff klg a]Unfa]Un} lyof] . gofF emG8f, gS;f, dflg;, kf];fs Pjd efiff
b]v]/ / ;'g]/ ce' lgs} v';L eP .
-O_ ce' dfOh";Fu} ;ef ejgleq k;] . Ps} l5gdf ljleGg b]zsf /fi6« k|d'v / ;/
sf/ k|d'vx¿ cfP . ;efdf a;]sf ;a} dflg;n] p7]/ pgLx¿sf] :jfut /
;Ddfg u/] . d~rdf a;]sf /fi6« k|d'v / ;/sf/ k|d'vsf b]zsf /fli6«o uLt
kfn}kfnf] ah] . ;efsf ;a} dflg; p7]/ uLtsf]klg ;Ddfg u/] . To;kl5 ;a}
k|ltlglwn] kfn}kfnf] ;Daf]wg u/] . ;Daf]wg ;lsFbf ;a} dflg;n] tfnL klg
lk6] . sfo{j|mdsf] clGtddf Pp6f 3f]if0ffkq tof/ kf/]/ ;'gfOof] . d~rdf
a;]sf ;a} k|ltlglwn] To;df x:tfIf/ u/] . Ps csf{n] s;}nfO{ gd:sf/
u/] eg] s;}n] cfk;df xft ldnfP . sfo{j|md ;lsPkl5 ce' dfOh';Fu 3/
kms]{ . gofF cg'ej cfh{g ug{ kfPsfdf ce'nfO{ lgs} /dfOnf] nfUof] .
&= ltdLn] l5d]sdf s:tf] sfd u/]/ ;xof]u ug{ ;S5f} < ;"rL agfO{ sIff
sf]7fdf 6fF; .
*=
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o emG8fsf ljz]iftfsf] ;"rL agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't u/ .
(= cy{ :ki6 kf/ M
;+;f/ ;a}sf] ;femf 3/ xf] .

l;sfO pknlAw
/fHon] lgwf{/0f u/]sf cfwf/e"t sfg'gsf] hfgsf/L lnO{ kfngf ug{
b}lgs Jojxf/df ldtJooL eO{ ;fwg ;|f]tsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u ug{
;fdflhs Pjd ;f+:s[lts ¿kfGt/0fdf ;xof]u ug{
PsfO
# gful/s st{Jo / bfloTj

ck]lIft Jojxf/
sfg'gsf] cfjZostf / dxŒj atfpg
sfg'gsf] ;Ddfg / kfngf ug{
cfwf/e"t sfg'gsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{
s/sf] dxŒj a'emL s/ ltg{
dtbfg / lgjf{rgsf] cfjZostf / dxŒj yfxf kfpg tyf pT;fxk"j{s efu lng
;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ug{
zflGt / ;'zf;gsf nflu /fHonfO{ ;3fpg
;Nn]/L, ;f]n'v'Da'
Kof/L 5f]/L c~hgf, @)&%÷)(÷)(
w]/} w]/} dfof Û
oxfF dnfO{ ;Gr} 5 . ltdLx¿nfO{ klg ;Gr} xf]nf eGg] nfu]sf] 5 . oxfF hf8f] al9/x]sf]
5 . laxfg a]n'sf t h?/L sfd gk/L 3/ aflx/ lg:sg klg uf/f] 5 . lxhf]
cfhsf] hf8f] v]Kg'kbf{ t a? ToxLF g]kfnuGhsf] udL{ l7s h:tf] nfu]sf] 5 . k|s[ltsf]
kl/jt{gnfO{ s;n] /f]Sg ;S5 / Û
lxhf] dfq ltd|f] lr7L kfPF . ;f/} v';L nfUof] . lr7Ldf ;a} ljifo pNn]v u/]sL
/lx5of} . w]/} lbgkl5 cfPsf] lr7L bf]xf]¥ofOsg k9]F . If]qLo :t/df cfof]lht jSt[Tjsnf
k|ltof]lutfdf klxnf] eO5of} . cfkmgf] kl/>d, lzIfsx¿sf] ;xof]u / ljBfnosf]
k|]/0ffn] ltdL ;kmn ePsL xf} eGg] nfu]sf] 5 .
lzIf0f ;'emfj
gful/sn] sfg'gsf] kfngf gubf{ x'g] xflg / kfngf ubf{ x'g] nfeaf/] s'g} :yfgLo :t/sf] pbfx/0fLo
36gf atfP/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sfg'gsf] kfngfdf k|]l/t ug'{xf]; .
ljBfyL{x¿ s'g} sfg'gaf/] hfgsf/ 5g ls 5}gg, ;f]Wg'xf]; / gePdf cfwf/e"t sfg'gsf] hfgsf/L
/fVg'kg]{ cfjZostf klg b]vfOlbg'xf]; .
gful/s st{Jo
!
!

ltdLn] k'/:sf/ lnFbf ;"rgfdf pNn]v ePsf] ;a} /sd kfOgF eg]/ u'gf;f] u/]sL
/lx5of} . ltdLn] u'gf;f] ug'{ :jfefljs} xf] lsgeg] ltdLnfO{ b]zsf ;a} lgod, sfg'g
/ Joj:yf yfxf 5}g . oyfy{ ga'em]/ b'MvL x'g] dflg; w]/} 5g .
x]/ 5f]/L, s/ ltg'{ k|To]s gful/ssf] st{Jo xf] . ltdLn] kfPsf] k'/:sf/sf] /sddf
s/ sf6]/ afFsL /sd dfq lbOPsf] xf] . s'g} sfd u/]jfkt kfOg] /sddf s/ sf6g]
Joj:yf ;+;f/sf ;a}h;f] b]zdf x'G5 . To;/L sf6]sf] s/ JolStsf] geO{ /fHosf]
x'G5 . xfdLn] lt/]sf] s/af6 xfd|} enfO x'G5 eg] /fi6«sf] ljsf; lgdf{0f klg x'G5 .
xfdLn] s/ lt/]gf} eg] cfly{s ¿kn] /fi6« s;/L rN5 / < s/ ltg''{ Ps k|sf/n] cfkmg}
enfO ug'{ xf] . clxn] ltdL ;fgL 5f}, w]/} s'/f a'emlbgf} . s/ lsg ltg'{k5{ / To;af6
s] nfe x'G5 eGg] ljifodf k|s[ltaf6 l;Sg ;lsG5 . afbnn] ;d'b|af6 kfgLsf] afkm lnG5
/ afkmnfO{ kfgLdf kl/jt{g u/]/ km]l/ ;d'b|nfO{ g} lbG5 . ;d'b|n] afkm glbg] xf] eg] kfgL
kg]{ lyPg . kfgL gk/] ;d'b| ;w}F sxfF ;d'b| g} /lx/xg ;S5 / Û o;} u/L s/ lt/]kl5
To;af6 x'g] kmfObf klg xfdLd} cfOk'U5 . To;}n] ltdLn] ef]ln c¿ sfd u/]/ s'g}
/sd kfof} eg] To;df klg s/ sfl6G5 . s/ ltg'{ gful/ssf] sfg'gL bfloTj xf] .
s/ lt/]/ ltdLn] b]zsf] klg lxt u¥of}, sfg'gL bfloTj klg k"/f u¥of} . o;df u'gf;f]
ug]{ 7fpF g} 5}g .
s'g} klg b]zn] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ug{ sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog u/]sf] x'G5 .
sfg'glagf /fi6« rNg ;Sb}g . Pp6f 3/ kl/jf/ rnfpg t 3/fo;L lgod, dof{bf /
cg'zf;g cfjZos k5{ eg] /fHo rnfpg sfg'g geO{ x'Fb}g . To;sf] kfngf u/]/ xfdL
;a} ;Ddflgt / ;'/lIft x'G5f}F . sfg'g o:tf] s'/f xf] h;n] xfdLnfO{ lgoGq0f klg u5{
/ pGd'lSt klg lbG5 . o;sf] pNnª3g u/] xfdL lgoGq0fdf k5f}{F . kfngf / ;Ddfg
u/] :jtGq x'g ;S5f}F . sfg'gn] b]vfPsf] af6f]df lxF8g] dflg; slxNo} unt 7fpFdf
k'Ub}g eGg] s'/f ltdL a'em .
b]zdf cg]sf}F y/L sfg'g x'G5g . cK7of/f] cj:yfdf /x]sf b]zx¿df s8f sfg'g nfu'
x'g ;S5g . zf;g Joj:yf, hgtfsf] Jojxf/ / k/Dk/fn] klg sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f /
sfof{Gjogdf e"ldsf v]n]sf x'G5g . gful/sn] cTofjZos sfg'gsf] hfgsf/L /fVbf
kmfObf x'G5 . o;af6 p;sf] clwsf/ klg :yflkt x'G5 . hfGg] a'emg]x¿n] sfg'gnfO{
/fHosf] Pp6f cªu g} dfg]sf 5g . cªu geP, eP/ klg sfd ug{ g;Sg] eP /fHo
rNg ;Sb}g . To;}n] lgod sfg'g aGg'k5{, a'emg'k5{ / ltgsf] k|of]u klg ug'{k5{ .
b]zdf ljleGg k|sf/sf lgjf{rg klg x'G5g . To;df pDd]bjf/x¿ p7]sf x'G5g . xfd|}
dtn] ltgLx¿ lhT5g / xf5{g klg . l7s dflg; 5fGbf ;a}sf] lxt x'G5 eg] a]l7s

dflg; 5fGbf s;}sf] klg lxt x'Fb}g . l7s dflg; 5fGg xfdLnfO{ sfg'gn] g} clwsf/
lbPsf] x'G5 . xfdL cfkmgf] ufpF÷6f]nb]lv b]zsf] /fhwfgL;Dd k|ltlglw l7s dflg;
k'uf]; eGg] rfxG5f}F . o:tf] rfxgf k"/f ug{ dtbfg ug{ hfg' g} k5{ . c;n JolStsf]
rog ug{ ;Sg' xfd|f] nflu k/LIff h:t} xf] .
lglij|mo a;]/ dfq klg sfg'g / st{Josf] kfngf ePsf] dflgFb}g . b]zel/ ;/sf/L /
;fj{hlgs ;DklQ 5l/P/ /x]sf] x'G5 . xfd|f] 3/ jl/kl/ wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / P]ltxfl;s
:ynx¿ x'g ;S5g . ltgsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ / cltj|md0f x'gaf6 arfpg' klg xfd|f] st{Jo
xf] . ;dfhdf s'g} ck/fw x'g ;S5 . ck/fwL n's]/ a;]sf] klg x'g ;S5 . To;af/]
;/sf/L lgsfodf ;"rgf lbg' klg xfd|f] sfg'gL bfloTj xf] .
sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f xfdLn] 5fg]/ k7fPsf k|ltlglwn] u5{g . To;sf] kfngf ;a}n] ug'{k5{ .
cfcfkmgf] 7fpFaf6 sfg'gsf] kfngf ubf{ dfq /fi6« alnof] x'G5 . xfdL ;a} /fi6«nfO{
alnof] agfpg rfxG5f}F . s/ lt/]/, dtflwsf/ k|of]u u/]/ / zflGt ;'Joj:yf :yfkgfdf
;xof]u u/]/ ltdL klg /fi6«nfO{ alnof] agfpg ;S5of} .
d}n] lr7Ldf h] hlt n]v]F, sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ klg ;'gfpm . hfg] ;'g]sf] /fd|f] s'/f
;'gfpFbf ;'Gg] / ;'gfpg] b'j}nfO{ kmfObf x'G5 . nfdf] labfdf 3/ cfpFbf o; ljifodf
d ltdLnfO{ cem /fd|/L a'emfpFnf . k9fOnfO{ cem /fd|f] agfpFb} n}hfpm . lr7L klg
n]lv/fv . cfhnfO{ olt g} .
w]/} dfof ug]{ a'af,
ljzfn

;f/f+z
/fHo ;~rfngsf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf sfg'gsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . zflGt /
;'Joj:yf sfod ug{sf nflu /fHon] sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog u/]sf] x'G5 .
To;sf] ;Ddfg / kfngf ug'{ gful/ssf] bfloTj x'G5 . sfg'gsf] kfngfaf6
gful/ssf] ;'/Iff x'G5 eg] p;nfO{ clwsf/ klg k|fKt x'G5 . /fi6«nfO{ alnof] agfpg
klg sfg'gsf] e"ldsf x'G5 . s/ ltg'{, dtflwsf/sf] k|of]u ug'{ Pjd ;fdflhs zflGt
/ ;'/Iffsf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ xfd|f] st{Jo xf] . o:tf sfg'gL bfloTj k"/f
ubf{ /fi6« alnof] x'G5 . /fi6« alnof] eP gful/s klg alnof x'G5g .
cEof;
!= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
-s_ /fHo ;~rfngsf nflu sfg'gsf] ======= k5{ . -cfjZostf÷;d:of_
-v_ xfdLn] lt/]sf] s/af6 xfd|f] ====== x'G5 . -xflg÷enfO_
-u_ sfg'gsf] kfngf ubf{ ======= x'g ;lsG5 . -;'/lIft÷bl08t_
-3_ sfg'g /fHosf] Pp6f======== g} xf] . -cªu÷st{Jo_
-ª_ xfdL xfd|f] ====== l7s xf]; eGg] rfxG5f}F . -xf/lht÷k|ltlglw_
-r_ xfdLn] /fi6«nfO{ ========= agfpg'k5{ . -alnof]÷b'a{n_
-5_ dflg;sf] le8df ========= ;]jf lng' ;Eotf xf] . -nfOg a;]/÷kfnf] ldr]/_
@= 5f]6f] pQ/ n]v M
-s_ k'/:sf/sf] /sd lsg sfl6Psf] /x]5 <
-v_ xfdLn] lt/]sf] s/af6 s;sf] enfO x'G5 <
-u_ sfg'gn] xfdLnfO{ s] u5{ <
-3_ xfdL xfd|f k|ltlglw s:tf x'g eGg] rfxG5f}F <
-ª_ dtbfg lsg ug'{k5{ <
-r_ xfdLn] s:tf 7fpFsf] ;+/If0f ug'{k5{ <
-5_ /fi6«nfO{ alnof] agfpg s] ug'{k5{ <
-h_ s:tf ljifosf] ;"rgf ;/sf/L lgsfodf lbg'k5{ <

#= /fHonfO{ ;xof]u x'g] sfddf l7s -√_ / xflg x'g] sfddf a]l7s -x_
lrxg nufpm M
-s_ sfg'gsf] kfngf ug'{ - _
-v_ jg ljgfz ug'{ - _
-u_ la?jf /f]Kg' - _
-3_ ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;lj|mo x'g' - _
-ª_ ck/fwLnfO{ n'sfpg' - _
-r_ c;fdflhs sfdsf] ;"rgf lbg' - _
-5_ lg/If/tf pGd"ngdf lglij|mo x'g' - _
-h_ dtbfgdf efu lng' - _
-em_ s/ ltg'{ / ltg{ k|]l/t ug'{ - _
-`_ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ sAhf ug'{ - _
-6_ ;/;kmfO cleofgdf ;xefuL x'g' - _
$= oL sfd u/ M
-s_ ljBfnosf] cltl/St lj|mofsnfkdf efu lngsf nflu cfkmgf] sIffaf6 k|ltlglw
k7fpFbf tn lbOPsf ljlwdWo] s'g ljlw ckgfpFbf a9L /fd|f] x'G5, cfkmgf]
/fo;lxt 5nkmn u/ M
-c_ ;xdlt u/]/ -cf_ dtbfg u/]/ -O_ cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf u/]/
-O{_ lzIfssf] ;Nnfx / ;xof]u lnP/ -p_ PSnfPSn} gfd lbP/ .
-v_ hyfefjL kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] 6f]n÷;d'bfodf kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg u/L jftfj/0f :jR5
/fVgsf nflu cfkm"n] ug{ ;Sg] sfdx¿sf] ;"rL agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't u/ .
-u_
;fj{hlgs jgsf ?v s;}n] cj}wflgs ¿kaf6 sf6b} u/]sf] b]v] ltdL s]
u5f}{, lzIfs / ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .
-3_ gbL, uf}r/g, kfs{ h:tf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ ;+/If0fsf nflu ltdL s] ug{ ;S5f} <
-ª_ s/ ltbf{ x'g] kmfObfx¿ s] s] x'g, ;"rL agfpm .
%= a'afsf] lr7L k9]/ c~hgfn] s:tf] pQ/ n]lVng, gd'gf tof/ kf/ .

ck]lIft Jojxf/
st{Jo kfngfdf tTk/ /xg / ldn]/ ;Fu} sfd ug{
ldtJooL aGg / kfl/jfl/s lxtdf nfUg
k|fKt cj;/x¿sf] ;b'kof]u u/L ;xL sfd ug{
;'v b'Mvdf ;fy lbg / ;xof]u ug{
kl/jf/sf] c;n ;b:o aGg
Oi6ldq / cfkmGtaf6 c;n s'/f l;Sg
ljlgtf / ljj]s lbbLefO x'g . pgLx¿ Pp6} ljBfnodf k95g . ljlgtf laxfg rfF8}
p7]/ ;a} sfd l7s ;dodf k"/f ul5{g . ljj]s cln l9nf p75g . ljj]ssf sf/0fn]
ljBfno k'Ug slxn]sfxLF l9nf x'G5 . ljlgtf ljj]snfO{ cln rfF8f] p7fpg vf]lH5g .
ljlgtf M P ljj]s, cem} p7]sf 5}gf} < cfh klg ljBfno hfg l9nf x'g] eof] . ltdLn]
t afgL g} ;'wf/]gf} .
ljj]s M -p7b}_ pl7xfn]F lg lbbL Û ev{/ ;ft t ah]sf] 5 lg Û ljBfno hfg s]sf]
xtf/ Û
ljlgtf M ljBfno hfg dfq p7g] xf] / Û laxfg p7]/ ug]{ w]/} sfd x'G5g lg . b}lgs
sfd afx]s Ps l5g n]vk9 u/] klg /fd}| x'GYof] . ltdL laxfgsf] ;dosf]
dxŒj g} a'emb}gf} .
ljj]s M laxfgsf] ;dosf] s] dxŒj 5 / lbbL <
lzIf0f ;'emfj
kfl/jfl/s hLjg / To;df JolStut tyf ;fd"lxs bfloTjsf af/]df ljBfyL{x¿lar 5nkmn
u/fpg'xf]; .
ljBfyL{x¿n] s'g s'g kfl/jfl/s bfloTj k"/f ug]{ u/]sf 5g, ltgLx¿sf ;"rL agfpg nufO{ cfjZos
k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf]; .
d}n] ug]{ sfd
@
@

ljlgtf M laxfg rfF8} p7g] xf] eg] xfd|f] dg ;kmf / z/L/ :j:y x'G5 . xfdLnfO{
sfd ug]{ pT;fx k}bf x'G5 . xfdL st{Jo kfng ug{ tTk/ x'G5f}F / ;kmn
klg x'G5f}F .
ljj]s M xfdL t ;fgf 5f}F . ljBfyL{n] s] st{Jo kfngf ug'{k5{ / Û of] 7'nf dflg;sf]
sfd xf]Og / <
ljlgtf M sxfF To:tf] x'G5 Û xfd|f klg st{Jo x'G5g . ltgnfO{ a'l4 / >d nufP/
k"/f ug'{k5{ . cfdfa'afn] xfdLnfO{ kfng kf]if0f u/]/, n]vk9 u/fP/ st{Jo
k"/f ug'{ePsf] 5 . xfdLn] klg pxfFx¿k|lt ;s]sf] sfd u/]/ st{Jo k"/f
ug'{k5{ . o;nfO{ kl/jf/k|ltsf] lhDd]jf/L klg eGg ;lsG5 .
ljj]s M xfdLn] kl/jf/k|lt k"/f ug'{kg]{ c¿ lhDd]jf/L s] x'g t, lbbL <
ljlgtf M xfdL kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:on] ldn]/ sfd ug'{k5{ . xfd|f z/L/sf s'g} cªun] sfd
gu/] hLjg ;ªs6df k5{ . To:t} kl/jf/sf s'g} ;b:on] sfd gu/] kl/jf/ g}
;ªs6df k5{ . To;}n] xfdL ;a} ldn]/ sfd ug'{k5{ . of] g} ;xsfo{ xf] .
ljj]s M of] s'/f t dnfO{ lrQ a'emof] . c¿ s'/f klg eGg'; g t lbbL Û
ljlgtf M xf] efO, kl/jf/sf] lxt x'g] sfddf klg xfdL nfUg'k5{ . xfdLn]
cfdfa'afnufot kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:oaf6 ;'/Iff kfPsf 5f}F . xfdLn] klg
pxfFx¿sf nflu o:t} sfd ug'{k5{ .
ljj]s M To;f] eP t xfdLn] k9fO n]vfOafx]s EofP;Dd Ifdtfcg';f/sf] sfd ug'{kg]{
/x]5, xf]Og t lbbL <

ljlgtf M l7s eGof} . xf], ug'{ g} k5{ . d}n] ltdLnfO{ l56f] p7 To;} eg]sf] xf]Og
lg Û kl/jf/sf 7'nf ;b:on] slt b'Mv u/]/ cfh{g u/]sf] wg xfd|f] k9fO
n]vfOdf vr{ ug'{ePsf] 5 . To;sf nflu xfdLn] s]xL klg gug]{ t <
ljj]s M To;f] eP t xfdLn] cgfjZos s'/fdf vr{ klg ug'{ gx'g] /x]5 . cfjZos
vr{ ubf{ dfq pxfFx¿nfO{ ;xof]u x'g] /x]5 . xf], lbbL <
ljlgtf M xf] ljj]s Û xfdLn] kmh'n vr{ gubf{ klg kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u k'U5 . rflxFbf]
s'/fdf vr{ ug]{ dflg;nfO{ ldtJooL eG5g . ltdLn] klg ;'g]sf 5f} xf]nf
lg t Û
ljj]s M xfdLn] eljiodf sdfpg] wg klg l7s;Fu vr{ ug'{kg]{ /x]5 . ToxL eGg'ePsf]
xf] t <
ljlgtf M xf], 3/sf kl/jf/n] sdfPsf] wg kl/jf/s} ;b:osf] lxt x'g] ljifodf
vr{ ug'{k5{ . vfg]s'/f, lzIff, sk8f, cf]vtL, ;fdflhs sfd, cfjf;,
dgf]/~hg cflbdf o:tf] vr{ x'G5 . kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:on] ldn]/ vr{ ubf{
sl7g sfd klg k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 .
ljj]s M ;'vb'Mvdf ;a}n] ;a}nfO{ ;fy klg lbg'k¥of], xf] lbbL <
ljlgtf M lbg'k5{ Û To;f] gug]{ eP hªundf uP/ PSn} a;] eOuof] lg Û b'Mv klg
v]K5' ;'v klg ef]U5' eg]/ g} xfdL kl/jf/df a;]sf xf}F .
ljj]s M xfdLn] ;do / cj;/cg';f/ plrt sfd klg ug'{k¥of], xf]Og t lbbL <
ljlgtf M xf] ljj]s, kl/jf/sf nflu ljleGg cj;/ klg cfpF5g . ltgnfO{ klg
;b'kof]u u/]/, plrt ljt/0f u/]/ xfdL kl/jf/sf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f u5f}{F .
w]/} l6eL x]/]/, df]afOn rnfP/ klg s]6f s]6L lau|g ;S5g . xfd|f] ;+:sf/
;a} s'/fsf] plrt ;b'kof]u ug]{ vfnsf] x'g'k5{ .
ljj]s M lbbLn] t lrQ a'embf] s'/f eGg'eof] . ca ef]lnaf6 d klg l56f] p75' /
tkfO{Fn] eGg'eP h:t} sfd klg u5'{ . ca d kl/jf/k|ltsf] st{Jo / bfloTj
;w}F k"/f u5'{ .
;f/f+z
kl/jf/ ;fdflhs ;ªu7gleqsf] Pp6f ;fgf] PsfO xf] . o;df a:g] k|To]s ;b:osf
st{Jo / bfloTj x'G5g . ltgnfO{ k"/f ubf{ dfq cfbz{ kl/jf/sf] lgdf{0f x'G5 .
kfl/jfl/s lxt, ;xof]u / ;+/If0fsf nflu o;sf ;b:o ;lj|mo x'g'k5{ . ;xsfo{,
ldtJolotf / ;xeflutfn] kfl/jfl/s hLjg ;'vL klg x'G5 .

cEof;
!= tn lbOPsf jfSox¿ k9L l7s eP l7s -√_ / a]l7s eP a]l7s -x_
lrxg b]pm M
-s_ laxfg rfF8f] p7]/ s]xL sfd 5}g . - _
-v_ ;fgf dflg;n] klg st{Jo kfng ug'{k5{ . - _
-u_ ldn]/ sfd gu/] kl/jf/ ;ªs6df k5{ . - _
-3_ hyfefjL vr{ ubf{ kl/jf/sf] lxt x'G5 . - _
-ª_ ;'v b'Mvdf ;fy / ;xof]u glbP kl/jf/df ga;] x'G5 . - _
-r_ ljlgtfn] ljj]snfO{ c;n s'/f l;sfOg . - _
-5_ d klg kl/jf/sf] c;n ;b:o aG5' . - _
-h_ d c;n ;+:sf/ ePsf] dflg; aG5' . - _
-s_ lsg xfdL laxfg rfF8} p7g'k5{ <
-v_ kfl/jfl/s lhDd]jf/L s;/L k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 <
-u_ s:tf] Jojxf/ ubf{ ldtJooL algG5 <
-3_ s] ubf{ kl/jf/sf] lxt x'G5 <
-ª_ ljj]sn] s] ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf 5g <
#= tn ljleGg sfdsf] gfdfjnL lbOPsf] 5 . tLdWo] ltdL s'g s'g sfd
u/]/ kl/jf/k|ltsf] st{Jo / bfloTj k"/f ug{ ;S5f} < n]v M
cleefjssf] lgb]{zgsf] kfngf, kl/jf/nfO{ rflxg] ;Dk"0f{ vr{sf] Joj:yf,
cfkm"eGbf ;fgf efO alxgLnfO{ k9fOdf ;xof]u, 3/ cfFugsf] ;/;kmfOdf ;xof]u,
kl/jf/nfO{ cfjf;sf] Joj:yf, kfl/jfl/s ;DklQsf] ;'/Iffdf ;xof]u, kl/jf/sf
ljifodf ul/g] dxŒjk"0f{ lg0f{o, kfl/jfl/s lxt x'g] cj;/sf] klxrfg / ;b'kof]u .

$= sIffsf b'O{ hgf ljBfyL{n] clegosf ;fy kf7 k9 / To;df ;fyLx¿n]
JoSt u/]sf] k|ltlj|mof ;'g .
%= oL sfd u/ M
-s_ kf7sf cfwf/df cfkmgf] kl/jf/k|ltsf] st{Jo / bfloTjsf] ;"rL agfO{ ;fyLx¿;Fu
5nkmn u/ / sIffdf 6fF; .
-v_ kl/jf/sf s'g} ;b:o;Fu ldn]/ cfk"mn] u/]sf] s'g} sfdsf] ljj/0f tof/ kf/L
sIffdf k|:t't u/ .
-u_ tn lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9 / ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pTt/ n]v M
ljdnf / sdnf lbbL alxgL x'g . sdnf b; jif{ / ljdnf afx| jif{sf 5g .
ljBfnodf 5'66L ePsf] lbg pgLx¿ dfdf3/ uP . dfdf3/df ;a}n] Kof/f]
u/]/ pgLx¿nfO{ k};f lbP . b'j} hgfsf] rf/ rf/ ;o ?lkofF eP5 . 3/
kmls{g] a]]nfdf sdnfn] k;nsf dxFuf vfg]s'/f lslgg . cln cln lbbLnfO{
lbOg / w]/} cfk"mn] vfOg . pgn] Pp6f v]nf}gf klg lslgg . sdnf v]nf}gf
v]nfpFb} lyOg, v]nfpFbf v]nfp“b} Tof] v]nf}gf e'OFdf v:of] / km'6of] . lbpF;f]
lsg]/ vfPsf] vfg]s'/fn] sdnfnfO{ ;Grf] klg ePg . ef]lnkN6 b'j} hgf
ljBfno uP . ljdnfn] cfkmgf] k};fn] Pp6f zAbsf]z / b'O{ cf]6f /fd|f snd
lslgg . lxhf]cfh efiff ;DaGwL cK7of/f] cfOkbf{ b'j} hgf zAbsf]z x]5{g /
n]V5g . o;n] pgLx¿sf] k9fOdf ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 .
-c_ b'O{ lbbL alxgLdf ldtJooL sf] /x]5 <
-cf_ k};fsf] ;b'kof]u s;n] u/]sf] 5, o;f] ug{ xfdLn] s] s] ug'{knf{ <
-O_ lbbL alxgLnfO{ s'g sfddf ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 <
-O{_ sdnf / ljdnfn] kfP hlt k};f kfP ltdL s] u5f}{ <
-p_ sdnf / ljdnfsf] Jojxf/df kfOg] leGgtf s] xf] <
-3_ xfdLn] c;n aGg s] s:tf] cfr/0f kfng ug'{k5{, a'Fbf tof/ kf/L sIffdf
;'gfpm .
^= lalgtf, ljj]s / ltd|f] cfr/0fdf s] s:tf ;dfgtf / leGgtf 5g,
t'ngf u/ / ltdLn] ;'wfg'{kg]{ s]xL eP s] s] s'/f s;/L ;'wf5f}{, n]v .

ck]lIft Jojxf/
;fdflhs bfloTjk|lt ;r]t /xg
;fd"lxs sfddf ;lj|mo x'g
;fdflhs sfddf c¿nfO{ k|]l/t ug{
;sf/fTds sfdsf nflu e"ldsf v]Ng
lje]b / ljs[lt x6fpg
;fdflhs Pstf, ;befj / ;xof]u a9fpg
cfh ls;gk'/ ufpFdf lgs} rxnkxn 5 . ;a} ufpFn] pT;fxn] sfd ul//x]sf 5g .
ufpFsf cfb/0fLo JolSt ld;|Lnfn rf}w/Lsf] clegGbg x'g nfu]sf] 5 . d~r agfpg],
;/;kmfO ug]{ / l;Fuf/k6f/ ug]{ sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . klxn] ld;|LnfnnfO{ lv;L ug]{
dflg; klg cfh pgsf] ;Ddfg ug{ vl6/x]sf] 5 . ufpFdf pT;j cfP h:tf] ePsf] 5 .
ld;|Lnfnn] k9g] a]nfdf ufpFdf s'g} ljBfno g} lyPg . ljBfnosf] :yfkgf x'Fbf pgsf]
pd]/ uO;s]sf] lyof] . pgn] k9g gkfP klg k9g rfxg]x¿sf nflu 7'nf] sfd u/]sf
5g . ljBfno, cf}ifwfno, cgfyfnonfO{ hUuf lbP/, >dbfg u/]/ / ltgsf] x]/rfx
u/]/ g} pgsf] c;L jif{ laTof] . pgsf] sfd b]v]/ lxhf]cfh ufpFn] gtd:ts 5g .
ld;|LnfnnfO{ ufpFn]n] uf}/j dfg]sf 5g . ld;|Lnfn geP ls;gk'/ s:tf] x'GYof] xf]nf,
sNkgf ubf{ dfq klg ufpFn]x¿ 8/fpF5g . c¿n] ;fy lbpmg ls glbpmg, ;fdflhs
sfddf nfluxfNg] afgL ePsf ld;|Lnfn ;a}sf awfO{sf kfq ag]sf 5g .
ls;gk'/ ufpFdf Pp6f 7'nf] kf]v/L 5 . ToxfF dflg;x¿ n'uf w'g], efF8f dfemg], kf}8L
v]Ng] uy]{ . ufO{e}F;Lsf] kfgL vfg] 7fpF klg ToxL kf]v/L lyof] . sf]xL dflg; d/]sf
hgfj/ nu]/ ToxLF kmofFSy] . c¿ kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] 7fpF klg ToxL kf]v/L lyof] . x]bf{ klg
kf]v/L lj¿k b]lvGYof] . sf]xL sf]xL dflg; t kf]v/Lsf] l8ndf a;]/ lb;flk;fa klg uy]{ .
lzIf0f ;'emfj
s'g} :yfgLo ;dfh ;]jLsf] ljifodf 5f]6f] syf egL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7k|lt cfslif{t u/fpg'xf]; .
;fdflhs sfdsf] ;"rL agfO{ To:tf sfddf nfUg ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|]l/t klg ug'{xf]; .
;dfh ;]jL ld;|Lnfn
#
#

o;n] ubf{ kf]v/L b"lift eP/ kf]v/Lsf df5f, s5'jf, Eofu'tf e6fe6 dg{ nfu]sf lyP .
kf]v/Lsf] cj:yf b]v]/ ld;|Lnfn Hofb} b'MvL eP . Ps lbg laxfg} pgL kf]v/Ldf uP /
5]paf6 ;kmf ug{ yfn] . Ps y/L dflg;n] a'9fn] g;Sg] sfd lsg ;'? u/]sf] xf]nf
eg]/ s'/f sf6g yfn] . sf]xL rflxF a'9f kf]v/Ldf 8'a]/ dg]{ eP eg]/ unNn xfF;] .
ld;|Lnfnn] ;dfhsf cu'jfx¿nfO{ kf]v/L ;kmf ug{ cg'/f]w klg u/] t/ s;}n]] jf:tf
u/]gg .
ld;|Lnfn b}lgs uP/ kf]v/L ;kmf uy]{ . kmf]xf]/ kmfNg vf]Hg] dflg;nfO{ gkmfNg
cg'/f]w uy]{ . sf]xL ltd|f] lghL kf]v/L xf] / eGb} kmfn]/ hfGy] . sf]xL eg]sf] dfGy],
kmf]xf/ gkmfnL kms]{/ hfGy] . ld;|Lnfnn] dlxgf} k|of; u/]kl5 kf]v/L /fd|f] / ;kmf
b]lvg yfNof] . ufpFn]nfO{ klg kf]v/Ldf kmf]xf]/ kmfn]/, ld;|LnfnnfO{ ;xof]u gu/]/,
lh:SofP/ uNtL u/] h:tf] nfUof] . pgLx¿n] cfk;df ;Nnfx u/] . ld;|LnfnnfO{
cab]lv ;3fpg] s'/f klg u/] . ld;|Lnfn v';L eP . ufpFn]x¿n] 3/sf] sDtLdf Ps
hgfsf b/n] ld;|Lnfn;Fu} ldn]/ kf]v/L ;kmf ug{ yfn] . pgLx¿n] kmf]xf]/ kmfNg klg
5f]8] . x]bf{x]b}{ kf]v/Lsf] kfgL klg ;ªnf] b]lvg yfNof] .
ufpFn]x¿n] kf]v/Lsf] 5]pdf ;fgf] kvf{n nufP . ToxfFaf6 7'nf] kf]v/Lsf] kfgL lgsf;
lgsfn]/ n'uf w'g], efF8f dfemg] / ufO{ e}F;LnfO{ kfgL vfg] 7fpF agfP . Totfsf]
kmf]xf]/ kfgL kf]v/Lsf] d"n efult/ ghfg] Joj:yf u/] . kf]v/Lsf] l8ndf la?jf
klg /f]lkP . kf]v/L lxdfnL If]qsf] :jR5 / ;'Gb/ s'08 h:tf] b]lvof] . ld;|Lnfnsf]
cleofg ;kmn eof] . lxhf]cfh 6f9f 6f9faf6 ls;gk'/ cfpg] dflg;x¿ cfkmgf]
ufpFsf] kf]v/LnfO{ klg o:t} agfpg] s'/f u5{g . ufpFn]x¿ klg u/] x'Fbf]/x]5 eG5g .
pgLx¿nfO{ ;dfhsf nflu ;dfhn] g} h'6]/ sfd ug'{kbf]{/x]5 eGg] ljZjf; ePsf] 5 .
lxhf]cfh ls;gk'/jf;L ld;|Lnfnn]
h'g sfd ;'? u5{g To;df ;fy
lbOxfN5g . ld;|Lnfn ls;gk'/
af;Lsf nflu df}/Lsf] /fg' h:t}
ePsf 5g . ufpFn]df r]tgf klg
a9b} uPsf] 5 .
Pslbg ld;|Lnfnn] ufpFn]x¿nfO{
d]/f] sfd g} yfxf gkfO{ tkfOF{x¿n]
lsg d]/f] sfddf ;xof]u ug'{ePsf] <
egL ;f]w] .

ufpFn]x¿nfO{ ld;|Lnfn h] sfd u5{g, /fd|f] g} u5{g / ;dfhsf nflu u5{g eGg]
ljZjf; lyof] . pgLx¿n] eg], æcfkm"n] dfGg'kg]{, lxt}ifL / cg'ejL dflg;n] eg]sf] s'/f
k|Zgf]Q/ gu/L dfGg'k5{ . of] l7s a]l7s s] xf]nf eg]/ ljrf/ ul//xg'kb}{g lsgeg] Tof]
;w}F l7s / /fd|f] g} x'G5 .Æ ufpFn]x¿sf] s'/f ;'g]/ ld;|Lnfnn] pgLx¿nfO{ sfdsf cfwf/
df ljZjf; ug{ c/fP . ld;|LnfnnfO{ a'9f] eP klg cem w]/} sfd u/f}F eGg] nfUof] .
ld;|Lnfnn] w]/} wg t sdfPsf lyPgg t/ pgsf] k'Vof}{nL ;DklQ eg] k|z:t lyof] .
;fgf gfgLx¿n] k9g gkfPsf] b]v]/ pgn] ufpFdf ljBfno :yfkgf ug{ vf]Hbf hldg
kfOPg . pgn] cfkmgf] s]xL hldg lbP/ ljBfno agfP . lxhf]cfh ls;gk'/sf ;a}
afn aflnsf ToxLF k9]/ ;fIf/ 5g . ufpFdf c:ktfn lyPg . csfndf dflg;sf] Hofg
hfGYof] . ue{jtL dlxnfn] ;d:of a]xf]g'{kYof]{ . ld;|Lnfnn] c:ktfn / cf}ifwfnosf
nflu klg hUuf lbP . cfk"mn] klg ejg lgdf{0fdf >dbfg u/] . clxn] ufpFn]nfO{
pkrf/df ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 .
s]xL jif{ klxn]sf] s'/f xf] . ufpF glhs}sf] b'lwof vf]nfdf 7'nf] af9L cfof] . To;n]
w]/} v]t aufof] . af9Ldf y'k|} dflg; klg k/] . pgLx¿sf afnaRrf cgfy eP .
tL aRrfx¿sf] b'Mv b]v]/ pgL klg b'MvL eP . pgnfO{ ltgLx¿sf nflu s]xL ug{ dg
nfUof] . ltgsf] x]/ljrf/ ug]{ sf]xL ePg . ld;|Lnfnn] Pp6f cgfyfnosf nflu klg
hldg lbP . tL afnaRrfnfO{ ToxfF /fv]/ ld;|Lnfnn] ufpFsf] ljBfnodf k9fpg] Joj:yf
u/] . ufpFn]sf] d'7Lbfgaf6 ltgsf] vfgkfg ug]{ Joj:yf klg ld;|Lnfnn] ldnfP . pgn]
ufpFsf j[4x¿sf] x]/rfx ug{ j[4f>d klg vf]n] .
clxn] ls;gk'/df ljleGg hflt, wd{ / ;Dk|bfosf dflg; a;f]af; u5{g . pgLx¿sf
lar Pstf, ;befj / ;xof]u 5 . Pscsf{sf ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts sfo{ tyf
pT;jx¿df ;a} ;fd]n x'G5g . ls;gk'/df klxn] klxn] dg gk/]sL s'g} dlxnfnfO{
af]S;Lsf] cf/f]k nufP/ b'Jo{jxf/ ul/GYof] . To:tL dlxnfnfO{ ufpF lgsfnf klg ul/GYof] .
ld;|Lnfnn] of] ;a} cGwljZjf; xf] eg]/ ufpFn]nfO{ ;DemfP . Ps y/L dlxnfnfO{ ljjfxdf
bfOhf] sd NofPsf] eg]/ oftgf lbOGYof] . s;}sf] t xTof klg x'GYof] . ld;|Lnfnn]
ufpFn]sf 3/ 3/ uP/ of] ljs[lt lgld6ofGg kf/] . dflg; csf{n] lbPsf] wgn] ;'vL x'g]
xf]Og, ;Rrf kl/>daf6 cfk}mFn] cfh{g u/]sf] wgn] ;Gt'i6 x'G5 eg]/ pgn] ;DemfP .
ld;|Lnfn cfkm"n] k9]sf lyPgg t/ pgsf s'/fn] k9] n]v]sf dflg;sf] klg lrQ
a'emYof] . lxhf]cfh afn ljjfx, af]S;L, bfOhf] h:tf s'/fx¿ ls;gk'/df Psfb]zsf
syf h:t} gf}nf ljifo ag]sf 5g .
u'0f} u'0fn] ;DkGg ld;|Lnfnsf] clegGbg x'g nfu]sfdf ;a} ufpFn] bªu 5g . ;fdflhs
sfd ug]{ cu'jf JolStsf] ;Ddfg x'g nfu]sfdf ufpFdf pT;j 5fPsf] 5 . afnaflnsfnfO{
klg ;dfhsf nflu /fd|f] sfd u/] ;Ddfg / OHht kfOg] /x]5 eGg] 5fk k/]sf] 5 .

;f/f+z
dflg; ;dfhdf a:5 . ;dfhdf a;]kl5 ;fdflhs sfd ug'{ p;sf] bfloTj xf] . ;fd"lxs
lxtsf nflu lgM:jfy{ sfd ug'{ g} ;fdflhs sfd xf] . o:tf] sfd ug{ s'g} 7'nf] z}lIfs
of]Uotf xfl;n ul//xg'kb}{g . dgnfO{ ;kmf kf/]/ / ;a}sf] lxt lrtfP/ /fd|f] kl/0ffd
cfpg] u/L u/]sf] sfdn] ;a}nfO{ k|efljt kf5{ . o;af6 dflg;df ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g
klg cfpF5 . kl/0ffddf ;dfh ;]jLsf] ;Ddfg klg x'G5 . xfdL klg ;fdflhs sfddf
;lj|mo eP/ / ;dfhsf] cg's"n ¿kfGt/0f u/]/ ;Ddfg kfpg ;S5f}F .
cEof;
!= cfkmgf] d"Nofªsg cfkm}“ u/ M
-s_ d ;fdflhs bfloTjk|lt ;r]t
-c_ 5' - _ -cf_ 5}g - _
-v_ d ;fj{hlgs 7fpFsf] ;kmfOdf
-c_ h'65' - _ -cf_ h'6lbgF - _
-u_ d /fd|f] sfd PSn} klg ;'?
-c_ u5'{ - _ -cf_ ulb{gF - _
-3_ d ;dfh ;]jLsf] cg's/0f
-c_ u5'{ - _ -cf_ ulb{gF - _
-ª_ d ;dfhsf v/faL x6fpg] sfddf
-c_ nfU5' - _ -cf_ nflUbgF - _
@= hf]8f ldnfpm M
v08 ‘c’ v08 ‘cf’
-s_ ld;|Lnfnsf] k|of;af6 -s_ dx;'; u/] .
-v_ ufpFn]n] cfkmgf] uNtL -v_ ;Ddfg kfOG5 .
-u_ kf]v/L -u_ k9g kfPsf lyPgg .
-3_ ls;gk'/df ;fgf gfgLx¿n] -3_ kf]v/L ;kmf eof] .
-ª_ ;dfhsf nflu /fd|f] sfd u/] -ª_ df}/Lsf /fg' x'g .
-r_ ld;|Lnfn ls;gk'/af;Lsf nflu -r_ lxdfnL If]qsf] s'08 h:tf] b]lvof] .

#= tn ljleGg sfdsf] ;"rL lbOPsf] 5 . ld;|Lnfnn] u/]sf sfd 5fg]/
sfkLdf n]v M
ufpFn]x¿df cg]stf Nofpg', kf]v/L ;kmf ug'{, pBf]ux¿sf] :yfkgf ug'{, ufpFn]x¿nfO{
k|]l/t ug'{, ljBfnonfO{ hUuf lbg', /ªuzfnf lgdf{0f ug'{, d'7Lbfgsf] Joj:yf ug'{,
af]S;L / bfOhf] k|yf x6fpg', >dbfg ug'{, kf]v/Ldf kmf]xf]/ kmfNg]nfO{ wGojfb lbg' .
$= 5f]6f] pQ/ n]v M
-s_ ld;|Lnfnn] lsg k9g kfPgg <
-v_ ufpFn]x¿ s:tf] sNkgf u/]/ 8/fpF5g <
-u_ ld;|Lnfnn] kf]v/LnfO{ s;/L ;kmf agfP <
-3_ ufpFn]x¿n] lsg ld;|LnfnnfO{ ;xof]u u/] <
-ª_ ld;|Lnnfn] cgfy / j[4x¿sf nflu s] s] Joj:yf u/] <
-r_ ls;gk'/df s:tf] kl/jt{g b]lvof] <
-5_ ;Ddfg kfpg s:tf sfd ug'{k5{ <
%= oL sfd u/ M
-s_
ljBfnosf] jflif{sf]T;j ;df/f]x ;DkGg ug{sf nflu sIffsf ;a} ;fyLx¿n]
s:tf] ;xof]u ug{ ;S5f}, 5nkmn u/L ;xof]usf] vfsf tof/ kf/ /
k|wfgfWofks;dIf k]; u/ .
-v_
ltdL s'g} ;fdflhs sfddf ;xefuL ePsf xf}nf jf To:tf] sfd b]v]sf klg
xf}nf . Tof] sfdsf] cu'jfO ug]{ JolSt jf ju{ pNn]v u/L ljj/0f tof/ kf/ .
-u_
ltdLnfO{ cfkmgf] ;d'bfodf ug{ dg nfu]sf] s'g} ;fdflhs sfd / To;sf]
dxŒjaf/] Ps cg'R5]b n]v .
^= ;fyLx¿;Fu ldnL ltd|f] ;d'bfosf] glhs /x]sf] s'g} wfld{s :ynsf] ;/;kmfO
ug]{ sfo{j|md agfpm / lzIfssf] ;d]t ;xof]u lnO{ ;f] sfd u/ .
&= of] kf7 k9]kl5 ltd|f] dgdf s:tf] ;f]r hfUof], Ps cg'R5]bdf n]v .
*= s;}n] ;fj{hlgs 7fp“df kmf]xf]/ kmfln/x]sf] b]Vof} eg] ltdL s] u5f}{ <
(= ltd|f] ;d'bfodf klg ;Ddfg / clegGbg ug{ pko'St JolSt xf]nfg, pgsf
ljifodf 5f]6s/Ldf ;'gfpm .

l;sfO pknlAw
zflGt Pjd ;befj sfod ug{ / ;a};Fu ldqjt Jojxf/ ug{
g}lts ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] :yfgLo ;d'bfodf ePsf cEof;x¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg
;fd"lxs g]t[Tj lgdf{0f u/L ;f]cg';f/ sfo{ ug{
PsfO
$ ;fd"lxs hLjg k4lt
/ ljljwtf

ck]lIft Jojxf/
zflGtsf] cEof; / cg'e"lt ug{
kfl/jfl/s zflGt sfod ug{
;dfhdf zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu h'6g
k|s[lt / jftfj/0fsf] /Iff ug{
ldqtfk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{
/Iff l;+x zf/bf dfWolds ljBfnodf sIff cf7df k9l5g . lgs6 eljiodf cfof]hgf
x'g] /fi6«JofkL jSt[Tj snf k|ltof]lutfsf nflu pgL ljBfnoaf6 5flgPsL 5g . pgL
k9fO / k|ltof]lutfsf] tof/LnfO{ Ps} ;fy cufl8 a9fO/x]sL 5g . jSt[Tjsnfsf
nflu ljifo j:t' hfg]/ dfq x'Fb}g af]Ng] l;k klg rflxG5 eGg] pgnfO{ /fd|/L yfxf
5 . of] snf af/Daf/ cEof;af6 ljsl;t x'G5 eGg] oyfy{ klg /Iffn] a'em]sL 5g .
cleefjs, lzIfs / ;fyLx¿n] klg pgsf] tof/LnfO{ ;fy lbPsf 5g . k'm;{bsf]
;dodf pgL 3/df klg af]Ng] cEof; ul5{g . ;dosf] k|To]s If0fnfO{ ;b'kof]u ug]{
afgL ePsL /Iffk|lt ;a} cfzfjfbL 5g .
cfh z'j|maf/ xf] . ljBfnosf] lgoldt k9fO ;lsPkl5 /Iff lzIfs / ;fyLx¿lar
cEof; a9fpgsf nflu jSt[Tjsnf k|:t't ub}{ l5g . jSt[Tjsnfsf] zLif{s ‘zflGt
/ ldqtf’ /flvPsf] 5 . af]ln;s]kl5 >f]tfaf6 ;'emfj cfpg] / To;n] cfk"mnfO{ cem
/fd|f] af]Ng ;Sg] agfpg] cfzf pgn] /fv]sL 5g . pgnfO{ cfkmgf] bf]if / sdhf]/L
cfkm}Fn] dfq b]Vg ;lsFb}g eGg] nfU5 . pgnfO{ af]Ngsf nflu kfFr ldg]6sf] ;do lbOPsf]
5 . /Iff af]Ng ;'? ul5{g .
lzIf0f ;'emfj
ljBfyL{nfO{ Ps ldg]6 cfFvf aGb ug{ nufO{ df}g a:g / leq aflx/ ul//x]sf] :jf;df dfq s]lGb|t
ug{ eGg'xf]; / To; a]nf pgLx¿n] s:tf] cg'ej u/], eGg nufpg'xf]; . k/:k/ ldqtf a9fpg
ljBfyL{x¿ s] ug{ ;S5g, eGg nufO{ yk ;Defljt sfo{ / pkfoaf/] klg :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf]; .
sIffdf zflGtsf] Jojxf/ s;/L ug]{ eGg]af/]df ;"rL agfpg nufpg'xf]; .
zflGt / ldqtf
!
!

cfb/0fLo ;efWoIf,
u'?x¿ Pjd Kof/f ;fyLx¿ Û
/fi6«JofkL jSt[Tjsnf k|ltof]lutfdf efu lng] p2]Zon] d ‘zflGt / ldqtf’ zLif{sdf
af]Ng nfu]sL 5' . cfh zflGt / ldqtf ;+;f/s} rf;f]sf ljifo ag]sf 5g . zflGt
;a} k|f0fLsf nflu cfjZos tŒj xf] .
dg Pjd z/L/n] cfgGb / cf/fd kfpg' g} zflGt xf] . cfgGb / cf/fd Ps} k6s kfpg
sl7g klg 5 . w}o{, ;+od, O{iof{sf] Tofu, ;Gtf]if / k/f]ksf/ h:tf dgsf u'0fx¿n]
xfdLdf zflGtsf] ;~rf/ u/fpF5g . zflGt af]n]/ / dfu]/ cg'ej ul/g] ljifo xf]Og .
dg / z/L/n] Psfu| eP/ cg'ej u/]sf] ljz]if cfgGb g} zflGt xf] . o:tf] cfgGb ;a}
k|f0fLsf nflu cfjZos x'G5 . leqL dg / aflx/L jftfj/0fsf] zflGt g} jf:tljs zflGt
xf] . xfd|f] ;f]rfO, ;+:sf/ / Jojxf/n] zflGtsf] cg'ej ug{ e"ldsf v]n]sf x'G5g .
xfdLn] ;a}sf nflu / ;w}Fsf nflu zflGt lbnfpg lgs} cEof; ug'{k5{ .
zflGtsf] cg'ej / lj:tf/ ug{sf nflu ;j{k|yd JolStut zflGtsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
zfGt Pjd ;+oldt dg / z/L/ ePsf] dflg;n] dfq c¿df o;sf] ;~rf/ ug{ ;S5 .
JolStut zflGt dfq eP/ k'Ub}g, kfl/jfl/s zflGt klg plQs} cfjZos x'G5 .
kl/jf/df 5fPsf] zflGtn] JolStnfO{ / JolStsf] zflGtn] kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofO/x]sf
5g . ‘zfGt kl/jf/ ;'vsf] cfwf/’ eGg] egfO 5 . o;af6 klg kfl/jfl/s zflGtn]
;'vsf] l;h{gf u5{ eGg] tYosf] k'li6 x'G5 .
zflGtsf] ;Ldf JolSt / kl/jf/df dfq ;Lldt x'Fb}g . ;dfhdf klg zflGtsf] plQs}
cfjZostf kb{5 . ;fdflhs zflGtn] xfd|f] ;f]rfO / ;Eotfsf] kl/ro lbG5 . ;dfh
klg JolSt / kl/jf/x¿ ldn]/ g} aGg] xf] . kl/jf/ / ;dfh l;Sg] / l;sfpg] 7fp“
x'g . l;Sg] kfq rflxF JolSt xf] . km]l/ l;s]sf] JolStn] kl/jf/ / ;dfhnfO{ l;sfpF5 .
To;}n] JolStb]lv ;dfh;Fu zflGtsf] ;DaGw c6'6 ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 .
zflGtsf] If]q clt g} ljzfn 5 . of] a|xdf08 g} k|s[ltsf] lgodn] rn]sf] 5 . k|frLg
sfndf hLjg / hutsf] sNof0f rfxg] bfz{lgs / ljrf/sx¿ ;a}lt/ zflGtsf] sfdgf
ub{y] . pgLx¿ cfsfz, cGtl/If / k[YjLsf ;fy} ;a}lt/ zflGt 5fcf]; eGg] dGq
k9y] . k'/fgf hdfgfsf s'/f x'g eg]/ xfdLn] ltgsf] a]jf:tf ug{ ldNb}g . tL egfOdf
JolStb]lv a|xdf08;Dd zflGtsf] cfjZostf b]vfOPsf] 5 .

k|s[lt czfGt x'Fbf dfgj hfltsf ;fy} cGo k|f0fLn] ;d]t slt b'Mv kfPsf 5g eGg]
pbfx/0f xfdLn] b]v]s} 5f}F . dnfO{ nfU5, xfdLn] zflGtsf nflu ;a} sfd ug'{k5{ /
czflGt x'g] s'g} klg sfd ug'{ x'Fb}g . xfdLn] g]kfnd} klg czflGtsf] kl/0ffd s:tf]
x'G5 eGg] b]lv;s]sf 5f}F . JolSt, ;dfh / b]znfO{ zflGt rflxG5, g]kfn klg zfGt
/ ;'Gb/ xf]; eGg] xfdL ;a}sf] rfxgf 5 . o;sf nflu xfdLn] k|of; ug'{k5{ .
zflGtsf] cg'ej / lj:tf/sf nflu ufFl;P/ cfpg] csf]{ ljifo ldqtf xf] . zflGtn]
ldqtf / ldqtfn] zflGtsf] ljsf; Pjd lj:tf/ x'G5 . sf]xL dflg; zq'tfnfO{ gfz
ug]{ ;fwg jf zlSt / xltof/ xf] eG5g t/ ulxl/P/ ljrf/ ubf{ oL Ifl0fs ;fwg
dfq b]lvG5g . zq'tfnfO{ ;w}Fsf nflu cGt ul/lbg] ld7f] cf}ifwL t ldqtf dfq xf] .
cGwsf/;Fu hlt;'s} 7'nf] xltof/n] n8] klg Tof] x6b}g t/ aQL aflnlbPkl5 cGwsf/
cfkm}F x6]/ hfG5 . To;}n] ldqtf zq'tfnfO{ x6fpg] dgsf] aQL xf] . zq'tf x6fpg
xltof/ lng] ls aQL lng], xfd}| lg0f{odf e/ k5{ . l/;, 3dG8, O{iof{ / abnfsf] efjgf
5f]8]/ xfdL ;w}F zfGt x'g ;S5f}F . xfdL ;a}sf ldq aGg ;S5f}F .
cGt/f{li6«o ;Gbe{af6 x]¥of}F eg] klg lxhf]cfh /fi6« /fi6«x¿lar zflGt / ldqtfsf]
;DaGw a9fpg k|of; ul/Psf] kfOG5 . zflGt / ldqtfsf nflu ljleGg ;ª3 ;+:yf
v'n]sf 5g . cg]sf}F cleofg rflnPsf 5g . dflg;sf] dgsf] s'/f g xf] . ;+;f/sf
;a} dflg;sf] dg ldNg] / zfGt x'g] xf] eg] l;ªuf] ;+;f/ zflGt jfl6sfdf kl/0ft

x'g ;S5 . To;kl5 :yfoL zflGt / ldqtf z/L/sf b'O{ xft h:t} dgsf gb]lvg] b'O{
xft ag]/ o;sf] lgdf{0fdf h'65g . clxn] xfdLnfO{ dgsf log} b'O{ xftsf] ;lj|motf
cfjZos 5 . JolSt, kl/jf/ / ;dfh x'Fb} ;+;f/sf] :yfoL /Iffsf nflu c¿ pkfo
5}gg eGb} cfkmgf] egfO 6'ªUofpF5' . wGojfb Û -3G6L aH5 ._
;f/f+z
zflGt dflg;sf] cTofjZos u'0f xf] . ;jf{ªuL0f JolStTj ljsf;sf nflu zflGt
ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . JolStb]lv a|xdf08;Dd / kz'kIfLb]lv af]6 la?jf;Dd ;a}nfO{ o;sf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . zflGtsf] cg'e"lt / lj:tf/sf nflu ldqtf klg cfjZos k5{ .
oL b'O{ tŒj dflg;sf] dgsf b'O{ xft h:t} ;lj|mo / clgjfo{ ljifo aGg ;s] ljZj
zflGt 6f9f 5}g . ljZjsf] jf:tljs /Iffsf nflu klg zflGt / ldqtf kl/k"/s
;fwg x'g . logsf] lj:tf/sf nflu xfdL ;lj|mo x'g'k5{ .
cEof;
!= tn lbOPsf] vfnL 7fp“ e/ / ltgsf cfwf/df cfkmgf ljz]iftf v'Ng]
u/L Pp6f 5f]6f] cg'R5]b n]v M
-s_ d ljifoj:t' klg ============ / af]Ng klg ============ . -hfGb5'÷hflGbgF_
-v_
d bIftf a9fpg 3/df klg cEof; ============== . -u5'{÷ulb{gF_
-u_ c¿n] b]vfOlbPsf] sdhf]/LnfO{ d =========== .
-;RofpF5'÷;RofpFlbgF_
-3_
d]/f] kl/jf/df ============ 5 . -zflGt÷czflGt_
-ª_ d]/f sf/0fn] st} klg ============ ePsf] 5}g . -czflGt÷lj/f]w_
-r_
d k'/fgf eP klg /fd|f egfOsf] =========== u5'{ . -cg';/0f÷lj/f]w_
-5_
d ;a} dflg; ============ xf]pmg eGg] rfxG5' . -ldq÷zq'_
-h_
d zq'nfO{ ============ n] lhTg rfxG5' . -ldqtf÷xltof/_
-em_ zflGt / ldqtf d]/f dgsf b'O{ =============== x'g .
-xft÷xltof/_
-`_ dnfO{ zflGt geP =========== x'Fb}g eGg] nfU5 . -;'v÷b'Mv_
@= 5f]6f] pQ/ n]v M
-s_ jSt[Tj snfsf] ljsf; s;/L x'G5 <

-v_ zflGt s] xf] <
-u_ zflGtsf] ;~rf/ s;/L x'G5 <
-3_ ;dfh s;/L aG5 <
-ª_ ;fdflhs zflGt eg]sf] s] xf] <
-r_ k'/fgf egfOdf s]sf] cfjZostf b]vfOPsf] 5 <
-5_ s] s:tf ;fwgx¿ Ifl0fs ;fwg dflgG5g <
-h_ xfdL s;/L ;w}F zfGt /xg ;S5f}F <
-em_ ;+;f/nfO{ zflGt jfl6sf agfpg s] ug'{k5{ <
-`_ zflGt / ldqtfnfO{ dgsf b'O{ xft eGg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
#= tn lbOPsf] syf k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
Pp6f ufp“ lyof] . ufp“sf] gfd kfvfkfgL lyof] . kfvfkfgLsf] tNnf] efuaf6
Pp6f ;fgf] vf]nf] aUYof] . ufp“n] To;nfO{ :ofpn] vf]nf eGy] . :ofpn] vf]nf ;kmf
lyof] . ToxfF k|z:t df5f kfOGy] . ufp“n] ld7f] dfgL dfgL ToxfFsf] df5f vfGy] .
Ps lbg b'O{ hgf o'jsn] :ofpn] vf]nfdf df5f dfg{ hfg] ;Nnfx u/] . tLdWo]
Pp6fsf] gfd sfn' / csf{sf] gfd hf]v' lyof] . b'j} hgf vf]nfsf] 5]pdf k'u]/ df5f
dfg]{ tof/L ub}{ lyP . crfgs pgLx¿n] vf]nfdf Pp6f 7'nf] df5f b]v] . b'j} hgf
pk|m]/ vf]nfdf k;] . sfn'n] vf]nfsf] tNnf]k6l6 nDk;f/ k/]/ df5fnfO{ 5]Sof] .
hf]v'n] dfl:t/af6 lj:tf/} uP/ df5f ;dfTof] . df5f lnP/ b'j} hgf aflx/ cfP .
df5f b]v]kl5 b'j} hgfnfO{ nf]e nfUof] . sfn'n] ‘d}n] vf]nfdf ;'t]/ g5]s]sf] eP
df5f efUYof] . To;}n] df5f d]/f] xf]’ eGof] . hf]v'n] ‘d}n] ;dft]sfn] df5f d]/f]
xf]’ eGof] . pgLx¿lar tLj| ljjfb eof] . ufp“df cfPkl5 klg pgLx¿n] df5f
cfcfkmgf] ePsf] bfaL u/] . df5f s;sf] xf] / s;n] vfg] eGg] ljifodf b'O{ ;d"xdf
ljjfb eof] . df5f Pp6f ;fgf] cf/Lsf] kfgLdf cfwf 8'afP/ /flvPsf] lyof] .
pgLx¿ emu8f ub}{ lyP . lrnn] df5f l6k]/ nUof] . sfn'n] d]/f] df5f nUof]
eGof] . hf]v'n] t]/f] xf]Og, d]/f] df5f nUof] eGof] .
;fFem kg{ nfu]sf] lyof] . ufp“df Ps hgf cltly cfP . pgn] emu8fsf] sf/0f
;f]w] . ufp“n]sf] s'/f ;'g]/ pgL 5Ss k/] . pgn] df5f cfwf cfwf efu nufP/
afF8]sf] eP x'GYof] eg] . To;f] geP Ps} 7fp“df ksfP/ sfn' / hf]v'n] vfPsf]
eP klg x'GYof] eg] . cltlyn] df5f plDs;s]kl5 klg To;}sf ljifodf ljjfb
ug'{ Joy{ ePsf] atfP . cltlysf] s'/f ;'lg;s]kl5 sfn' / hf]v'n] cfkmgf] uNtL

dx;'; u/] . ufp“n]nfO{ klg ;fgf] s'/fdf emu8f u/]sfdf k5'tf] eof] . lxhf]
cfh sfn' / hf]v' ;Fu} df5f dfg{ hfG5g . a/fa/ efu nfpF5g . ufp“n]x¿lar
klg s'g} s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . sfn' / hf]v' c;n ldq ag]sf 5g . ;a}sf] 3/,
kl/jf/df ;'v zflGt 5 . ;dfhdf klg d]n / zflGt 5 .
-s_ sfn' / hf]v'n] s] ;Nnfx u/] <
-v_ sfn' / hf]v'sf lar ljjfb x'gfsf] sf/0f s] xf] <
-u_ df5f s:sf] eGg] emu8f s;/L 6'ªluof] <
-3_ cltlyn] s] eg] <
-ª_ kfvfkfgLdf s:tf] kl/jt{g eof] <
-r_ o; syfn] s] ;Gb]z lbG5 <
$= oL sfd u/ M
-s_ lzIfssf] ;xof]u lnP/ ‘;fdflhs zflGt :yfkgfdf ljBfyL{sf] e"ldsf’ eGg]
ljifodf sIffsf b'O{ hgf ;fyLnfO{ g} lg0ff{os agfO{ sIff :t/sf] jSt[Tjsnf
k|ltof]lutfsf] cfof]hgf u/ .
-v_
ltd|f] ;d'bfonfO{ zfGt, ;Eo, ;xof]uL / ldqtfk"0f{ agfpg ltdLn]
lrg]hfg]sf dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L of]ubfg ug]{ JolStsf af/]df n]v]/ Nofpm /
sIffdf ;'gfpm .
-u_ ltd|f] 3/ jl/kl/sf] k|s[lt / jftfj/0fnfO{ zfGt /fVg ug{ ;lsg] sfdx¿sf]
;"rL agfO{ sIffdf 6fF; .
%= c;n ;fyLsf u'0fx¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g, cfkmgf] sfkLdf n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{
b]vfpm .
^= zflGt / ldqtf a9fpg ug'{kg]{ sfdx¿ s] s] x'g, :ki6 kf/ .
&= tnsf] cg'R5]b k9 / To;af6 ltdLn] a'em]sf s'/fnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L Ps
cg'R5]bdf n]v .
zq'tfnfO{ ;w}Fsf nflu cGt ul/lbg] ld7f] cf}ifwL t ldqtf dfq xf] . cGwsf/;Fu
hlt;'s} 7'nf] xltof/n] n8] klg Tof] x6b}g t/ aQL aflnlbPkl5 cGwsf/
cfkm}F x6]/ hfG5 . To;}n] ldqtf zq'tfnfO{ x6fpg] dgsf] aQL xf] . zq'tf x6fpg
xltof/ lng] ls aQL lng], xfd}| lg0f{odf e/ k5{ .

ck]lIft Jojxf/
g}lts ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] :yfgLo cEof;df nfUg
c;n ;f]rfO /fvL c¿sf] lxtsf nflu sfd ug{
c;n sfdsf nflu :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ k|]l/t ug{
:yfgLo ;d:ofsf] klxrfg u/L ;dfwfg ug{
;do / ;DklQsf] ;b'kof]u ug{
;'Gtn] ufp“df kfgLsf] clt g} b'Mv lyof] . v]tLkftLsf nflu dfq geP/ ufp“df vfg]
kfgLs} ;d:of lyof] . ufp“n]x¿ 6f9fsf] 5fFu] vf]nfaf6 kfgL af]s]/ NofpFy] . laxfg
lem;ld;]df g} ufp“n]x¿ hDdf x'Gy] . 3/ 3/df cfk;df lgb|faf6 lapFemfpFb}, xNnLvNnL
ub}{ pgLx¿ vf]nfdf hfGy] . kfgL lnP/ cfpFbf laxfgsf] ;do lalt;s]sf] x'GYof] .
3/df vfgf l9nf eP/ afn aflnsf slxNo} klg l7s ;dodf ljBfno k'Ub}gy] . c¿
ufp“sf dflg; kfgLsf] b'Mv v]Kg'k5{ eg]/ ;'Gtn] ufp“sf dflg;;Fu 5f]/Lr]nLsf] ljjfx
ul/lbg klg lxrlsrfpFy].
;'Gtn] ufp“sf ufO{ / afv|f kfgL vfg 5fFu] vf]nfd} k'Uy] . n'uf w'g / g'xfpg klg ufp“n]
5fFu] vf]nfd} hfGy] . hªunaf6 cfPsf] lrt'jfn] kfgL vfO/x]sf ufO{ / afv|fnfO{ emD6]/
dfYof]{ . kfgLsf] b'Mvn] ufp“n]n] a;fO{F ;g]{ ljrf/ klg u/] . ;/;Nnfx ubf{ hGd]sf] 7fp“
e/;s g5f]8g' eGg] lgrf]8 lg:Sof] . To;f] x'Fbf pgLx¿ a;fOF ;g{ rfx]gg .
ufp“df Pp6f blnt kl/jf/ a:Yof] . To;} kl/jf/sL uªuf ufp“s} k|fylds ljBfnosf]
lzIfsf lyOg . Ps lbg uªuf 3/df al;/x]sL lyOg . pgsf] 3/ cufl8 6f9f;Dd
lzIf0f ;'emfj
s'g} :yfgLo g}lts / ;fdflhs sfdsf] pbfx/0f x'g] syf ;'gfO{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7k|lt ?lr
hufOlbg'xf]; . kf7 kl9;s]kl5 ljBfyL{x¿df g}lts Jojxf/ / ;fd'bflos sfddf k|]/0ff hfUof] hfu]g,
lg/Gt/ ¿kdf cjnf]sg u/L To:tf sfddf of]ubfg lbg k|]l/t ug'{xf]; .
d]/f] jf:tljs klxrfg
@
@

k'Ug] 7'nf] af6f] lyof] . To;}af6 b'O{ hgf a6'jf cfP / uªuf;Fu vfg]kfgL dfu] .
uªuf 3/leq kfgL lng uOg, t/ 3/df vfg]kfgL clnslt klg /x]g5 . a6'jfdWo]
Ps hgf la/fdL h:tf b]lvGy] . pgLx¿ kfgL gvfO{ af6f] nfu] . uªufnfO{
3/df cfPsf cltlynfO{ vfg]kfgL;d]t lbg g;s]sfdf ;f/} b'Mv nfUof] . pgn] ;fgfdf
k9bf ;'g]sL lyOg, æhlt;'s} ul/a eP klg cltlynfO{ ld7f] af]nL jrg ug]{, a:g cf;g
lbg] / kfgL vfg lbg] 3/ kl/jf/ c;n xf] .Æ uªufnfO{ c;fWo} 56k6L eof] . pgnfO{
dflg; x'g' klg Joy{ h:tf] nfUof] .
uªufnfO{ a]n'sf klg lgb|f nfu]g . ufp“df olt w]/} dflg; 5g . pgn] dfGg'kg]{ /
hfGg] ;'Gg] klg w]/} 5g . vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ ;f]rfO s;}sf] 5}g . pgL
o:t} o:t} ;f]Rg yflng .
uªufn] clnslt k};f arfP/ /fv]sL lyOg . pgn] Tof] k};fn] oxL g} sfd u/f}Fnf eg]/
s'g} tof/L u/]sL lyOgg . pgnfO{ ;Rrf sdfOaf6 hDdf u/]sf] wgn] cfktljkt
kbf{ ;xof]u u5{ eGg] yfxf lyof] . uªufn] dgdg} gofF sfd ug]{ of]hgf agfOg .
s]xL ;dokl5 ljBfnodf hf8f] labf ;'? eof] . uªufn] 5fFu] vf]nfaf6 ufp“df vfg]kfgL
Nofpg ufp“kflnsfdf uP/ cg'/f]w ul/g . ufp“kflnsfn] cfkmgf] ah]6n] dfq ufp“df
vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf ug{ g;Sg] hjfkm lbof] . ufp“kflnsfn] ah]6sf] ;Ldfcg';f/ kfOk
lslglbg ;lsg] t/ kfgL 6ofªsL agfpg g;lsg] s'/f u¥of] . uªufn] afFsL vr{
cfk"mn] Joj:yf ug]{ s'/f u/]kl5 ufp“kflnsfn] kfOk lslglbg ;xdlt hgfof] .
ufp“kflnsfn] 5fFu] vf]nfaf6 vfg]kfgLsf kfOk la5ofpg ;'? u¥of] . ufp“df uªufn]
cfkmgf] lghL vr{df kfgL 6ofªsL agfpg ;'? ul/g . kfOk la5ofpg] sfd ufp“;Dd
k'Ubf gk'Ub} uªufn] kfgL 6ofªsL agfP/ tof/ kfl/g . ufp“df kfgL cfpg] eof]
eg]/ ufp“n] klg v';L eP . s;} s;}n] lghL vr{ nufP/ agfPsf] x'Fbf kfgL 6ofª
sLsf] gfds/0f uªufsf] gfdaf6 ug'{k5{ eGg] k|:tfj u/] . uªufn] dflggg . pgn]
d}n] d]/f] gfdsf nflu sfd u/]sf] xf]Og, c¿sf] lxtsf nflu u/]sf] xf] elgg . pgn]
6ofªsLsf] jl/kl/ kmf]xf]/ gug{ ufp“n]nfO{ cg'/f]w ul/g . pgn] cfkmg} vr{df
6ofªsLsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu jl/kl/af6 afg{ klg nufOg . jl/kl/ af]6 la?jf /f]lkP .
5]pdf rf}tf/f] agfOof] .
6ofªsLdf kfgL em/]sf] lbgb]lv uªuf / ufp“n]sf] b'Mv / 56k6L x6]sf] 5 . ;a}sf]
dgdf zflGt 5fPsf] 5 . ufp“n]sf] kfgLsf] ;d:of 6/]sf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] ;dosf]

art ePsf] 5 . ufO{afv|fn] lrt'jfsf] l;sf/ x'g'k/]sf] 5}g . ltgn] c3fpGh]n
kfgL vfg kfPsf 5g . a9L ePsf] kfgLn] ufp“n]n] t/sf/L v]tL u/]sf 5g . kfgL
nfpg] kfnf] nufOPsf] 5 . 6f9f 6f9f lxF8]sf a6'jf klg ;'Gtn] k'u]kl5 t kfgL vfg
kfOG5 eG5g . l5d]sL ufp“n] æufp“ t ;'Gtn] h:tf] kf] x'g'k5{Æ eG5g . ;a} ufp“n]n]
uªufnfO{ hnb]jtfn] cfzLjf{b lbPsf] 7fG5g / ;Ddfg u5{g . pgnfO{ ;dfh;]jf
u/]sfdf o; jif{ ufp“ ljsf; ;ldltn] k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .
;f/f+z
dflg;n] cfkmg} :t/ / kl/j]zdf /x]/ klg g}lts sfdåf/f pbfx/0f k]; ug{ ;S5 .
c;n sfdsf nflu pkb]zeGbf cEof; a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 . b[9 c7f]6 / ;lj|motfaf6
;fd'bflos lxtsf nflu sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . c;n dflg;sf] c;n sfdn] ;dfhnfO{
g} kl/jt{g klg ug{ ;lsG5 . cfF6 / OR5f eP pkfo :jtM lg:sG5 . To;n]
;sf/fTds kl/0ffd lbG5 .

cEof;
!= cfkm"nfO{ l7s nfu]sf] s'/fdf l7s -√_ / a]l7s nfu]sf] s'/fdf a]l7s
-x_ lrxg nufpm M
-s_ g}ltstf a9fpg] ;fd"lxs sfddf ;xefuL x'g'k5{ . - _
-v_ ufp“sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug'{eGbf a;fOF ;g'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . - _
-u_ cltlynfO{ vfg]kfgL lbg' l7s xf]Og . - _
-3_ sdfOsf] s]xL c+z ;fd"lxs sfddf vr{ ug'{k5{ . - _
-ª_ cfkmgf] vr{{n] u/]sf] sfddf cfkmg} dfq gfd x'g'k5{ . - _
-r_ cfkmgf] 6f]n÷l5d]snfO{ pbfx/0fLo agfpg'k5{ . - _
-5_ ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf nflu cfkm}F ;lj|mo x'g'k5{ . - _
@= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
-s_ ;'Gtn] ufp“df kfgLsf] ============ lyof] . -;d:of÷emu8f_
-v_ ufp“n]n] ============ klg ljrf/ u/] . -3/af/ ug]{÷a;fOF ;g]{_
-u_ a6'jfnfO{ uªufn] vfg]kfgL lbg ============= . -;lsg÷;lsgg_
-3_ cltlynfO{ ld7f] af]nL jrg ug]{ 3/kl/jf/ ======= xf] . -wgL÷c;n_
-ª_ uªufn] ======= arfP/ /fv]sL lyOg . -k};f÷kfgL_
-r_ uªufsf] of]hgfnfO{ ufp“kflnsfn] ======= u¥of] . -c:jLsf/÷;xof]u_
-5_ kfgL 6ofªsL ag]kl5 uªufsf] dgdf ===== 5 . -56k6L÷zflGt_
-h_ ;'Gtn] ufp“af6 g}lts cEof;sf] ======= kfOG5 . -l9nfO÷k|]/0ff_
#= hf]8f ldnfpm M

v08 ‘c’ v08 ‘cf’
-s_ afnaflnsf ;dodf -s_ ;g{ rfx]gg
-v_ ufp“n]n] a;fOF -v_ uªuf b'MvL eOg

-u_ cltlynfO{ vfg]kfgL lbg g;Sbf -u_ uflj;df cg'/f]w ul/g .
-3_ ;Rrf wgn] cfktljktdf -3_ sfd u/]sL lyOgg .
-ª_ uªufsf] k|of;n] -ª_ ljBfno k'Ub}gy] .
-r_ uªufn] vfg]kfgL Nofpg -r_ cfdfn] h:tf] ;xof]u u5{ .
-5_ uªufn] gfdsf nflu -5_ ;'Gtn]df vfgLkfgL cfof] .
-h_ v]tdf hfGy] .
$= 5f]6f] pQ/ n]v M
-s_ afnaflnsf ;dodf ljBfno gk'Ug'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
-v_ ufp“n]n] lsg a;fOF ;g{ rfx]gg <
-u_ uªufn] ;fgL 5Fbf s] ;'g]sL lyOg <
-3_ uªufn] arfPsf] k};fn] s] ug]{ tof/L u/]sL lyOg <
-ª_ uªufn] ufp“n]sf] s'g k|:tfj dflggg <
-r_ 6ofªsLsf] ;'/Iff s;/L ul/Psf] 5 <
-5_ ufp“n] uªufnfO{ s] eg]/ ;Ddfg u5{g <
%= oL sfd u/ M
-s_ kf7df ltdLn] uªufn] g}lts lzIff lbg] ;fdflhs sfd u/]sf] ljifo k9of} .
uªufsf] sfdaf6 v';L ePsf ufp“n]n] ;fd"lxs ¿kdf pgnfO{ lbg] wGojfbsf]
a]xf]/fsf] gd'gf tof/ kf/ .
-v_ tn lbOPsf] ufp“sf] ljifodf k9 . To;kl5 sIffsf ljBfyL{ b'O{ ;d"xdf afFl8P/
Pp6f ;d"xn] ufp“sf] ;d:of eg / csf]{ ;d"xn] ;dfwfgsf pkfo atfpm M
Pp6f clt ;'Gb/ ufp“ 5 . ufp“sf] jl/kl/ v]t 5 . v]tsf] lardf ufp“ 5 .
lardf ufp“ ePsfn] o;nfO{ dflg;x¿ dfem ufp“ eG5g . ufp“n]n] v]tdf kfgL
nufpgsf nflu glhs}sf] vf]nfaf6 s'nf] vg]sf 5g . s'nfdf /fd|f];Fu kfgL
cfpF5 . Psy/L s'nf] vGbf d]/f] a9L kl/>d k/]sfn] d}n] a9L kfgL nfpg'k5{
eG5g . csf{y/L s'nf] vGbf d]/f] 3/sf w]/} sf]bfnf nu]sfn] kfgL dnfO{ w]/}

rflxG5 eG5g . sf]xL d ufp“sf] h]7f]af7f] ePsfn] d}n] w]/} kfgL kfpg'k5{
eG5g . x/]s lbg ;fFem;Dd klg pgLx¿ s'nfsf] kfgLs} ljifodf cfcfkmgf]
ts{ u5{g . sf]xL /flt uP/ Pp6fsf] v]tdf nflu/x]sf] kfgL y'g]/ cfkmgf
v]tlt/ nfpF5g . laxfg v]tdf uPkl5 pgLx¿ km]l/ kfgLs} afF8kmfF8af/]
s/fpg yfN5g . dfem ufp“ b]Vbf ;'Gb/ t/ a'embf c;'Gb/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .
-u_ l5d]ssf s'g} tLg kl/jf/sf Ps Ps ldlxg]tL / kl/>dL JolSt;Fu e]6
u/L pgLx¿n] arfP/ /fv]sf] k};fn] ug{ rfx]sf] sfd lgDglnlvt 9fFrfdf
pNn]v u/L sIffdf k|:t't u/ M
l5d]sLsf] gfd
arfPsf] k};fn] ug{ rfx]sf] sfd
ltd|f] b[li6df pSt sfd
-c_ ;jf]{Qd - _ -cf_ pQd - _
-O_ plrt - _ -O{_ l7s} - _
-p_ ;fdfGo - _ -pm_ a]l7s - _
sf/0f
^= ltd|f] ufp“, 6f]n, l5d]sdf vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of 5 ls 5}g, 5 eg] ;dfwfg
ug{ s] s] ug'{knf{, cfkmgf ljrf/ n]v .
&= ltdLn] eljiodf cfk"mn] arfPsf] k};f s] s:tf sfddf vr{ u5f}{, sf/0f;lxt
n]v .
*= ‘kfgLsf] ;b'kof]u’ zLif{ssf Pp6f ;+jfb n]v .

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