an introduction to diabetes, specially Gestational diabetes. What is Diabetes Types of Diabetes Causes Risk Factors Controling Gestational Diabetes Syptomes Complications Prevention

1. Gestational
Diabetes
Dr. Hadis Zeinali
Shaqayeq Mahmoudi
9/Khordad/1401
University of Science and Culture

2. Contents
What is Diabetes
Types of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes
Cause?
Risk Factors
Controling Gestational Diabetes
Syptomes
Complications
Complications in Baby
Macrosomia
Early (Preterm) Birth
Serious Breathing Difficulties
C-Section is Bad?
Low Blood Sugar (Hypoglycemia)
Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Later in Life
Oxidative Stress
Defect in Motor Function
Stillbirth
Complications in Mother
High blood Pressure
C-section
Future Diabetes
Prevention

3. What is Diabetes
Most of Food  Glucose  Blood Stream
Blood Sugar Pancreas  Insulin Glucose  Cell  Energy
Diabetes Insulin
Insulin Use
Blood Glucose
Diabetes : Glucose Cell :(
1

4. Types
Type 1
Diabetes
Diabetes
of
Type 2 Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes
2

5. Autoimmune
Immune System Cells  B-Cell (Pancreas)  Insulin
1
Type Diabetes
Glucose Cell :(
3

6. Pancreas  Insulin BUT Cell  Insulin Resistance
Insulin  Cell Receptor Blood Sugar  Insulin
Hyperinsulinemia
2
Type Diabetes
Glucose Cell :(
4

7. Month 4-5-6
Placental Hormone
Estrogen, Cortisol, and Human Placental Lactogen(hPL)
BUT Insulin Resistance
Pancreas  Insulin
Gestational Diabetes
Glucose Fetus :):
Placenta
5.8
5

8. Cause?
Hormone  placental Hormone
Why Not All Mothers?
6

9. Risk Factors
Being
Overweight
04
02
01
03
Not Exercising
Having
Prediabetes GD in
Previous
Pregnancy
PCOS
Baby> 4.1Kg
05
06
7

10. Controling
Gestational Diabetes
Eat healthy foods
Keep active
Medicine
8

11. Increased Thirst
More-Frequent
Urination
Symptoms
9

12. Complications
Complications that May Affect the Baby
1. Macrosomia
2. Early (Preterm) Birth
3. Serious Breathing Difficulties
4. Low Blood Sugar (Hypoglycemia)
5. Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Later in Life
6. Oxidative Stress
7. Defect in Motor Function
8. Stillbirth
Complications that May Affect the Mother
1. High blood Pressure
2. C-section
3. Future Diabetes
10

13. Complications
in
baby
11

14. Macrosomia
Blood Sugar Weight (4.1Kg)
Glucose Placenta 
Islet Hyperplasia  Pancreas 
More Insulin
Glucose Fetus  Extra
Glucose = Lipid  Overweight 
C-section
12

15. Early Birth
Hyperglycemia  Polyhydramnios  Amniotic Fluid
Amniotic Fluid
Overweight
Uterus Stretch
C-section Early Birth
13

16. Serious Breathing Difficulties
Early Birth  Respiratory Distress Syndrome  Difficulty in Breathing
Surfactant Air Sac  O2 CO2
14

17. C-Section is Bad?
Oxytocin Hypothalamus(produced)
Uterine Contractions  Pain
Pain = High Levels of Oxytocin  Oxytocin Brain  Neural
Networks  Autism
Pain  Low Levels of Oxytocin  Autism
Posterior Pituitary(released)
Placenta
15

18. Hypoglycemia
Low Levels of Sugar  Seizures
why?
Mother  High Levels of Glucose  Placenta 
Fetus  Getting used to Glucose
16

19. Obesity & Type 2 Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes Child’s BMI
Type 2 Diabetes
17

20. Oxidative Stress
Hyperglycemia  Oxidative Stress 
Developing Cell
Hyperglycemia  ROS  Antioxidant
1. Membrane Alterations
2. Mitochondrial Dysfunction
3. Initiation of Abnormal Programmed Cell
Death (Apoptosis)
18

21. Gross and Fine Motor Abilities
Gross & Fine Motor Abilities
57 Control
32 GD
Lower Score  Bruininks-Oseretsky Fine and Gross Motor Abilities
• Lower Sensory-Motor Function
• Lower Verbal Intelligence
• ADHD
Negative Correlation  HbA1c & Score
19

22. Stillbirth
Untreated Gestational Diabetes  Death Before or After Birth
20

23. Complications
in
Mother
21

24. High blood pressure
C-Section
Diabetes
Complications in Mother
22

25. Prevention
No Guarantees :,)
Healthy Habits
Eat Healthy Foods
Keep Active
Start Pregnancy at a Healthy Weight
23

26. Refrences
● https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gestational-diabetes/symptoms-
causes/syc-20355339
● https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/diabetes.html#:~:text=With%20diabetes%2C%20y
our%20body%20either,and%20released%20into%20your%20bloodstream.
● https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/insulin-resistance-
syndrome#:~:text=Insulin%20resistance%20is%20when%20cells,blood%20sugar%20levels%2
0go%20up.
● https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=gestational-diabetes-mellitus-
gdm-85-P00337
● https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25783684/#:~:text=Results%3A%20Diabetic%20embry
opathy%20can%20affect,growth%20abnormalities%2C%20and%20perinatal%20mortality.
24

27. Thanks!