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‫شقايق‬
‫محمودي‬
19
/
‫اسفند‬
/
1400
‫فرهنگ‬ ‫و‬ ‫علم‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
‫حسينی‬ ‫مريم‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫رائول‬ ‫قانون‬ ‫طبق‬
:
‫فشار‬ ‫محلول‬ ‫در‬ ‫حالل‬ ‫بخار‬ ‫فشار‬
‫خالص‬ ‫حالت‬ ‫در‬ ‫حالل‬ ‫بخار‬
‫چون‬ ‫است‬ ‫تر‬ ‫کوچک‬ ‫از‬
‫درکسر‬
‫شده‬ ‫ضرب‬ ‫یک‬ ‫از‬ ‫تر‬ ‫کوچک‬
𝑃1 = 𝑋1𝑃1
° 𝑃1
° 𝑃1
1 − 𝑋2 = 𝑋1 𝑃1= 𝑋1𝑃1
°
= (1 − 𝑋2) 𝑃1
°
𝑃1
𝑃1
°
𝑃1
°
‫از‬ ‫محلول‬ ‫در‬ ‫حالل‬ ‫بخار‬ ‫فشار‬ ‫است‬ ‫واضح‬
‫است‬ ‫کمتر‬ ‫خلوص‬ ‫حالت‬ ‫در‬ ‫حالل‬ ‫بخار‬ ‫فشار‬
.
‫از‬ ‫فشار‬ ‫اختالف‬
‫آید‬‫مي‬ ‫بدست‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫رابطه‬
.
‫به‬ ‫شود‬‫مي‬ ‫تبدیل‬ ‫فوق‬ ‫رابطه‬ ‫زیاد‬ ‫های‬ ‫رقت‬ ‫حد‬ ‫در‬
‫یا‬ ‫و‬
𝑃1
° 𝑃1
𝑃1
°−𝑃1
𝑃1
° = 𝑋2
𝑃1
°
𝑃1
°−𝑃1
𝑐2𝑉 = 𝑀2
𝑃1
°−𝑃1
𝑃1
° =
𝑐2𝑉
𝑀2
‫آبي‬ ‫خط‬
:
‫حالل‬
‫خالص‬
‫خ‬
‫قرمز‬ ‫ط‬
:
10
%
‫شونده‬ ‫حل‬
‫خ‬
‫زرد‬ ‫ط‬
:
20
%
‫شونده‬ ‫حل‬
‫خ‬
‫سبز‬ ‫ط‬
:
30
%
‫شونده‬ ‫حل‬
‫حل‬ ‫ماده‬ ‫غلظت‬
‫شونده‬
‫گفتیم‬ ‫شیمیایی‬ ‫پتانسیل‬ ‫رابطه‬ ‫از‬
:
‫مایع‬ ‫و‬ ‫بخار‬ ‫فاز‬ ‫در‬ ‫حالل‬ ‫شیمیایی‬ ‫پتانسیل‬ ‫تعادل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫در‬
‫یعنی‬ ‫باشند‬ ‫برابر‬ ‫هم‬ ‫با‬ ‫باید‬
:
‫طرفی‬ ‫از‬
:
𝜇1 = 𝜇1
°
+ 𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛𝑋1
𝜇1𝑣= 𝜇1𝑙
𝜇1𝑣
= 𝜇1𝑣
°
+ 𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛𝑋1
−
∆𝑯𝑣𝑎𝑝
𝑅
𝑇1−𝑇0
𝑇1𝑇0
= −ln𝑋1
∆𝑯𝑣𝑎𝑝
𝑅
×
∆𝑇𝑏𝑝
𝑇0
2 = −ln𝑋1
∆𝑇𝑏𝑝 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇0
𝑇1 = 𝑇0
‫رقت‬ ‫در‬
‫زیاد‬
‫دانیم‬‫مي‬
(
‫تیلور‬ ‫بسط‬ ‫طبق‬
:)
‫داشت‬ ‫خواهیم‬ ‫زیاد‬ ‫هاي‬ ‫رقت‬ ‫در‬
:
‫اینکه‬ ‫به‬ ‫توجه‬ ‫با‬
:
‫نتیجه‬ ‫در‬
:
ln 𝑋1 = ln 1 − 𝑋2 = −𝑋2 −
𝑋2
2
2
−
𝑋2
3
3
∆𝑇𝑏𝑝 =
𝑅𝑇0
2
∆𝑯𝑣𝑎𝑝
𝑋2
𝑋2≈
𝑐2𝑉
𝑀2
∆𝑇𝑏𝑝 =
𝑅𝑇0
2
𝑐2𝑉
∆𝑯𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑀2
‫در‬
‫نتیجه‬
:
𝐾𝑏 =
𝑅𝑇0
2
𝑽
∆𝑯𝑣𝑎𝑝
∆𝑇𝑏𝑝=𝐾𝑏
𝑐2
𝑀2
∆𝑇𝑏𝑝 =
𝑅𝑇0
2
𝑐2𝑉
∆𝑯𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑀2
‫نارنجي‬ ‫خط‬
:
‫حالل‬
‫خ‬
‫آبي‬ ‫ط‬
:
‫محلول‬
‫شونده‬ ‫حل‬ ‫غلظت‬
‫جوش‬ ‫نقطه‬
‫داریم‬ ‫جامد‬ ‫و‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫فاز‬ ‫تعادل‬ ‫حالت‬ ‫در‬
:
•
‫من‬ ‫عالمت‬
‫حالل‬ ‫به‬ ‫شونده‬ ‫حل‬ ‫افزودن‬ ‫با‬ ‫دهد‬‫مي‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫في‬
‫کند‬‫مي‬ ‫نزول‬ ‫آن‬ ‫انجماد‬ ‫نقطه‬
.
𝜇1𝑙= 𝜇1𝑠
∆𝑇𝑓,𝑝 =
𝑅𝑇𝑓2. 𝑐2
∆𝐻𝑓𝑢𝑠. 𝑀2
= −𝐾𝑓
𝑐2
𝑀2
‫غشا‬ ‫سمت‬ ‫دو‬ ‫در‬ ‫شیمیایی‬ ‫پتانسیل‬
:
•
‫وزن‬ ‫آوردن‬ ‫بدست‬ ‫براي‬ ‫توان‬‫مي‬ ‫اسمزي‬ ‫فشار‬ ‫رابطه‬ ‫از‬
‫نمود‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫مولکولي‬
.
𝜇1𝛼= 𝜇1𝛽
𝜋 = 𝑅𝑇
𝑐2
𝑀2
𝑋2 =
𝑐2𝑽
𝑀2
𝜋 = 𝑅𝑇
𝑋2
𝑉
‫از‬ ‫تشکر‬ ‫با‬
‫شما‬ ‫توجه‬

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