Edward Jenner Is A Hero Of The 18Th Century

Edward Jenner Is A Hero Of The 18th Century
Since the beginning of time, man has been plagued with diseases that have destroyed hundreds of
thousands of people in a matter of months. Illness surrounding the home and city made it so children
died at the tender age of 4 and made it a miracle to live past 12. If it weren't for innovative people
like Dr. Edward Jenner, Louis Pasteur, and men and women like them, the world would never have
experienced the benefits of modern medicine and the human race would still live in the harsh reality
that is talked about in history books. The innovations in medicine have a vast and crucial history
that has lead to the richness and fullness of life that we know of today.
The earliest medical discoveries were done with very little technology and relied ... Show more
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"The practice of variation in China can be documented to the seventeenth century, and be traced
back to the sixteenth century (Plotkin 5). The practice in China carried into Europe in the
seventeenth century and expanded. The seventeenth and eighteenth century were a crucial time in
the creation of vaccines to prevent diseases. The first step of the innovation came from
"inoculation." Centuries ago, it had been observed that those who were infected by the smallpox
disease and lived were never affected again. The practice of inoculation, which is defined as
artificial introduction of a disease into the body. In the late seventeenth century, inoculations were
being performed in the Turkish empire. The method of inoculation appeared to work, but was also
dangerous. The inoculation started with the collection of pus from a mildly infected person. The pus
was then dripped and rubbed into a scratch made by a needle in an unaffected person's arm. The
Turkish empire is to credit for the spread of the new medicinal knowledge. Lady Mary, the wife of
Britain's ambassador, pushed for the inoculation. She wrote to her friend that, "I am going to tell you
a thing that will make you wish yourself here. The smallpox, so fatal and so general among us, is
here entirely harmless..." (Marrin 36). Her words described the breakthrough of preventative disease
control. She described it as," ...the old woman comes with a nutshell
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Public Schools Should Not Be Banned
To Vaccinate or Not to Vaccinate
Whether to vaccinate or not to vaccinate our children has recently become a debatable and
controversial issue amongst parents and activists alike. There are many people who believe there is
a greater risk in vaccinating their children due to the side effects, including seizures, paralysis, and
in some cases, death although a very small percentage of children actually experience these side
effects. Vaccines help prevent deadly diseases by preparing the body to fight off the illnesses when
and if they occur. Children should be required to be up to date on all vaccinations to attend public
schools, although many parents and religious groups do not agree(Song, 2014). Allowing children to
attend public school unvaccinated should not be condoned, the parents are putting their child as well
as other children at risk of contracting a disease.
History and Current Status of Vaccinations It is not exactly clear when the first actual inoculation
was performed. Some sources say the Chinese had been using some type of vaccines all the way
back to 1000 AD. There was an outbreak of smallpox in Boston in 1721 that prompted physicians
and the population to come up with something to resist the outbreak, a physician Zabdiel Boylston,
had inoculated 248 people. Only about 3% of those people died versus the normal 14% fatality with
no inoculation. In the late 1700's, a vaccine was developed by Edward Jenner, a young English
physician; he developed this vaccine

Essay about The Vaccine that Made Me Want to Become a Doctor
As a kid all I cared about was playing with the latest toys and being truly mischievous, although
those habits soon changed around the first time I ever learned about medicine. Around my tenth
birthday, I went to receive an injection at a local clinic in my home town I was so frightened of
needles and at the time I acutely hated doctors as a result of that. When the doctor was about to
administrate the shot he said, "Look the other way, it will hurt less." In that act of kindness I knew
that doctor cared about his patients and that they do not just inject one for fun they do it to help you.
After the shot had been carried out I asked the doctor what that syringe contained. He went on to tell
me that in the shot there was a vaccine, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inoculation may also have been practiced by scratching substances from a smallpox sore into the
skin (Bazin, 2000).
Inoculation of diseases in that way was not always effective. More than half of the people who
performed that process died. Inoculation was all they had back then, but it came with a cost the
small amount of people who were inoculated and lived ended up spread the diseases rapidly because
they were not quarantined properly. However a man by the name of Dr. Edward Jenner in 1798 took
the next step by introducing inoculation with scabs not from small pox but from something similar.
He was the one responsible for creating the vaccine for smallpox (Glynn, 2004). Dr. Jenner noticed
that the girls or women employed to milk dairy cows who had previously caught cowpox did not
later contract smallpox. He then created an experiment where he chose a boy by the name of James
Phipps who was just eight at the time as his subject and infected him with cowpox. The child was
sick for a while, but then he was perfectly healthy. Jenner then inoculated the boy again with fresh
scabs from a smallpox infected human. Later the boy did not contract the disease (Bazin, 2000).
This led to the creation of the vaccine, which over time ended up eradicating the disease Apparently,
the term vaccine actually came from the smallpox epidemic. It was first used by Jenner's friend,
Richard Dunning in 1800. The term vaccine/vaccination referred only to

Mandatory Vaccination Paper
Mandatory vaccination continues to be a contentious subject in the United States, even though
extensive evidence proves inoculation prevents certain diseases. According to A. Plotkin & L.
Plotkin (2011), the evolution of the first vaccine commenced in the 1700's when a physician named
Edwards Jenner discovered that cowpox protected individuals from one of the deadliest diseases
termed smallpox. The precise virus Jenner used is unclear; however, it was espoused in the
extermination of smallpox worldwide. The researchers further explained, the unearthing of the
subsequent vaccine known as chicken cholera occurred approximately 80 years later by Louise
Pasteur. Ever since, copious vaccines such as rabies, yellow fever, varicella, pneumococcal, mumps
and recently HPV have been introduced.
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2014), reports illnesses such as polio, measles,
rubella, tetanus and pertussis that were previously rampant are now obviated by the influx of
vaccines and has protected the lives of millions of citizens. Moreover, neonates who have a
diminished immune system receive immunoglobins from their mother, yet, the immunity last for
about a year. When these infants ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Richard Pan and Mr. Allen, both activists of vaccinations, introduced the bill 277 in California
which mandates vaccines for all school children and eliminates exclusions that are not for medical
reasons. In a statement on Dr. Richard Pans website (2015), he explains the epidemic of measles in
2015 that hospitalized several children was the reason behind the new law. Dr. Pan urged the
audience that vaccinations will decrease preventable diseases and protect children and the public
from such diseases. He also references children who are immunocompromised and cannot receive
vaccinations are protected if healthy classmates receive their vaccines. Dr. Pan and Mr. Allen
believes members in their community will live a healthy life due to the implementation of this new

Critical Review of 'Sex, Smallpox and Seraglios: a...
Sex, smallpox and seraglios: a monument to
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
Frith's article entitled Sex, smallpox and seraglios: a monument to Lady Mary Wortley Montagu was
written in order to show the way life was for a woman in the eighteenth century. Her article
illustrates what the role of men and women were during the 18th century. Furthermore, it shows
what happened to women when they broke through these societal restrictions. There were three
underlying points in Frith's article, she mainly focused on; the restrictions that women had in
society, the extreme importance of beauty in western society and the societal differences between
western society and eastern society regarding women. Frith is also trying to show that our world ...
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Montagu was largely self–educated, but despite this, was only respected because of her looks and
beauty. In this time women were scrutinized as being forms of male gratification whether it be
sexual or otherwise, which was a major reason why the beauty of a woman was the most important
thing.
Following the explanation of women and their beauty, Frith discusses how Montagu left for Turkey
to follow her husband who was the Ambassador to the Ottoman court. This is where Montagu saw
the process of inoculation for the disease smallpox. This was a major advancement in the medical
field because smallpox were seen as one of the worst and most dreaded diseases that one could get,
because if it did not kill you it left your face disfigured from the pox, which in a time where beauty
was everything for woman was very devastating.
Here Frith goes on to explain how 18th C. England saw the East as a "European invention" (Frith
1994, 105) because of the European economic expansion eastward. The Europeans viewed the East
as "barbarous and backwards, enslaved by superstitious fatalism, trapped in a realm of sloth,
decadence and sensual abandonment." (Frith 1994, 105) These views were based on the different
beliefs regarding women and marriage, and are why England was so astonished that a medical
marvel such as inoculation came from a savage land. It is at this time that Montagu shows her
defiance of the Western way of life and

Should Vaccines Be Mandatory?
"Vaccines prevent an estimated 2.5 million deaths among children younger than age 5 every year,
[however;] 1 child dies every 20 seconds from a disease that could have been prevented by a
vaccine" (Global Health Security: Immunization). Having this preventative practice have been
extremely beneficial and vital to the well–being of the human race. Few have disagreed mandating
vaccines, however; the benefits outweigh the setbacks from not being vaccinated. Therefore,
vaccinations should be mandatory because they prevent disease and aid in public health. Vaccines
allowed the many to become resistant or immune to a several of infectious diseases. Introducing a
dead or weakened germ "stimulates a person's immune system to produce immunity to a ... Show
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Opponent believe that many of the ingredients of vaccines are harmful to the human can cause harm
to the recipient. However, the ingredients in the vaccines are safe to put in the human body. In some
vaccine production, "certain antibiotics may be used to help prevent bacterial contamination during
manufacturing" and "antibiotics most likely to cause severe allergic reactions are not used in
vaccine production" (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). Therefore, the antibiotics that can cause
severe allergic reactions are not present in the vaccines. Furthermore, formaldehyde is present in
vaccines and has "a long history of safe use in the manufacture of certain viral and bacterial
vaccines" (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). According to the FDA, "formaldehyde is produced
naturally in the human body as a part of normal functions of the body to produce energy and build
the basic materials needed for important life processes". Excessive exposure of formaldehyde may
cause cancer, however; "there is no evidence linking cancer to infrequent exposure to tiny amounts
of formaldehyde via injection as occurs with vaccines" (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). With
its safe history and natural production in our body, formaldehyde in vaccines can be proven to be
safe to be used. The ingredients of vaccines have bene proven to be safe and thus vaccines are safe
as

Edward Jenner Research Paper
"Father of Immunology", Edward Jenner was a scientist and is famous for his conclusion of
smallpox vaccine. This was the successful vaccine ever to be developed and remains the only
effective treatment for the smallpox. His discovery was a large medical breakthrough and has saved
lives. In 1980, the W–H Organization had said smallpox disease was gone.
He was born on May 17, 1749, in, England. He received his work at Chipping Sodbury, from eight
years as an apprentice . During his work, an interesting thing happened that led to his largely famous
discovery in years. He overheard someone say that they could not get the Smallpox disease because
she had already had another disease. This showed a desire inside himself to carry out a research on

Should Children Vaccinations Be Mandatory?
Diseases and illnesses are studied constantly by doctors and scientists trying to find a cure for them.
Plague and disease once ravaged our world killing thousands, with no hope or cure to prevent them
from occurring. Today, however, is different. Technology is more advanced than ever, and people
are living longer than ever before. Life expectancy in the United States has gone up by more than 30
years in the last decades. It isn't by luck that many diseases now cease to exist, but through
extensive studies, and research. The medical field is at the height of its studies with more people
being cured of diseases than ever before. Most of this is to the credit of doctors and scientists
developing vaccinations that help the body create antibodies, which help fight away diseases, and
give the body immunity. I believe that forced vaccinations in children should be mandatory as they
have the potential to prevent life threatening diseases, and save countless lives. Though many are
against forced vaccinations and say they can cause mental illnesses or brain damage, this has not
been proven. The rewards far out way the slight risk, if risk at all of the vaccination having side
effects. The individuals who are not vaccinated are left vulnerable to illness, and can potentially
infect those around them as well. Leaving scare of an epidemic, and wide spread of a virus. Forced
vaccinations in the United States have been beneficial by preventing young children from
contracting certain

Edward Jenner's Discovery Of The Smallpox Vaccine
Edward Jenner was a British physician and scientist, who studied anatomy and surgery. Jenner is
best known for introducing the smallpox vaccination to Britain in the year of 1796. He was the
pioneer of the smallpox Vaccine and thanks to him there was cure to this deadly disease. Along
researching about Edward's discovery, it can be inferred what the term, "virus," and "disease," mean
to further explain this disease; and inform to others what is smallpox how, how this disease came
about and how one becomes infected and what are the symptoms to the disease? Indeed, it is
questioned how Jenner came to conclude for such cure, how it was then treated to patients, and how
it is now.
`To briefly explain the difference between the term," virus" and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Along my research I also was able to explain what the, "Smallpox disease," was, explain where it
originated from and the symptoms of it. As well I was able to explain in this paper Jenner's
discovery about the disease cowpox and smallpox. I also learned along the way the most important
point of this research paper, the smallpox vaccine by Edward Jenner. I briefly explained based of my
research how he came to conclude for such vaccine and how he precisely though for the inoculation.
I also explained how he tested his theory for his famous vaccine to come about. To mention I also
was able to give few feedbacks on how disease today and how it is

Ethical Issues That Arise In Jenner’s Vaccination Against...
Ethical Issues That Arise In Jenner's Vaccination Against Smallpox
In Edward Jenner's Vaccination Against Smallpox, the way Jenner experiments on the people in his
village questions whether or not his actions were ethical. Jenner's work on the people in his
community addresses many health risks due to the smallpox disease, his work may have had both
purpose and justification, but the way Jenner carried out his experiments were very dangerous and
harmful to his community. Jenner put many people's lives in jeopardy including men, women and
even young innocent children. If the Nuremburg Code was established prior to Jenner's time,
Jenner's work might have been rejected. Jenner's work may have been rejected because in his
writing and in his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the beginning of Jenner's inquiry he assumed that a disease called the grease was the source of
how the smallpox came about (Jenner, 13). In fact, it was proven later on, that the grease had no ties
or connection to the smallpox disease whatsoever. The grease only shared a connection with the
cowpox disease (Jenner, 14). Jenner concluded that the grease and the cow–pox were the same
disease which was proved to be incorrect according to the footnotes of the editor (Jenner, 15). A lot
of people may question whether or not it is just to inoculate humans with a deadly disease just to
satisfy curiosity about a subject. Jenner put a lot of people lives at risk. Jenner treated everyone like
nonhuman scientific subjects for his use of research and observation.
The smallpox disease carried the possibility of death. Jenner tested his theory on some humans who
were in perfect health. In case 17, Jenner mentioned that in order for him to accurately observe the
progress of the infection, he inoculated a healthy eight year old boy with the cowpox and then the
smallpox (Jenner, 24). This boy never had either diseases, but yet Jenner still chose to inoculate him
which was very unethical. By injecting both the cowpox and the smallpox put these healthy
individuals at dangerous risk. No point in Jenner's inquiry does Jenner mention him getting verbal
or written consent from the people in his village.

Animal Inoculations
Here above argument made by author states if inoculations against cow flu were to be administrated
routinely where disese is detected .But further argument sates that many people can die due to
untested inoculations against cow flue , which represents a serious point which can be argued and
considered.
However inoculations against any disease is needed must , by inoculations we can also prevent the
disease which were the most death takers. In animals inoculations are needed the most if its not
taken on time properly they can die due to disease . but it's also true that if we take inoculations on
time we can defeat disease like POLIO , cow flue etc , but using untested vaccines directly on the
humans may take a wrong turn and that person ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So if their are chances by giving cow flu shots to human it can cause harm to their life it can not be
used to get protection from disease , and also it's not necessary to take shots routinely but if it
continues to grow in certain areas people must get them self vaccinated to be on the safe side.
In this argument it states that the people in the area where the disease is detected and the that area
includes a big part it's not possible by the authority to keep them constantly under observations.
Vaccination is a part which comes under the part how much people knows about it and understands
the importance of it.Government or any administration authority can provide just facilities to get
them vaccinated , but it's up to the civilization that how much to take it seriously.
In sum, Cow flu can also be a danger to someones life and if it's inoculation is untested or harmful
to other human lives it's not a wise decision to be vaccinated by those . It's job of administration to
keep the people safe from the disease like this by making them aware of the vaccination and also no
to use them if they can be harmful to human

The Smallpox Vaccine
When the Smallpox disease made an overpopulated England its territory, it thrived and wiped out
thousands of people ("Smallpox Vaccine: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly"). Smallpox was a major
threat to many countries and civilizations for thousands of years; however, the permanent cure for
the disease began in England. During the eighteenth century, a physician by the name of Edward
Jenner was credited with the invention of the most important piece of medical technology, the
vaccine, and became known as the "Father of Immunology". Although Edward Jenner encountered
errors in his research, and people questioned the ethics of the vaccine trials, he used his knowledge,
determination, and medical experience to explore a more efficient and advanced ... Show more
There are samples of smallpox being kept in laboratories to create vaccines, in case there is another
smallpox outbreak in the United States; however, this is considered to be a potential agent of
bioterrorism. With the eradication of smallpox in America, it was not necessary to continue using
the smallpox vaccine on Americans. This makes Americans who haven't been immunized for
smallpox more susceptible to contracting and spreading it if there was another outbreak to occur.
Therefore, this makes America vulnerable to the disease if someone were to introduce it to the
population. (Whitley RJ). If this were to happen, we would risk infecting every other place in the
world because of how many people and products from America move around the

Arguement For Animal Cruelty
I am an animal person so I would make a law that would toughen the penalty against people who
commit animal cruelty. There are currently laws that prohibit animal cruelty, some of them being
fins, and some face jail time. There are many people that do get punished at all for committing even
the worst of animal cruelty. My proposal would be that everyone would get punished based on the
crime. Most animal suffering is unrecognized. The punishment should be just like a person would
get punished if they committed the same crime against another person. I am also a nurse, and have
worked in a public health department where I saw a lot of parents that did not vaccinate their child
because of one reason or another. I would make it a law that

Stress Inoculation
Stress Stress is the "wear and tear" our bodies experience as we adjust to our continual changing
environment; it has physical and emotional effects on us and can create negative feelings. As a
positive influence, stress can help compel us to action; result in a new awareness and an exciting
new perspective. As a negative influence stress can result in feelings of distrust, rejection anger, and
depression, which in turn can cause health problems such as headaches, upset stomach, rashes,
insomnia, ulcers, high pressure, heart disease, and stroke. (Koop,1998). The long term effects of
stress on one's health are quite significant. The American Academy of Family Physicians has said
that two thirds of office visits to family doctors are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mechanisms that explain why students perform badly under stress include "hypervigilance"
(excessive alertness to a stressful situation resulting in panic–for example, overstudying for an
exam) and "premature closure" (quickly choosing a solution to end a stressful situation–for
example, rushing through an exam). (Falk,1995). Students react to college in a variety of ways. For
some students, college is stressful because it is an abrupt change from high school. For others,
separation from home is a source of stress. Although some stress is necessary for personal growth to
occur, the amount of stress can overwhelm students and affect the ability to cope. Since World War
II, changes in American higher education includes growth has been a loss of personal attention to
students. One measure of excessive stress, or distress, in college students is the use of mental health
services. Symptoms commonly report by campus psychiatrists portray a general picture of school
related stress, for example, the inability to do school work and the fear of academic failure. One way
for teachers to promote more of a healthy learning environment is to reduce stress among students.
Studies of teachings that produces the most learning suggest that "effective" teachers use an
analytical and synthetic approach to the subject matter, organize the material well to make it clear,
and establish rapport with their students. Most

Vaccinations Are The Best Way For Prevent / Eliminate /...
Aissatou Sougou
Topic: Vaccinations are the best way to prevent/eliminate/address/ tackle deadly diseases in the
developing world. To what extent do you agree?
Introduction
There are various diseases which are very deadly to human being. Those who are highly affected are
those living in third world countries. In this way, different methods of interventions and preventions
have been performed, however vaccinations are broadly viewed as one of the best therapeutic
accomplishments of cutting edge progress. Vaccinations can be defined as the injection of an
external agent to human body, in order to prevent or cure an infectious disease. Various studies,
touching epidemiology and sociology, show the positive impact of vaccinations on mortality.
According to Andre (2005, p23–25), "Without doubt, vaccines are among the most efficient tools for
promoting individual and public health and deserve better press".
This essay will endeavor to present the impact of vaccinations on the human mortality rate, it will
also show which are the better ways of prevention method in public health and finally, the cost–
efficiency of vaccinations for government and its partners.
Main Body
One of the main benefits of vaccinations is the decrease of the global high mortality rate. The pre–
vaccination before being exposed to an illness, ensure people a protection against the effects of this
disease. A post–injection after an exposure can also confer an immunity to people. For instance 30
years ago,

Edward Jenner and the First Vaccine
Edward Jenner was born on May 17, 1749 Berkeley, Gloucestershire– England. By the time Edward
was the age of eight years old he already showed an interest in bird and nature. When Edward was
thirteen years old he began an apprenticeship with surgeon Daniel Ludlow. He continued to study
Daniel Ludlow until the age of twenty–one when he went to London to study under surgeon John
Hunter at St. George's hospital. After finishing his studies he returned to Berkley and ran his own
medical practice. In this era, surgeons were taught through apprenticing and physicians were
educated through universities. Edward Jenner returned to school and in 1792– earned a medical
degree from the University of St. Andrews. In the 18th century Europe was plagued by a disease
called Small Pox. Small pox is caused by the virus variola; it enters through the lungs into the blood
system, infecting the organs. The virus then spreads to the skin where it multiplies causing a rash,
fever, headache, backache and vomiting. The rash begins small and grows bigger and raised from
the skin. Severe cases cause death from blood poisoning, other infections or internal bleeding. There
is no effective treatment once infected. If you were a survivor you were left with terrible scars and
sometimes blindness. Surviving small pox also made you immune so many people were inoculated
during this time. Edward Jenner was inoculated as a young boy then locked in a barn with other
inoculated children; he

Law To Vaccinate Parents
"We want to believe we are invincible and that nothing can touch our children. We have access to
the best medical care. Many of the deadly diseases that swept through communities have now been
eradicated due to vaccination." This quotation was written by a woman named Linda Anderson.
When her son was only a few months old, he did of a vaccine–preventable disease. If you were to
ask her, she would implore you to vaccinate her children. She suffered a loss that no parent should
ever have to endure. Parents should be required by law to vaccinate their children because the
argument against it (regarding autism) is invalid, they keep children from getting and spreading
preventable, and sometimes dangerous diseases, and they prevent loss of life. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Smallpox is one example of a diseases that could be deadly to a small child that contracts it. If a
baby catches an illness that bad, he or she does not have a strong enough immune system yet and
there is a great chance the child won't make it. Like I mentioned before, Linda Anderson lost her
baby due to a vaccine preventable disease. No parent should have to suffer a loss like that. The
saddest part is, there are many other stories out there just like Linda's. A very young child catches a
disease, their immune system isn't strong enough to fight it, the child doesn't make it. It's absolutely
horrible. Another mother, Karen Alpert, says in an entry on her blog, BabySideburns, she
understands that parents would do whatever they can do protect their child, but children need to be
vaccinated. In the blog, she talks about how she doesn't want her children to catch a preventable
disease just because some parents think they know better than doctors.
The argument can be made that vaccines have ingredients that can be harmful to small children.
However, these ingredients are given in such small doses that they just help the child build up an
immunity to them and to the disease the vaccine is made to prevent so they won't catch chickenpox
or smallpox. Parents would know this is they looked at how much of each ingredient the vaccines

The Enlightenment And Rousseau's Role Of Women In The...
The Enlightenment was an era when many classical ideas about culture, governance, and the laws of
nature were challenged by brilliant philosophical minds. The whole intellectual landscape was
changing and a new emphasis on reason was placed, and it was during this time that "women
became more involved in public life through travel, conversation, reading and writing." (22) With
their increased involvement in the Salons and Masonic lodges that made up the public sphere, and in
essays, letters and novels, women were finally starting to be heard, and "their general education"
was put on the "intellectual agenda as never before." (22) But despite the growing influence of
female voices "everywhere in the Western world, women were still excluded from formal higher
education," (22) and the prevailing notion of women back then could be perfectly summed up by
Rousseau in his essay Duties of Women, where he explains that women "are specially made for
man's delight," (569) and women "will always be in in subjection to a man, or to his judgment, and
she will never be free to set her own opinions above his." (579) Even today there still isn't equality
between the sexes, but we have come a long way from the world as Rousseau describes it, and the
whole discipline of feminist studies may have never existed without the groundwork that was laid
by proud men and women alike who assert that women were more than just the property of the
husband, and were just as integral to society as their

Chapter Analysis Essay: The Inoculation Theory
Chapter Analysis Essay: Inoculation Theory
This theory is often explained and equated to vaccinations, immunizations, flu shots and the like;
hence its name, Inoculation Theory. William McGuire, the originator of the theory in 1961, created
the phrase attitude inoculation to refer to the process ("Have your children had their anti–smoking
shots?" 2004). The idea behind the theory is to cause resistance to persuasion as it comes against
core beliefs or cultural truisms by inoculating the belief with smaller, less significant arguments.
This is designed to give the core belief greater solidity; ultimately making substantive arguments
less credible. Compton and Pfau adds inoculation increases vested interest which helps to
communicate with others about the issues (2009, p. 11).
Bullying has become a tragic social issue where inoculating youth may benefit society. In this
situation, schools might bring in drama teams to role play with students on the effects of bullying.
Perhaps educators could use comic books built around stories depicting scenarios that are true to life
and age appropriate. The central idea is to inject these messages in many smaller ways so that it
builds a resistance to any persuasive message that bullying is acceptable on any level at any age.
Goals of the Inoculation Theory As mentioned previously, resistance to persuasion is the primary
goal of the inoculation theory. Inoculation is a preventative as it is reinforcing cultural truisms by
facing smaller

The Link Between Autism And Vaccines
For several years there has actually been a debate concerning the connection of autism and vaccines
especially the mmr injection. Lots of moms and dads think about that the suggested inoculation
timetable for the mmr injection is not secure, which a few of its parts are harmful that source
Significant negative effects in kids such as autism. The advancement of autism in youngsters right
away after the mmr three–way go, has actually produced issue regarding whether there is a
partnership in between the two. Thimerosal is a 50 % ethylmercury anti–bacterial material that has
actually been utilized in injection prep works for greater than 50 years. Autism is a serious and also
damaging ailment identified by recurring practices and also damaged social communication and also
interaction capacities. Youngsters with autism have issues with repeating, level of sensitivity to
seem, structure, as well as discomfort, as well as limiting designs or regimens. There have actually
been numerous moms and dads consisting of stars promoting for much safer vaccines without
toxicants. There is no clinical evidence, nevertheless, that vaccines induce autism. Given that
Wakefield released in the lancet his monitoring that mmr injection could be entailed with the
advancement of autism, actually hundreds of magazines have actually shown up that rejected this
probability. Throughout the previous seventeen years, simultaneously with the hysteria that
happened after wake fields ' monitoring, hundreds

Inoculation In Boston
The year is 1721, and the up and coming port city of Boston is stricken with a massive outbreak of
the smallpox disease. Within months, hundreds upon hundreds of colonial Bostonians were wiped
out as a result of contracting the disease, and panic soon engulfed the city. In due course, the
technique of inoculating (which involved cutting into a healthy individual and inserting the flesh of
one with a particular disease, in an attempt to build up antibodies against the pathogen) was
introduced as a viable solution. It is important to note, however, that not all of the city's leaders
agreed that this was the best course of action to be taken. Also, the important issue of individual
rights versus the welfare of the general public (which has been ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As Boston is a British colonial settlement, it is required to follow British law, to the letter, and as
mentioned in the letter by Boston physician William Douglas regarding this: "Poysoning and
spreading infection, are by the penal laws of England felony. Inoculation falls in with the first
without any contradiction." (p.34) This would make the practice of inoculation an illegal act, no
doubt with punitive measures for transgressors. As mentioned above, it would also be considered by
several among the religious community to be an affront to God, the argument behind this being that
God decides when and how His children perish, and for one to employ the practice of inoculation is
an attempt to circumvent His will. As religion played an immensely powerful role in society during
this time period, this argument alone (that inoculations interfere with God's will) would be enough
to give any God–fearing colonial pause.
In defense of inoculation as a feasible course of action, the argument that stands out above the rest,
in my opinion, is that there were instances where this treatment was employed in parts of Asia and
Africa, and the results were favorable. Admittedly, there were some individuals, when exposed to
the smallpox contagion, who did not survive, it is hard to say if it was due to being introduced to a
weakened strain of smallpox, or other outside causes. Nonetheless, one cannot argue with the
success rate those in other lands experienced when using inoculation against

Childhood Inoculations
|
Childhood Inoculations|
Is it a decision for government or parents?|
|
Linda Trostle|
602.4.17–10|
|
There is much debate regarding the necessity and safety of childhood vaccinations. The Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends a series of vaccinations that include 26 doses
of various vaccinations before age 6. Each state regulates and enforces the requirements for
childhood vaccinations in the United State. Some parents believe that vaccinations can be harmful
and want the right to choose to raise their child without immunizations. Since effective widespread
immunizations have been accomplished, incidences of diseases have been significantly reduced.
These diseases include smallpox, diphtheria, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My viewpoint for childhood inoculations supports inoculations because scientific history of vaccine
success, current statistics of morbidity rates, and research on vaccine safety. Documentation of the
history of Jenner's achievement with the vaccine to prevent smallpox provides information for
vaccination success. (Riedel, 2005) The comparison of the annual morbidity rate of the twentieth
century and the morbidity rate of 2000, shows a dramatic decrease. (Malone & Hinman, n.d.) These
numbers demonstrate the success of childhood immunizations with improved survival rate in the
United States. (Malone & Hinman, n.d.) Extensive research has been conducted to determine the
safety of vaccinations. Thimerosal is accused of possibly causing autism. The CDC has concluded
that the "exposure to ethylmercury from thimerosal–containing immunizations during pregnancy or
as a young child, was not associated with any of the ASD (autism) outcomes." (Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 2011)
Reference List
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.) Addressing common concerns. Center for
Disease Control and Prevention: Atlanta, GA. Retrieved on September 24, 2011 from
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/Concerns/Index.html Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
(n.d.). CDC study on "prenatal and infant exposure to thimerosal from vaccines and immunoglobins
and risk of autism". Center for
Disease Control and

Vaccinations And The Prevention Of Infectious Diseases Essay
Kristen DeFlorio Student ID: 22339369 Introduction to Biology, SCI120 Research Project Number
25011100 11/29/2016 VACCINATIONS Throughout history, vaccinations have been used to help
the prevention of infectious diseases; some of which can produce serious illnesses, crippling
disabilities, and ultimately be the cause of death. There is evidence of ancient culture's attempting to
treat transmittable diseases with various forms of inoculations. Developments in the research of
vaccinations increased during the mid–twentieth century because of the established of more
advanced laboratories, improved equipment, and new innovations. The progression of medicine
during history has helped further the development of research into vaccinations. Several cultural,
ethical, and religious issues have resulted from the development and use of vaccinations in our
society. The topic of vaccinations has caused a strong debate amongst our culture about the safety
and danger of treating infectious diseases with such methods. Through the understanding of
infectious diseases, researchers have been able to create several types of vaccines to help prevent a
variety of life–threatening illnesses. Scientists develop immunizations using different techniques to
treat diseases. These types include: live, killed, toxoids, subunit, and conjugate vaccines.
Vaccinations that are the live type use a specific process which when administered will expose the
patient to the actual disease, but in a much

Preparation of Penicillin
IV. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Process Description
The classical penicillin production process is an aerobic fermentation in fed batch fermenters made
with some Penicillium strains, usually Penicillium chrysogenum (Nielson, 1997) that transforms
substrates rich in carbohydrates into penicillin. As with other antibiotic production processes (Cunha
et al., 2002), the penicillin process operated at antibiotics involves four stages. The incubation of the
culture strain provides the seed that grows in seed fermenters until a stage of maturity is reached.
Then, the seed is transferred to a final–stage fermenter. These fermenters are operated in fed–batch
mode under standard conditions in order to optimize the synthesis of penicillin. After ... Show more
A moisture level of 23± 1% is suitable for 100 gm rice flask. The amount of water to be added is
calculated as under 23% –x% = Z ml
Water to be added to the flask=Y+Z ml to compensate water loss.
Amount of inoculum taken = 2ml
Total volume of water required = Y+Z – 2ml
To be added/flask = C ml
Average valve of 'C 'for the entire flask is considered as the water to be added per flask.
Inoculum of colony on rice
Selected colonies are picked one by one from LCSA plate separately into a pre–sterilized tube
containing 1– 2 ml sterile water. Macerate the colony by pre–sterilized 5ml pipette in the side walls
of the tube without touching the bottom of the test tube. The above suspension is inoculated as each
colony into rice flask; mix gently so that the spore suspension is uniformly distributed over the rice
grains. Cover the flask with plug with sterilized gauze. Incubate for 13 days in thermostatic chamber
at 25ºc± 2 ºc and RH 6±5%
Shake each flask on 3rd, 6th, 9th day of incubation so as to facilitate re–absorption of the moisture

from the inner walls of the flask.
Harvesting of rice
Prepare 0.05% of Tween–60, 200 ml per flask the 12th day of incubation. On the 13th day observe
each flask for any abnormal growth and contaminants. Pore aseptically 200 ml of sterile 0.05%
Tween–60 solution in each flask. Shake each flask

Small Pox History
Humans are believed to have first been infected by smallpox 12,000 years ago, when people began
domesticating animals in the time of the earliest agricultural settlements (Youngerman 14;
Greenspan 3). In fact, "Ramses V...looks to have had the raised bumps on his face and body for
which smallpox was named...," proving that smallpox may have predated the New Kingdom of
Egypt (1570 B.C.–1085 B.C.) (Greenspan 3). Contrary to prior investigation, the most virulent
strain of smallpox originated in sub–Saharan Africa, rather than Asia (Porter 36). This information
led to the advanced belief that the Atlantic Slave Trade unleashed smallpox and, consequently, death
(Porter 36). Although sub–Saharan Africa held the deadliest strain of smallpox, the constant ... Show
Edward Jenner, the British doctor who developed the first vaccine, made vaccines acceptable around
the world, made the eradication of smallpox possible, and assisted in the discovery of the disease
agent known as the virus (Porter 272; Youngerman 17). One day in May 1796 met a dairymaid
named Sarah Nelmes, who had a smallpox lesion on her hand (King 3). He used the matter from her
lesion to inoculate an eight–year–old boy named James Phipps, leaving with a mild reaction for only
nine days (King 3). Later, Jenner inoculated James again, but this time with smallpox matter: "No
disease developed, and protection was complete" (King 3).The benefits of Jenner's vaccine were
immeasurable: a vaccinated person was incapable of spreading the disease, rashes were extremely
rare, and death was considered to be in the "rarest of circumstances" (Greenspan 9). Getting the
Jenner's results published was no piece of cake. The prestigious Royal Society even informed him
that he should not "promulgate such a wild idea if he valued his reputation" (Greenspan 9).
However, later Jenner received many honors and worldwide recognition for his efforts, but he was
so zealous in his works that his private life severely suffered (King 4–5). President Thomas
Jefferson wrote the following letter to Jenner in

Vaccines : The Greatest Medical Developments Of All Time
Vaccines are arguably one of the greatest medical developments of all time. That being said, despite
the amazing results they have shown against fighting disease, they have also encountered a great
deal of controversy. In this paper, we will take a look into a few of the biggest obstacles vaccines
have faced along the way.
To date, the earliest recorded form of vaccination is believed to have occurred in China around
1000CE, when a young Chinese boy was inoculated against small pox by way of inhaling the dried
up dust of a pox scab (History of Vaccines Timeline, n.d.). China however, was not the only country
to practice these methods; Africa and Turkey also used inoculation long before its practices made it
to Europe and America (History of Vaccines Timeline, n.d.). It was in the early 1700's that this
primitive form of vaccination finally made its way to the west; Lady Montagu, the wife of a British
Ambassador, was the first to suggest that "ingrafting" trials be conducted to see how effective they
could be (Mnookin, 2011, p. 24). Ingrafting was another form of inoculation were a person infected
with a mild case of the small pox had one of their lesions popped with a sharp object in order to
express some of the pus inside, then a person whom was not yet infected would be cut with the pus
containing object (2011). The theory was that once the inoculated person overcame the mild case of
small pox that ingrafting had exposed them to, they would be immune to it in the

The History of Smallpox and How It Became Eradicated Essay
Smallpox is an ancient and very deadly disease. Scientists think that smallpox first started around
10,000 B.C. in Africa. They also think that it spread from Africa to India by Egyptian merchants.
Scientists have studied the mummy of the Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses V., who died in 1156 B.C., and
they think that he had smallpox. Smallpox was also known to be in China in 1122 B.C. There are
also writings from India around that same time that mention smallpox. Smallpox is the only disease
to ever be eradicated, which means it is no longer around. The last person to have it was in Somalia
in 1977. Smallpox first appeared in Europe between the 5th and 7th centuries and was common in
the Middle Ages. There was an epidemic of smallpox around the ... Show more content on
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Andrew Jackson got it when he was 14, while he was a British prisoner during the American
Revolution. His brother was a prisoner with him and died from smallpox. Abraham Lincoln got sick
right after he gave his famous speech, "The Gettysburg Address." He was sick for almost four weeks
and survived, but one of his servants did not. Smallpox is caused by the variola virus. It is in the
family of viruses called Poxviridae. There are two kinds of variola virus, variola major and variola
minus. Variola major is much more severe than variola minor and kills about 30% of people who are
infected. Variola minor kills between 1 and 5% of those infected. Smallpox does not infect any
animals except humans and people or animals cannot just carry the disease. Smallpox is spread by
face–to–face contract. It can also be spread through the bed sheets and clothes of people who have
the disease. The symptoms of smallpox start about two weeks after people get the virus, with a fever
and feeling of low energy. People also have headaches, sore throats, flu symptoms, and start
throwing up. After a few days, a rash that is raised above the skin begins. People also get sores
inside the mouth, throat, and nose. After a person has had smallpox for about three weeks, scabs
form and then begin to fall off. A person is contagious from the time the fever starts until the last
scab falls off. People do not spread the disease at school or out in

The Debatable Use Of Vaccines Around The World
Our current society is surrounded by the debatable usage of vaccines and its importance around the
world. Since the introduction of immunizations, many diseases have been decreased and even
eradicated from humanity. Even though this is true, serious side effects along with lifelong illnesses
follow the temporary cure of viruses. A vaccine is a substance that delivers immunity against viruses
and is used to stimulate the construction of antibodies. Vaccines are prepared from the disease itself
treated to perform as an antigen without inducing the disease (Vaccines). These inoculations are
used worldwide and various unknown infections have been speculated as the originations for them.
Vaccines were originated as an alternative to cure viruses among people but the harmful symptoms,
unknown links to incurable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The origins of vaccines are what began this long–term dispute dating back to the 1800s. In the early
frontier, many incurable diseases destroyed civilization and the reason was questionable until the
1800s. Perhaps the most infectious virus noted by the Chinese in the fourth century was the variola
(smallpox). The derivation of smallpox is still unknown; nevertheless, scientists believe it began as
a virus

The Measles Virus: Edward Jenner's Vaccine
"GOD DIDN'T DO THIS; WE DID."
Quoting Newton, "for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction." From this, we can
understand that no matter what a human being does, there is always a ready–made answer for it.
Smallpox is a virus that killed more than 300 million people by the 20th century (BBC, 2011). But,
the cure for it was Edward Jenner's vaccine. Swine flu killed more than 300,000 people during 2009
(The Sydney Morning Herald, 2012). But, the cure for it was a set of effective and successful
vaccines. Like this, medical advancements have been playing an important role in all human beings
by creating a new layer of protection to all those viruses out there. As a virologist working in the
American Society of Virology, we test many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There have been many cases of bioterrorism, but one of the main cases occurred in 1984 in the
United States. Some of the followers of a religious group wanted three seats in their local court.
Worried that they might not win the seats, the followers decided to use Salmonella to incapacitate
the voting population, so they can win the seats. It was inserted into salads at a very popular salad
bar in the area. 751 people were infected in this attack, but no one died (Wikipedia, 2016). Terrorists
can now use the simplest of things to get to us, but the source of it is the virus. Lawrence showed us
how a genetically–modified measles virus, originally designed as a cure for cancer, turned into a
virus and nearly wiped out the worldwide population. But, what if this was done on purpose? When
comparing the number of cancer patients to the American population, the cancer patients take up
less than 1% of the whole population. However, measles is contagious, so the real percentage of
those who would be affected would be higher than 1% (American Cancer Society, 2016). So, if this
"cure" was made with the intention of wiping out a population, this would have been a great success
to

Little Round Scar Case Study
The little round scar on the upper arm is the scar from being immunized for little pox. Before 1970s,
this smallpox counter acting agent was ordinary. It used live Vaccinia disease as a piece of
solicitation to trigger a sheltered response that would guarantee people against the perilous Variola
contamination that brought on smallpox.
After the vaccination, bothers outlines at the inoculation zone, crusted over, and recovered in a
couple of weeks. At the end it leaves a round scar.
To pass on the inoculation, a bifurcated needle was dove into the Vaccinia game plan and the
individual's arm was poked a couple times. A little measure of the neutralizer was spared each time
the needle broke the skin and bothers formed. This clears up why the

Pros And Cons For Vaccination
I. Topic: Required Vaccinations
Intro: "The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimated that 732,000 American children were
saved from death and 322 million cases of childhood illnesses were prevented between 1994 and
2014 due to vaccination" (Vaccines ProCon.org)
A. Claim: The benefits and possible risks of vaccinations has led to divided positions on if
vaccinations should be required for children.
B. Perspectives being discussed: pro– required vaccination and anti– required vaccination
C. inherent issues–– funding, mandates and individual rights, and safety
II. body
A. funding and costs
1. Evidence
Pro: majority of funding for research and development is paid through vaccination sales and
independent donations (2/3)– cuts a lot of public's expense down/creates more opportunities for
better vaccinations
"cost less in time and money to obtain vaccine than infectious diseases cost in time off of work to
care for a sick child, potential long–term disability care, and medical costs" (CDC)
"The United States saves about $27 per $1 invested in DTaP vaccination, and $13 per $1 spent on
MMR vaccination. UNICEF estimates that $6.2 billion could be saved in treatment costs if vaccines
were more prominent in the world's poorest countries." (Herper, 2014)
Anti: Vaccines are expensive. Tax payers –36% of vaccination research and development annually–
people who are not even receiving vaccinations/do not support them are forced to fund
manufacturers invest years and

Prevention Of The Anti Vaccination Movement
Coughs, headaches, aches and pains, fever, or runny noses are all common symptoms. They are
symptoms that can lead to anything from the common cold to a deadly viral infection. It is because
of this that vaccinations are a fundamental part of society and why doctors and parents alike
advocate for hand washing, hydrating, and staying home when you are ill. Disease prevention is a
corner stone in today's society and has been one for around 200 years since; Edward Jenner created
and administered the first smallpox inoculation. However, while always controversial the last few
centuries have proved to lend unfounded credence to the anti–vaccination movement. Due to the
publication of faulty studies along with spiritual and even political beliefs vaccinations have gone
from being viewed as a well–respected and endorsed medical procedure to a breeding ground for
further infections and possible physical and mental impairments.
Vaccination, autism, and bowel disease will be forever linked together due to Dr. Andrew Wakefield.
Wakefield published a study in 1998 on twelve patients whom he said proved that vaccinations
could cause autism along with gastrointestinal disease. However, in this study he altered and
misrepresented all the study participants' medical histories and in doing so impacted medicine and
public health for the foreseeable future (Cohen). Although the study was proven false within a year
and Wakefield was stripped of his medical license individuals still

Edward Jenner and the Discovery of Vaccines
Edward Jenner (1749–1823) trained in London, under John Hunter, and was an army surgeon for a
period of time. After that, he spent his whole career as a country doctor in his home county,
Gloucestershire (West of England). His research was based on careful case studies and clinical
observation more than a hundred years before scientists could explain what viruses and diseases
actually were. His innovative new method was successful to such an extent that by 1840 the British
government had banned alternative preventive treatments against smallpox.
[IMAGE]
His invention of vaccination against smallpox was the medical breakthrough that saved the ... Show
He inoculated by taking a very small quantity of fluid from an unripe smallpox pustule, on the point
of a lancet, and inserting it between the outer and inner layers of the skin of the upper arm without
drawing blood. He did not use a bandage to cover the incision.
Jenner had always been fascinated by the rural old wives' tale that milkmaids could not get
smallpox. He believed that there was a connection between the fact that milkmaids only got a weak
version of smallpox (the non–life threatening cowpox) but did not get the strong version, smallpox
itself. A milkmaid who caught cowpox got blisters on her hands and Jenner concluded that it must
be the pus in the blisters that somehow protected the milkmaids.
Jenner began to inoculate against smallpox using Sutton's method, but he soon found some patients
to be completely resistant to the disease. Upon investigation, he found that these patients had
previously had cowpox. Jenner concluded that cowpox not only protected against smallpox, but also
could be transferred from one human being to another as a deliberate mechanism of protection.
As early as 1780 Jenner learned that the eruptions of the teats of infected cows differed. All were
called cowpox and all could be transferred to the hands of the milkmaids, but only one kind created
a resistance to smallpox. He called this type "true cowpox". Jenner discovered that

In the 18th century smallpox was very prevalent and was claiming more than 400,000
lives. Edward Jenner, from London, became interested in the science of medicine. During his time
of practicing medicine, Jenner's carried out a procedure called inoculation on his patients.
He discovered that women who worked in a dairy and other individuals developed cowpox. When
people came in contact with the viral infection through animal to person contact, they would obtain
a skin infection which was called cowpox. Cowpox is a viral disease of cows' udders. Jenner's
realized that cowpox protected against smallpox, but that the disease could be passed on one person
to another person and so on. (Edward Jenner and the Development of the First Modern Vaccine,
n.d). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using his inoculation procedure, Jenner's scratched material from her lesions. With the material
from the dairymaid, Jenner's injected it into a healthy young boy named James Phipps. Over a few
days, he watched the child for side effects. It could be seen that the child had no desire to eat and
developed a mild fever. However, after about ten days, Phipps was back to good disposition. After a
few months, with fresh smallpox, he inoculated the young boy again. The child did not develop the
disease and was now protected. Therefore, he continued the inoculation procedure with children,
injecting them with cowpox and maintained the progress of comparable outcomes. This procedure
was called variolae vaccinae or (smallpox of the cow) which is known to us today as "vaccination"
(Edward Jenner and the Development of the First Modern Vaccine,

Vaccines : Defense Against Disease Or Illness?
Vaccines: Defense Against Disease or Initiators of Illness? Human beings are not invincible, for
they are susceptible to things such as sickness, disease, and death. Throughout the years, humans
have faced numerous outbreaks of different illnesses. In response to such outbreaks, people searched
for ways to protect themselves. One protection method was vaccination. The creation of the first
vaccine, the further development of common vaccinations, and the varied responses to vaccination
have greatly impacted society. The creation of the first vaccine has affected many people. According
to Shots Without Guns: The Story of Vaccination by Sarah R. Riedman, smallpox is a disease that
afflicts countless people (11). In the article, "Healing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The foundation for Dr. Edward Jenner 's first vaccine was the inoculation process. Because he was
familiar with dairy farming, he began observing "cowpox," or vaccinia, in which red pimples on
cows ' udders became blisters, scabbed, then scarred (Riedman 28). Many people believed exposure
to cowpox would result in protection from the smallpox disease (Riedman 29). Jenner decided to
test the theory that cowpox protected people from contracting smallpox (Riedman 31). He
experimented by injecting smallpox material into people who were previously infected with
cowpox; they did not contract the smallpox disease (Riedman 34). Jenner 's experiment resulted in
the discovery that cowpox could be transferred through vaccination and provided safe, effective
protection from smallpox (Riedman 35). Through the efforts of Lady Montague and Edward Jenner,
vaccination became a popular procedure. The creation of the first vaccine was a crucial step for the
health of many people. In addition to the creation of the first vaccine, the further development of
common vaccines has a variety of effects on society. According to the College of Physicians of
Philadelphia 's website "Different Types of Vaccines," four categories exist based on the production
process. The first type of vaccine is the live vaccine. "Types of Vaccines" sponsored by
Vaccines.gov describes the live vaccine as one that contains a weakened form of a disease. "Types
of Vaccines" states

Cotton Mather's Inoculation
I chose to read the poem titled "Inoculation" and it conveys a theme of the role of puritan religion
times that ties sin with disease. In the opening sentence of the poem you can infer that choosing to
study disease over sin was not the social norm in the duration of this time period, the speaker stated,
"Cotton Mather studied small pox for a while, instead of sin. Boston was rife with it." During the
Puritan period, the majority of the populations' scrutiny was revolved around sin, ultimately
neglecting the devastating impending epidemics. The title of the poem "Inoculation" which defines
as vaccination and in the eyes of a Puritan, by accepting a vaccination you were defying God and
committing a sin. A portion of Puritans viewed disease

What Are Vaccines?
Hepatitis, Influenza, measles, mumps, smallpox, polio, and even rabies are all almost non existent in
most of the world thanks to vaccines. Vaccines are safe and reliable medical technologies that help
prevent the spread, severity, and infection of a disease. Significantly with the requirement of
vaccines people can save time, money, and overall health of themselves and those around them.
Undoubtedly, Vaccines are safe and reliable, they also keep people healthy ,and they prevent the
spread of diseases. The way that vaccines work is by putting a dead disease causing germ into a
serum. That serum is then injected into a person which immediately causes the body to fight off the
dead germ. After that the body will make antibodies which fight ... Show more content on
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For example, in 2015 there was an outbreak of the measles virus at disneyland. Health officials have
stated that this was due to many of the people at disneyland at the time were non–vaccinators.
Ultimately the initial cause was that a foreigner carrying the measles virus had entered disneyland
and caused many who were unvaccinated to contract the virus and even some who were vaccinated,
but those who were had much less severe cases. This is just one of the many examples of why not
getting vaccinated is a problem, but there are still people out there to fail to see this and it is their
own ignorance that harms themselves and others. Not only do people that decide not to get
vaccinated harm themselves, but everyone around them is affected too. Those who do get sick with
an easily preventable disease like measles can have many problems that follow. Some of these
problems include high medical bills, missed work days, and the harm of oneself and

Global Access To Vaccination
Protecting the Herd: Global Access to Vaccinations 'Herd immunity' or 'community immunity' is a
societal idea to protect those who are vulnerable to diseases ("Herd Immunity"). When access to
vaccinations are limited, the 'herd' is more at risk to infection diseases. Since vaccinations were first
used, in 1796, they have been a massive part of our history to prevent the spread of disease, been
limited to wealthy countries, and those who are against them. Even today, access to vaccinations are
very limited and continue to affect the population. Before Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccination,
the idea of inoculate had been a long standing idea ("Schlager"). In Eastern countries there was
inoculation against smallpox by taking matter ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were approximately 90,000 anti–vaccinators that were involved with this March. This was
largely a result following the Vaccination Act of 1853 and 1867 and the increase of causalities
during a time of mass vaccination ("Leicester and the").
Between 1840–1898 there were a variety of acts put in place in Great Britain. One of the
vaccination acts that anti–vaccinators felt imposed on their rights was the Vaccination Act of 1853:
"The Vaccination Act of 1853 made vaccination compulsory for all infants in the first three months
of life and made defaulting parents liable to a fine or imprisonment" ("Anti–vaccinations"). Later, in
1867, the Vaccination Act of 1867 extend the mandatory vaccination up to 14 years old. The
politicians extend the government power to impose on civil rights for public health.
At the end of the 19th century, anti–vaccinators started to show up in the United States of America.
This was largely due to the smallpox outbreak. In 1902, Cambridge's board of health required that
all the citizens had to get the vaccination. After it was taken to the Supreme Court, they ruled in
favor of the states: "State could enact compulsory laws to protect the public in the event of a
communicable disease" ("History of Anti–Vaccination"). This was the first Supreme Court case
regarding public

The Journal of Doctor Benjamin Rush: Smallpox Research...
Smallpox is a viral infection caused by Variola major. This infection is currently one of the most
dreaded diseases, and is believed to be more dangerous than the enemy's sword. The exposure is
usually an infection of the respiratory tract. After exposure, early symptoms are: headaches, back
aches, fever, vomiting, discomfort, and feeling out of sorts. These symptoms go away usually in two
days, and the patient feels better. Then about two days later, the patient has a flustered face, and
lesions on the mouth, throat, and nasal membranes. At 5 days past exposure, red rashes and bumps
appear on the skin, bleeding through skin, and mucous membranes. If the patients bleeds through
their eyes, gums, or nose, the patient will not live much longer, but that is not usually the case. The
bumps may touch each other or they may be separate from each other. If the bumps do not touch,
the patients has a good chance of surviving. But if the bumps do touch, the patient has a forty
percent chance of surviving. Dehydration is common in patients because it may be painful or
difficult to drink. Around day ten, the bumps will become soft, and blisters will form. The fluid in
the bumps is absorbed because of dehydration. A smell often comes from cracked bumps, and a
second bacterial infection may occur due to the openings in the body. Two weeks after initial
symptoms, the bumps and blisters are replaced by scabs. One week later the fever disappears, the
patient returns to a normal life, and the

Edward Jenner Is A Hero Of The 18Th Century

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Edward Jenner Is A Hero Of The 18Th Century