Extension efforts in India have passed through several phases from the pre-British period to the present scenario. In the pre-British period, villages were self-sufficient with a panchayat system of local governance. During the British government period, efforts were limited until famines in the late 19th century prompted establishment of commissions and rural development departments. In the pre-independence era, some isolated efforts were made by individuals and organizations but lacked government support and evaluation. Currently, extension occurs through state agriculture departments, agricultural universities, farmer field schools, private companies, ICT approaches, and innovative public-private models, though remote areas remain underserved and a largely supply-driven approach still dominates.

1. SUBMITTED TO:Dr. PRATIBHA SINGH
Deptt. OF HOME SCIENCE
EXTENSION
SUBMITTED BY:DEEPTI KOTHARI
I.D - 38293

2. EXTENSION IN THE WORLD
O Origin from U.S.A
O Started form late 80s
O Until 1914, use of extension lectures
O Smith Lever Act, 1914- a turning point

3. PHASES OF EXTENSION IN INDIA
Postindependence
Preindependence
British
period
Pre-British
Period
Present
scenario

4. 1.PRE- BRITISH PERIOD
Villages were self-sustained, selfsufficient and self-governed units
 Panchayat system was there
 Development of central seat of the
government i.e ONE RULAR


5. 2.BRITISH GOVT. PERIOD
No effort till last quarter of 19th
century
 Series of Famines(1875-1901)
forced them to:1. Appoint commission
2. Following certain Acts(e.g.
Cooperative Act, Land
Improvement Loans Act etc.)
3. ESTD. Of Rural Construction
Department


6. OUTCOMES :Can be assessed in the form of shortcomings, that are: No detailed planning involved
 No emphasis on people’s participation, cooperation and
involvement
 Never followed educational approach
 Approach of extension agents were like that of BOSSES

7. 3.PRE INDEPENDENCE ERA
Some efforts were done by benevolent
persons and some agencies that are: Work at Shantiniketan
 Gurgaon Experiment
 Servants of Indian Society, Poona
 Sir Daniel Hemilton’s Scheme of Rural
Reconstruction
 Marthandam Project
 Sarvodaya Programme etc.

8. OUTCOMES:Although being initial efforts were superb, but still one or the
other shortcoming that could be summed up are as
following: Individual initiative
 Govt. backing & financing were not forthcoming
 All attempts were isolated, uneven & discontinuous
 Inexperienced and untrained staff
 Plans and programmes were ill-defined and unbalanced
 No evaluation were carried out at the end

9. 4.POST INDEPENDENCE ERA
There are 4 distinct stages in
extension efforts during this
period:1) Community Development
2) Technological
Development
3) Development with Social
Justice
4) Infrastructural
Development

10. EXTENSION SYSTEM IN INDIA

11. PRESENT SCENARIO
 Public-Sector Extension
State Departments of Agriculture
b. Agricultural Technology Management Agency
c. SAUs
d. Knowledge Transfer through KVKs
 Public-Private Partnership: The Agriclinics and
Agribusiness Centres (ACABC) Scheme
a.

12. Cntd….
 Private-sector Extension: E-Choupal,
 Farmer Field Schools
 Innovative Approaches
 Mass Media and Information and Communication
Technology Approaches

13. Information flow in the State Departments
of Agriculture

15. Information linkages in the KVKs

16. Information flow in the e-Choupal
model

17. Information flow in the
agri-clinic program

18. Information flow in farmer field
school approach

19. Private-sector Approaches
O ITC e-Choupals
O Haryali Kisaan Bazaars of DCM Shriram
Consolidated Ltd.
O Tata Kisan Sansar, an initiative of Tata
Chemicals

20. ICT Approaches
O Kisan Channel on Doordarshan
O All India FM Transmitter Network
O Kisan Call Centres
O IKSL (IFFCO Kisan Sanchar Ltd. in collaboration with
Airtel), Mandi on Mobile

21. INNOVATIVE APPROACHES
O Kerala Horticulture Development Program
(KHDP)
O Mahindra Krishi Vihar (MKV)
O BASIX

22. EXTENSION SYSTEM (STRENGTHS)
Post T & V period show decentralization of
extension planning & control
 The use of group approach
 Use of para-extension workers
 Setting up of multi-disciplinary teams from SAUs
 Setting up of agri-clinic by private entrepreneurs
 Formation of registered societies like ATMA at the
district level by integrating the functions of key
stakeholders


23. POINTS TO CONSIDER YET……
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•
•
•
•
Public sector still dominates ,Information
flow is supply-driven and not needs-based or
area-specific
A large no. of agencies provide support and
advisory support but restricted to regions
Public-private partnership is limited
Infrastructural & networking support is still
lacking
Remote areas and poor producers are poorly
served by both private & public sector
extension