Economic Development Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization

1. CBIR Consulting
Anil Sharma
sharma_anil@yahoo.com
https://www.linkedin.com/in/anil-sharma-592754/

2. 1. Contents
1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................3
2. Education, Government and Govt. Agri-business support infra (FCI)...................................................5
3. Technology Infrastructure – Heavy Industry, Swadeshi Products, Global Services..............................7
4. Education quality improvement at school level (Primary and secondary education)........................10
5. Global and international class local “Job Markets” creation and maintenance.................................12
6. Business and living environment improvement .................................................................................14
7. Employment for masses......................................................................................................................15
8. Social and culture changes..................................................................................................................18
9. Impact of political and social changes on country’s economic thinking.............................................19
10. Foreign Relationships......................................................................................................................21

3. Infrastructure development phases of Indian economy
“
Give me long enough lever, a fulcrum and a place to stand (3 items) and I would move the earth.
 Archimedes
But it’s hypothetically not possible. So no Sir you can’t. Try calculating the length of the lever that you
would need and it would come out to be longer than the Milky Way. There is no such “Lever”.
However, there are other ways though. “Apollo” The Greek God carries it on his back. Or you can take a
flight in “Apollo 11” and land on moon. Once you are on moon, you would see earth out there in space
in front of you. It would practically move in front of you from day to night. You can look at it completing
its rotation around Sun moving from “Sunrise” to “Sunset”. So you should just need one item not 3 “a
ticket to moon” in Apollo space flight. If you don’t believe me ask Neil Armstrong and Edwin Buzz Aldrin
about their experience of seeing Earth moving in front of them.
 Anonymous
1. Introduction
India has gone through very rapid phase of political, social, economic and infrastructure
development post independence. Last 70 years of development can be summarized at very high
level in some of these macro level numbers:
1. Move from most of the international trade through Britain to now many independent
trade partners in west and in east
2. From 20% Urban to almost 50% Urban over 70 years
3. From single digits top arts and science education institutes to 100s of good international
class education centers
4. Middle class size from 10% to ~40%
5. From “congress” centric one color politics to now 5-6 major “thematic” parties in multi-
party political system
But our talk on rapid development phase of last half a century wouldn’t be complete
without discussion about last two century’s different models of towns, cities and urban centers’
development throughout country. India mostly had a village-economy pre-Muslim period. With
win over most of north India, Muslim invaders and rulers got this internal confidence of making
northern parts their permanent home while still working on building even bigger empire in South
Asia. Start of city, towns, army cantonments and urban living centers build-out was the result.
Since locals considered Muslims “foreign rulers” for most of the period of their rule over India,
living safety and security along with fully contained city design with isolated education, health

4. and retail infrastructure stayed key architecture theme in towns like Agra, Delhi and
Sikandrabad.
Same was also true about British rule period afterwards. However army class “forting”
requirements were not so stringent because of around 200 years of foreign armies rule over area
and development of some co-culture over 300 years. Hence British era urban development in
India had more investment in business, government, heath and education sectors and did not
carry Muslim theme of retail and fortification/army infrastructure development to that an extent
India went through globalization and internationalization to an extent during British period
because of opening up and availability of worldwide shipping routes and hence shipping town
buildup also happened during that period along with international relationship development with
west and far east both.
Post independence changes: could not have been simple. Moving to “Indigenous Indian
Government“ with full and independent budgets of its own was not a smooth sailing because of
Britishers’ hugh international class investment in business infrastructure and international
workforce development pre-independence in efforts such as talent development, home industry,
science and technology partnerships, modernization of education system, formal army education
system, healthcare, electricity and rural economy support efforts etc. This mode of development
had significant effects on “urban” make up of now very different looking country.
However astute post independence central government leadership that could match and
bridge Bristish managers and leaders skillsets and could smoothly take over control and
management of the about 100s of years of “new world” developments over very small period of
time between 1950 to 1970 was somehow luckily present and was available for leading. In last
70 years though, India has tried and tested many different development models along with the
help of different international partners and of-coursewith varied results. Here is the summary of
some of these efforts:
Major policy changes since independence
1951 - 1970: Social & Grass root development bias: Core infrastructure development – education
(IIT, Med. Universities), energy, railway, central govt. & industry: Nationalist movement still
alive
1970 - 1995: Pro-poor Socialist bias: Subsidies, Food security, Swadeshi, Family Planning, Girl
Child; Russia bias
1995 - 2010: Populist and modernization, privatization bias: Software, IT, Telecom, Computing,
Media, English; US bias
2010: Long-term structural change and globalization: Shift towards heavy investment in water,
energy and urban fixed infra, rural development; Europe bias

5. 2. Education, Government and Govt. Agri-business support infra (FCI)
There was significant investment in education infrastructure, dams and electricity distribution
network build up during 1950 to 1970 period as post independence congress government focused
on rural development and food independence as core theme of nation building on the lines of
other newly freed countries. Rural connectivity improvement through road construction and
Food Corporation of India network build out for collection and distribution of food and other
basic house hold ration needs was another significant investment by central government led
country development efforts.
Takeover of services that British government started in infrastructure creation, post and
telegraph services, army, railway and banking sectors was herculean task as well. Skill-set ramp
up and new hiring on vacant posts along with further expansion of services was important goal
for the central government and state rules.
Education sector focus on the best higher-end tertiary education was major theme for first
two decades. Attrition management in top end bureaucrats, engineers and doctors jobs in local
and foreign mission services and talent hiring for army’s engineering and medical services
cadres for fulfilling jobs being vacated by returning Britishers was another big challenge and so
was upkeep of international standard grade services in top ranks. A number of new education
institutes were created during this period. Here are some stats:
 No. of IITs: From 5 in 1960s to 20+ now
 No of IIM: From 5 in 1970s to 20+ now
 No of Top Meds: From 10 in 1970s to 30+ now
Management of cities’ growth was another major challenge which was tamed through
planned and proper urbanization efforts at all levels whether public or private. Some examples
newly urbanized cities in post independence mode since 1980s are NCR, Bangalore and Navi
Mumbai. Urbanization wave in developing new economies was not an isolated happening in
India though. Here are some stats on urbanization in new big economies:
China: 60% Add (Anyone? Is welcomed, hourly rate job mentality) From 10% in 1950s to 70%
now
India: 30% Add (Top quality, Skill, Highereducation route) From 20% in 1950s to 50% now
US: 20% Add (Last Mile, now who?, testing limits) From 65% in 1950s to 85% now
However at this point, all of these three urbanization waves are reaching limits in their prevalent
mode of developing and that is happing almost at the same time for at least these three but
because of very different reasons unique to these three different places as follows:
China: Human resource and whose/which country’s factory now? Problem

6. India: 20 countries in it with their own cultures and “rural” person’s need in all (2% each, Max.
urbanization probably would hit limit at 65% in current model as further-ment would need
breaking through cultural and regional silos present since last 2000 years.)
US: In some case reverse migration might be a better option: rural industry focus over high end
urban corporate jobs focus might help (competition for fit in high-end skillset urban jobs not
sustainable for many newly urbanized resources)
Results out of some of the big efforts around India’s urbanization are not poor though.
Indian talent thrives in new world of global services and outsourcing industry that is now making
its home in India’s corporate corridors. India’s education institutes’ global rankings have
improved over years. Following data would support our argument:
IIT, IIMs and med schools rankings
Top IITs can be ranked:
In Asia (Top 50)
English speaking world (Top 100)
Worldwide (Top 150)
Top IIMs can be ranked:
In Asia (Top 100)
English speaking world (Top 500): English as business language throughout world so non-
English rankings hardly matters
Top 10 medical colleges out of India compete well in top 200 global medical colleges’ category.
International relationship has improved over years. Export-import links, global products
and media growth in home markets and education destination/relationships have helped growth
of new international class cities. New global hubs’ (*New Metros Bangalore, Ahmedabad,
Hydrabad, Pune) international quality ranks them in top metros in world today. List of new very
good choices for international relationships for business and other connecetions at all levels have
added Korea, Singapore/Hong Kong, Nordic and Dutch region, Australia in its folds.
Since independence countries’ five year plans have provided additional investment help
for new industry/infrastructure development initiatives. Five year plans’ targeted funding has not
only helped but augmented sustained development and growth initiatives in all the mentioned
developing sectors when needed.
Historical charting of focused growth through five year plans is as follows:

7. Five year plans: Major focus
1) 1951 – 1956: Many new irrigation projects/Dams such as
Bhakra, Hirakud, Mettur, Damodar Valley and Establishment of five IITs
2) 1956 – 1961: Multiple new irrigation projects/Dams: Bhilai, Durgapur, Rourkela,
Establishment of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Atomic Energy Commission of
India
3) 1961 – 1966: Education infrastructure development, Focus on cement and fertilizer sectors
and more irrigation projects/Dams
4) 1969 – 1974: Nationalization of banks, Green revolution, Nuclear power
5) 1974 – 1980: (+rolling) Defense Self-reliance, Employment generation, Poverty
alleviation, Improved judicial system and focus on Power, Transportation and Tourism
6) 1980 – 1985: Economic liberalization, Rural development, Population control (Economic
growth rate >5% first time ever in India’s history)
7) 1985 – 1990: Focus on technology sector and per capita income growth, Social upliftment,
economic productivity improvement, improved access to food and energy, Agri-business
advancements, Monitor balance of trade, growth rate and inflation
8) 1992– 1997: Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization (1991 UN reforms)
9) 1997– 2002: Focus on IT, Telecom, Railways, Electricity
10) 2002– 2007: Focus on IT, Education
11) 2007– 2012: Focus on IT, Education and Services sectors
12) 2012 – 2017: New focus Water, Education. Banking, Nutrition & Electricity sectors
3. Technology Infrastructure – Heavy Industry, Swadeshi Products, Global Services
Structural infrastructure development had been top priority for Government of India since
last few decades. Focus has shifted from IT, telecom, software and Finance/Banking sector to
creation of sustainable and long term fixed infra for bulging middle class folds. Smoothening out
of middle class bulge is going to be another top priority as overall rapid urbanization theme that
had taken India by storm in last 3 decades would fade out (25% urbanization in 35 year only
second to China at 40% urbanization in same period) .
For now, India is almost fully urbanized for its current state of development at around
50% level. India being a country of countries can’t afford more than 60% urbanization without
cultural and social stress (*Approximately 20 cultural-societies groups/mini-countries and rural

8. economy population need at around 2% for each). As focus would shift from rapid urbanization
to separate rural development and urban development programs, effect of it would be visible in
growth rates of currently developing industries such media, telecom, office tech, computing,
energy infra, roads, baseline economic support infra and railway. This is already so visible in
following 2018 central government budget investment numbers
2018-19: $700B for energy: solar, wind, green-tech
$100B for infra
$50B in smart cities and railway
$1.5B for telecom
There had been significant focus on telecommunication and science & technology
development efforts in last 30 years pre 2010. Results show up in progress data now. North India
almost matches Western world in tele-density (top 10 cities in teledensity in India: 7 north Indian
cities out of 10). Countrywide tele-density has also improved from 1% in 80s to 30% now. Level
of investment in science and technology is also kept low at $2B as there had been huge
investment in this area in past. There is significant talent/resource working in this area now and
their research efforts output should now start self funding developments. Here are some
examples of past 3 decades’ constant high investment in science and technology (big growth is
expected out of internal business growth now from these/associated tech sector efforts):
 ITI
 DRDO
 CDOT/CDAC
 CMC
Indian engineering talent contributed handsomely in the growth of computing, communication
and software industries growth worldwide. At global levels India participated in following big
technology plays.
1. Computing and telecommunication industry leadership move from UK to US as its main
center: sourced high-end manpower from developing countries (BRIC)
2. Growth of electronics industry in last 40 years eg. Constantly improving Intel
microprocessors product line-up 4004, 8008, 8080, 8085, 8086, 80286, 80386, 80486,
Pentium, Core-series, Analog and digital electronics, signal processing, memory,
interfaces cards, communication systems, design tools eg. P-Spice, Matlab, GNU tools
etc Success of electronics industry/Intel/AMD/SUN and other SF bay area companies’
leadership (mentionable contribution): Andy Grove, Gorden Moore, Robert Noyce, Bill
Monday, Federico Faggin, Jack Kilby, Ted Hoff, Jeff Hobbs, Seymour Cray, Paul
Otellini, Andy Bechtolshim; Sony and Samsung’s success in consumer electronics

9. 3. Software & Computing industries’ leadership success over same 4 decades: Leaders like
Paul Allen, Larry Ellison, Bill Joy, Ed Roberts, William Yates , Bill Gates, Steve Jobs,
Steve Wozniak provided direction at all major inflection points.
As a software and electronics engineering student and working professional, I have also rode
this wave of computing and electronics engineering technology growth. I have learned
programming languages like Basic, Pascal, Fortran, SHELL, Python, Perl, C/Borland-C/Unix-
C/MS-C/Cray-C/SGI-C over years and have used software engineering principles such as
modules, components, APIs, Interfaces, system libs, includes, compliers etc on many platforms
and in architecture design. Alongside learning in operating systems world around Unix, OS/2,
DOS/Windows, IRIS, Cray/Unix, Solaris and later Linux, multiple networking operating systems
and embedded systems came handy during my career of 20 plus years in software development
and management.
My 10 years of PC skills learning with Microsoft technologies starting at age 15 and ran till 25.
Those leanings have always helped me in professional delivery of my work products. Here is my
learning lineup in MS technologies:
 1989 DOS/Lotus
 1990 BASIC programming
 1993 MS-World
 1994 MS-Power-point
 1995 Borland-C/VS and codecs
 1998 MS-SQL ad IIS Server
 1999 IE/Networking Stack, Interop with other OSes, TCP-IP/Ethernet
 2000 Powershell programming, Java support on IE, Remote Admin, Remote Mgmt
Other big happening in same period of last 30 years is start of sourcing of high tech work
from developing world. Outsourcing industries growth resulted in growth of companies like
Wipro, Infosys, HCL in India and now their sign rivals the size of big techs in US. Talent
developed by growing Indian software and electronics industry has created a big base of around
2 million first generation immigrants in US.
India took 70% share of H1s or 35000 H1s year for almost 25 years. At around 30 years of
age of the US H1 program, generated jobs base is expected to create normal 2-3%
retirement/attrition. Careful management of that attrition can provide enough of job market for
35000 new H1 entrants every year. There are few problems though which could affect foreign
jobs and outsourcing industry/H1B base:
a) Price competition affects whole bases’ current earnings as price drops would affect
everyone in existing base and if size of new business is not good enough, overall result is
going to be a loss preposition. Gains even if they are very thinly spread over 2M base

10. would result in big aggregate. Small new job addition would probably not impact overall
incremental number and since India is already considered very aggressive in outsourcing
at cheap cost, more business development in this mode might destroy image. It should
give better share of new business development to other participant countries in H1
program job market and stay away from price competition. It may get some share in new
jobs created by other participants and it would not affect the payout it generates on its
base. India might even get favorable treatment as consultant to other H1 program
participants as increase in 30% share of rest of world (low) base would be supported by
even US and as consultant it could command better returns.
b) Improve bases’ earning potential/skill-set improvement as even if it is small improvement
it would be good for all of India base. It should only go after unaddressed and high end
skills market with base protection and focus on skill-set valuation increase. Competition
for rate per hour is something that wouldn’t favor big base participant. Move towards
management, consulting and other big ticket skill-sets would.
4. Education quality improvement at school level (Primary and secondary education)
Since its independence India focused on quality of Tertiary education in all fields whether it
was engineering, medicine, business or research as it was needed for pre-established
international bureaucratic and government links. In 1980s, because of start of international
relationship at all levels in society out of export-import global links, introduction of global
products, media in home market, greater sports involvement at international levels along-with
involvement in cultural and social integration programs, need for better connectivity of people at
all levels in society created requirements for at par education in primary and secondary schools
as well. International standard education that would create understanding of liberalization,
internationalization globalization theme is also must for a truly open economy and world job
markets participation.
Global and private sector international job market participation has put-in a significant
restriction and had identified upgrade requirements needed in education quality. As in work
groups a pseudo benchmarking happens between individuals from all participating countries and
cultures when workers work in international and global job markets.
Multidimensional education provides opportunity for new associations with better social
networks and helps in gaining edge through hobbies, cultural participations and sports
connectivity. Some academic activities are also needed for better and balanced/healthy physical,
mental and psychological growth. The core skill-set development at young age helps individual
cop life’s challenges better and helps in working well with everyone in harmonious way. In my
education program I went through following trainings or special education programs and my
leanings through those efforts have always helped me deal well with everyone:

11. Multi-Dimensional education
 6th
standard Music
 7th
standard Drawing
 8th
standard Interviewing and viva-voce
 9th
standard Economics
 10th
standard Entrepreneurship
 11th
standard Computers
 12th
standard Extra mile efforts
Along with depth of curriculum, a good personality development programs helps
development of better and more sociable human. Following could be good focus areas for all
round academic program when it comes to personality attributes development:
Inculcate core skills
 Development of patriotism
 Development of politics and economics involvement ability
 Development of sports and team spirit ability
 Development of social inclusiveness
 Development of utmost care and hospitality
 Development of health focus
 Development of volunteerism and leading ability
Communication skills development is also important, especially when a person plans to work
in international and global careers. Different types of jobs would put out needs for different types
and different levels of communication skills development requirements. Here is an example scale
for measurement of communication skills development in an individual (In some jobs you might
have to use all types ).
Brain development and skills: Communication skills
Ability Brain Part Type Use Examples
Working
memory talkers
Frontal or
temporal cortex
Talk-a-lot Chit-chat Morning shows
“EL crooker”,
TV talk shows
Procedural
memory talkers
Basal ganglia
and cerebellum
Speed talkers Demos, Lab,
Process
Sanjeev Kapoor,
DIY program
hosts
Short-term
memory talkers
Prefrontal cortex Stage talkers Presentation Sales jobs, Qtrly
reporting
Long term
memory talkers
Hippocampus
neocortex and
amygdala.
Spatial talkers Story-telling,
Teaching,
Training
Julian Tresures,
Steve Jobs

12. 5. Global and international class local “Job Markets” creation and maintenance
Gainful and long term employment generation for job seekers is one of the top most agenda
item for developing countries’ governments. Since such countries would have their population in
ranging growth phases, workplace development for everyone in society regardless of strata and
grade is even more challenging. Many different types of workers are needed in various
structurally different job markets in any industry or service. Some of the main worker categories
are:
 “Army-fit” workers
 Health standards fit” workers
 Knowledge worker
 Entrepreneurial worker
 International worker
 Job worker
 Union worker
 Temp. Staffing
 CSR-Unemployment zone
Talent mapping of workers/employees to proper job classes is equally important and so is
diversity in job market so that the best brain can be put to good brain use, industrious workers
can be used in stressful and critical jobs and high end specialized skills can find the best
productive outlet of their handyman-ship. Main job categories for skills and talents are (by
share):
 Brain jobs: 16%
 Status jobs: 16%
 Corporate employee jobs: 16 %
 Worker class jobs: 16% at ~50% of job market
 Good jobs 16%
 Not so great jobs/manageable 16%
Corporate focus on innovation, creation, research and development is also highly important
ingredient for creation of job classes in job market. Environment for innovation and creation
would help gifted, motivated and ambitious talent thrive in job market. Benchmarking of
corporate spending on such efforts can provide clear picture of industry development levels,
companies stage in their development curves and can help mapping of right hires to right jobs.
One such benchmark could be IQ and education tier profile of companies and its correlation with
workforce and R&D spending by those companies. An example mapping could be as follows:
 Industry performer companies: IQ 90: Education US /tier-2: Average spending for such
companies on R&D/industry peers -- 8%

13.  Consulting and knowledge management firms: IQ 100: Education tier 1 US: Average
spending on R&D and Knowledge Management -- 12%
 Top research firms/Entrepreneurial ventures: IQ 115: Education US top 30: R&D
spending -- 16%
Monitor and partner with India’s international talent and develop parallel job markets like the
once in US, UK and other immigration destination countries. For example H1 job market in us
would have jobs which would fall in one of the following categories:
 EB1: Phd. MS+MBA research exp. Or cred./Pub: 2-3k pa (Need based)
 EB2: MS or MBA, 10,000/year (Total 150,000 over 15 + years): Still some growth (8%)
 EB3: 35,000/year (total 2,000,000 in25 years): Mostly attrition management (2% add)
Similar type of grading can be done in India’s private sector and government sector job
markets. Government sectors job grades are here for example:
1, Class 1/Group A: Entry Pay 12 lacs pa (India A job market now competes well with US top
30 university’s job market)
2, Class 2/Group B: Entry Pay: 6 lacs pa (US industry “US top 100 univ.” now competes with
this market for talent in India. About 30 years ago it did compete with A job market)
3, Class 3/Group C: Entry Pay: 3 lacs pa
4, Class 4/Group D: Entry Pay: 1.5 lacs pa
Desired jobs categories, their market development levels & ease of access to different
industries and “popular” job markets can be profiled in a time line and talent need level chart
like the one shown below for H1 job market’s maturity and talent needs in US:

14. 6. Business and living environment improvement
Establishment of good business environment with proper rules and regulations, jurisdiction,
infrastructure creation and workforce development is must for both
globalization/internationalization and privatization efforts. It’s so happened that India had to
face both of these waves at almost same time during last 30 years while Indian economy was
opening up for world and central government at home decided to ride not only private industry
creation wave but also privatization of lot of government infrastructure with chances in its
industry development thinking. This created tremendous pressure for even faster growth and
development of private sector and business infra such as:
 Corridors, ports, transport infra, business centers
 Supply chain, logistics and transportation sector growth for easing facilities for
small/mid-size business
 SEZ, EPZ, industrial corridors and metro centers setup
 Technology access. Computing, telecom/internet, uninterrupted power/electricity
 Workforce and talent creation and development
 Initiatives like Supercomputing, Applied/Artificial intelligence and strategic investment
in technology development
Preference for western model in private sector development (Modeled around US and UK)
created need for new rules and regulations in corporate laws mirroring similar legal structure is
for business in model countries, banking and tax laws changes for economic liberalization
policies and financial markets development for private enterprise etc. Some of the example
changes due to western countries’ centric industry and infra development driven by growth in
private sector, multinational and global corporation’s business in India are:
 New investment and managerial finance outfits, Sales and marketing finance in
corporations, Many changes in corporate finance rules and policies
 Setup of venture capital and private equity finance firms
 New consulting firms for: Financial restructuring consulting, Financial markets reporting
and business analytics and back office processes
At central and state government level with policy shift towards private investments and
Infra development needed for country’s strong foundations, uniform growth, social upliftment,
and secure borders, resulted in some of these legal and tactical changes:
 Tax finance, Fiscal policy, Monetary policy
 World bank, balance of trade. trade and tariffs
 Cross border investments, subsides and economic packages
 Controllership and audit oversight

15. Worldclass workforce and job market creation: Strong push in this direction resulted in
growth of skills driven economic middle class and created middle-class needs specific legal,
government, social, living and financial infrastructure. Some examples are:
 Retail sector development, small and mid-size business segment growth
 Simple cost accounting and pricing finance know-how
 Trade up-skilling and education reimbursements, renting and mortgage support
 Overseas assignments and projects, money transfer, travel and health plan finance
 Banking finance for small business P&L services and savings and loans
 Industrial corridor custom and excise duty finance
 Supply chain and receivable and payable bills managements finance
 Real estate, retirement income, insurance and wealth management infra
As liberalization and privatization takes stream, corporatization of such outfits would create
even better work place environment and pay arrangements for professions working in these jobs.
There are similar privatization of business related developments in some more business and
services areas such as media, telecom, entertainment and hospitality, travel and tourism, short
distance and long distance shipping/transportation etc
7. Employment for masses
With ever growing population post independence, augmented by very big move from rural
centric economy to urban and metro economy, India as country had to face unprecedented
challenges while establishing its democratic sovereignty on independent area under government
of India control. New democracy of India went through many gyrations and experiments before
population started enjoying democratic rules and powers it provides to everyone. With
establishment of almost self governance model of democracy with a socialist bent, India had to
not only house 400m people in new dwellings but had to create means of earnings for them. It
involved creation of cities, towns, business centers and factories etc.
It also involved jobs and employment creation along with establishment of corporate and
business infrastructure and entities. Creation of right human resource pipeline for feeding into
new urban setups with proper education and skills development programs was another herculean
task. Country being one of the largest populations in the world with enormous geographical
spread could not even hide from world while working on its economic development projects.
There was lot of resistance from all around including neighbors, world powers and even internal
factions. Four to five wars were the result (almost all frontiers including Pakistan, China,
Pakistan/Bangladesh and involvement in Srilanka) with almost same number of major internal
violent opposition problems (eg. Telengana, Assam, Kashmir and Punjab).
End result of all this effort is not only built up of one of the strongest army in the world but
also one of the most sophisticated defense science research program that focuses on energy
independence, nuclear science, weapons development and warfare class technology development
for military and communication infrastructure. Strong international presence was also essential

16. when country had to take regional power pause hence lot of focus and effort was put on the
efforts like globalization, internationalization, liberalization, localization, intelligent
industrialization, modernization etc. Here are some of the mentionable projects:
Privatization drive and “mass employment” for all segments of society:
1991 UN sponsored economic development program to promote Liberalization, Privatiztion,
Globalization that resulted in creation of international class segmentation in Indian job market as
follows (just like in most of western world):
 20%:: Global workforce
 20%: Highend technical or business skills employee
 20%: Profit centric, self employed, small and medium size business
 20%: Employment for social and economic growth targets
 20%: Newly developing and experiment job segment
It also resulted in good job market talent development with foreign co-working exposures
and good international standard workplaces with top of the class human resource management
and talent development practices. All “social” segments outlined in Meslow Hierarchy of Needs
pyramid/triangle are now highly visible in India’s local and global job markets and talent ladders
have also shown their mighty potential from top to the gross root levels (source internet).
This level of job participation could not have been achieved without highest level of
dedication; ambition and preparation that flames out of the deepest levels of desire and drive for
“needs” fulfillment (Look what we have created. We have created fire. Castaway: Tom Hanks).
There was no room for complacency as it would stop you from moving up the Meslow pyramid.
Some of the sectors which now have international class local job market in India are:
1. Telecommunication, Airlines, Scientific research
2. Urban development, Oil, Auto
3. Banking, Agri-business, Retail
On the other hand below table shows rural job market and its trends in India: (Source: Internet)

18. This vibrant job market could even support world’s one of the biggest urban move that
has housed around 20% of new population in new job market supported urban centers (1980 :
27%% urban to 2020 : 47% urban). Urbanization levels are now almost at “needed” levels in
India. It being a big country with highly distributed population and many cultural centers (20
centers with 2% +/- support needed in each 5%+2% model) with their own rural connections,
localized farming needs and generational relationship requirements could profitably support and
house up 35%-40% population on “small farms” and “agri-business support infra” along with
retirement relationship communities.
Hence there are limits on “factory” production capabilities and low end industrialization in
India put by needed “rural” section. For low end “industrial work” there is hardly any workforce
available like there in China and hence “industrial segment economy” in India would probably
clip at “low 10%” range. And that too would be mostly geared towards high-end, well trained,
certified type of industry workers.
Service sector is already ready to expend to 40% level rounding out total job market
segmentation. Rural development including support infrastructure development could create its
own support services job market. Work would probably include support services for localized
“Rural economy” in 20 “pseudo countries” providing them connectivity with financial and
banking services, postal and telecom services, local retail, collection and distribution
infrastructure for rural production, distribution and consumption, This should easily support up
to 35% +/- of rural development dependent economy.
Overall now rural population is at 50% and urban move trend after it reaches down to 40%
would face significant resistance (and hence only 10% more depth left). Economic development
focus move from rapid urbanization to “Rural development” and “Urban development” as two
separate programs would not be considered a bad strategy because of coming limits.
8. Social and culture changes
Some of the main changes in social & cultural themes in India since independence are:
 Economic profile and demographics changes
 Growth of 10 zones and 20 metros all over India whether it is north, south, east or west
 Growth of both English and Hindi languages
 Growth of home and private business ownerships
 Growth of Enterprise, Corporate and Multinational business
 Move of democracy from up-top levels to down in social ranking scale with more
literacy, education and messaging at all levels
 Blurring Population/Religion/Castes boundaries
 Five “virtual” states to many mini-countries now (10+ zones and 20 metros): North,
Center, South, West and East to Metros/areas

19.  Genetic mix up between Indo-greek, Indoaryan, Indo Iranian, Dravidian, Indic gene pool
groups
Four major subsection, categories and traits: Genetic disposition and generation experience
effect on population make up and family environment, social network effect etc
1) Language, Discipline, Conduct, Analytical ability (Education, Finance, Law and order,
Research, Science and technology, Value add services)
2) “Farmers” of some sort, Harvesting cycles (Agri-business, Governance, Militarizing,
Policing, Industry)
3) Hands-on crafts and arts, Handyman (Carpenter, Tailor, Gardener, Goldsmith, Iron-
smith, Barber, Electrician)
4) Support work, peasantry & servitization (Construction-Plumbers, Mason, Service
workers-Hotel, Travel-Tourism, Social amenities)
Skills and trade marriage has created good size talent pool for all segments of business,
services, jobs and skill-trade market without any visible social, cultural and regional limits.
9. Impact of political and social changes on country’s economic thinking
Although Indian constitution clearly mentions that country prides itself with socialist
democratic governing system, in new and changed India with capitalist and libertarian themes
like privatization, liberalization, globalization, internationalization, intelligent industrialization,
urbanization and localization consuming Indian voters time, media time and educationists time at
full steam, it is very hard to color India now with any of the “one” socialist, capitalist or
libertarian color. On top of it, there is this self pride, drive for betterment and sense of
achievement in “nation development” theme along with this minor nationalist tone in people’s
voice because of healthy country-level prolonged top of the world growth period of three plus
decades. Improvement in relationship with neighbors as a regional power, an agenda that
government of India made its one of the top priority in 1985 and period around it has also helped
the nationalist sentiment and developed country tone in citizens.
With win in two wars (Pakistan 1965, 1971) and loss in one (China 1962) behind its army’s
back now, development level of armed focused in India is not second to none. Programs like
Panchsheel, nationalization of banks, 1975 emergency and UN sponsored economic
liberalization since 1991 has only added to positive growth of country. Think about population
situation in North India today if those family planning measures were not taken by in 1975 by
then primeminister Indira Gandhi. North Indian plains already have world’s top most 4 most
population metro areas. What could have been the situation in otherwise scenario?
Political and economic crisis in 1975 made Indira Gandhi declare state of emergency in
country and take out some of the powers from judiciary so that she could start good economic

20. development programs. Corruption, financial and economic problems, political division on
internal issues, neighbor relations, population and planning problems were rampant at that time.
Later on, India again ran into similar financial and economic well being problems as follows:
 1987 Russian crisis and its impact on India’s centrally manufactured economy (3+
centers now)
 1991 UN lead economic development package (Liberalization, privatization,
globalization)
By 1991 though, country had good enough “grass root” level politics and economics
talent that even in the face of “world” opposition could run one of the most successful “change
the system” program for more than three decades.
Problem like isolation, political disarray, social unrest, debt crisis, unemployment situation,
international image, globalization hurdles could not stop its march on “development” curve.
Situation was very different during Punjab problem as it could take big “International” stage. It
was probably the worst problem of independent India that resulted in violence and later own big
international immigration wave out of Punjab. Other similar problems like Srilanka, Telengana,
Muslim and Minority riots could not become big international “talk” point as their search for
better social connectivity, exposure, and better integration at international stage over country
“India’s” connectivity was marginal at best.
India as country promoted this new “world” image to the whole world that advertised its
globalization, internationalization, localization, liberalization and industrialization as
government’s main development policy and that theme has taken out most of the international
media time over small/ problems at home. Things like social development and gross root support
programs took the international stage over pitty issues at home. Demographics management in
middle class with new backward class reservation, rapid urbanization and globally
(government/private wealth) managed development programs took the center stage.
People showed more concern towards jobs, personalization and image/identity issues,
technology and business environment, top end research & education, labor standards and
betterment of work orientation, industry development, access to international job markets in
Middle east, UK, US, Germany etc. over minor political, social and cultural frictions.
Peaceful political changes and transitions are now common with any violence and
personal attacks whether party that would face change is national level party such as Congress,
Janta dal, BJP or local outfits such as BSP, AAP and other new upcoming parties.
With 30 years of development behind its back now, new generation of today shows
greater accountability, authority and ownership in business, economics, politics, science and
technology, medicine, research, government and it comes out as all weather people at even

21. international stage. New role of information broadcasting and messaging through media in this
new improved world of media’s almost 100% reach and very high social connectivity as main
source of good information has only made people more informed and better democratic citizens.
Contradictory themes like international job markets for all Indian regardless of age, race,
caste, sex in this new world with globalization, internationalization, localization, liberalization
themes as major goal vs Swadeshi and social up-liftment movements bias, Hindi push in
international context, reservation demographics management in international jurisdictions such
as Canada, Germany, UK, India, China, Russia, Korea, Japan job markets etc do not become
major debate points as knowledge about India’s internal social and cultural context is
transparently available now to anyone and everyone.
People in developed markets focus on important job skills, knowledge, education etc and
core skills such as writing, ownership rights & democratic thinking, command and control,
sports, creative and innovating bent of mind, both micro as well as macro-focus, analytical
aptitude with right mix of ambition and intention. Along with that proper protection of good
hardworking and interested in good quality work type of employees is common.
Since 2012 onwards with opening up of many new global job markets and uniform access for
all to those markets has given Indian talent choice in preferred international job markets
1) Europe-UK
2) Europe Continental
3) Middle-east
4) Japan & Russia
5) Australia and pacific
6) Americas
7) Rest of the world
At home or at global level improving sectors provide better prospects. Some of the new
choices developing choices are:
 Banking and Markets, Energy, Infrastructure
 Telecom (south india), Informatics & Scientific Computing
 Education and Healthcare
In summary “India” and “International India” both now are better countries, better
economies, better democracies, better educators and better talent developers and consumers.
There is only going to be one way forward and that would be march towards “The Best”.
10. Foreign Relationships
With thriving economy and one of the highest economic growth rates in the world, India is
expanding unstoppable at this point. Middle class has grown multi-fold over last four decades of

22. urbanization (approx. 20% addition) and so have middle class living standards. Opening up of
the economy has brought in many foreign trade partners, multinationals, business groups and
global organization to shores. Relationship management with foreign countries and governments
becomes utmost priority for central and local governments in this ever growing business and
cultural integration regime and so does learning about each other.
There are many other countries which are at this point busy managing the similar growth and
urbanization wave. China and of-course fragments of USSR, both regions are now growing at
about 4% growth rate. China being now the top most economy of the world both in size and
growth expectations becomes the most important trade partner for the whole world. India and
China relationship becomes important in context of these developments and other happening
such as:
 Fight for international markets
 Unsecure borders
 UN relationships and globalization efforts
 US-China relationship
 UN representation
Since USSR fragments are also now growing at around 4% per year like China, they do have
good talent at home, had been welcoming people for business relationships in past should come
out as good new partners. This new region that started showing growth potential can surely be
made home to lots of new opportunities in education, agri-business, real estate and infra
development. India’s Middle east relationship had always been critical for it as along with its
sizable immigrant population in that area, India imports most of its needed oil from that region.
There had been talks around dedicated oil pipeline from Iran to India in past that did not
materialized.
On the same lines US relationship is also important for India for the following strategic
reasons
1. Privatization and globalization effect got a big boost because of US’s open support for
India’s efforts in this direction. US had been a source of cross border expertise and
business efficiencies and there is free and open exchange of all types of products,
services and adjacent services at private level between India and US. This usually helps
private sector and corporate P&Ls both organically and inorganically as human talent co-
development and technological progress due to open partnerships generates synergies. It
even helps government coffers and budget shortfalls indirectly if not directly as it results
into sources of new corporate and individual taxes.
2. Monitoring of China US relationship is also critical for India as China had been a hostile
neighbor in past and there is always this element of doubt between China-India
relationships. Any strong Chinese relationship at international level could become a

23. serious concern for India. China buys lots of US government debt and that creates strong
government level relationships between two countries. These favorable relationships help
China’s exports and service exchange to US. India also competes for piece of same
business. Sequestration by US government, when it curtain its spending over generating
new money by selling debt helps India and other countries in open private sector
business as China is marginalized in those decisions of not borrowing from it.
Curtailment in federal and government sector spending also results in less tax burden on
corporate, local small businesses and individuals indirectly and that generates world
business.
3. Improvement in India US relationships in last 4 decades: US has become major partner
for India in its co-technology development projects as outlined below:
 Personal computers: $10T over 50 years technology (calc)
 Networking technologies: $10T tech again over 60 years
 Software apps., tools, cloud solutions: $10T tech over 40 years
 Web technologies & data bases: $10T tech over 30 years*
 Global internet transport: $10T tech over 70 years
India has built about $50T relationship over approximately 50 years while partnering in
above themes i.e. $1T relationship per year on average starting from 1980 running till 2030
(2010 as average relationship year). Average size of Indian economy during this period between
2005 and 2015 (2010 as average relationship year) is $3T to $4T. Business exposure to just one
country at these levels of relationship i.e. at $1T out of $3T a ratio of 33% is just too much when
the nature of relationship is private and unguaranteed. India also has global dreams and it
partners with all top five UN powers including Germany and Russia.
If you consider that ratio as a “pole” benchmark and 5 power scenarios (economic not
military), business exposure to any of these top economies should not be more than 20% as India
also trades with many other developing countries in the world and that should account some
growing share. India’s best bet for US exposure would be 1/5 or $1T out of $5T at this 2020+/-
economy size i.e. maintain current level of business exposure or improve India’s political and
social context share in relationship over just products and technology import-export expertise for
more growth. With that “pole’ thinking in place probably for India it is going to be a shift away
from US to rest of the world for now. New growth areas in rest of the world would be better
market development and business development destinations. Some examples being eastern
Europe, new USSR fragment countries, middle-east and sourh-east Asian countries. These
moves would result in better returns on investments, better risk management and better share in
overall relationships all over the world.
Period between 1980 and 2030 can be divided in following major sub sections with
important events during those periods outlined below:

24. 1990 -2003/4: USSR dis-integration, Germany unification, UK political turmoil, US illegal
immigration stress, Euro as solution Europe’s stagnation, Japan stagnation, Middle east –
Iran/Iraq Afghanistan-Pakistan Taliban issues, Very few new choices for development in face of
growing populations all around the world: US seen as lucrative destination and was seen as only
promising land of opportunities otherwise very bad period for holistic and true privatization and
globalization initiative that India took on for its economic overhaul: Business and work
immigration destinations shrunk to just 1 ore 2 and total annual immigrants number to just 100k
Mostly west and that too because of H1B programs help
2004 – 2015: Foreign business acquisition crisis in India with its “Permit Raj” brand; slow exist
out of gold reserve crisis of early 1990s with India-UN program’s highly co-ordinate response
and countries new initiatives such as co-tech development with US and UK, privatization, move
away from Russia centric army and defense science programs, Autos not just from from Japan
and industrial technology not just from Germany/Europe; Financial crisis in US in late 2000 and
10 years of global “fix” with low mortgage rates and lots of foreign debit selling to China and
Japan ( US + Japan + China combination now creates an economic zone that would wrap up
~75% of the world)
2015 – onwards: Germany business relationship in OK state, Multiple business development
engines available in Europe again; Korea-Japan-China as roaring factories of the world; UK, EU,
Russia and neighborhood relationship back in good shape, Sweden/Norway/Dutch on
globalization track and have so far been India friendly. Middle east back again as good
destination after facing the war stress for one decade, area is booming and opportunities are
much better than before. Business conditions all around the world would never be better. Many
economies are going through globalization, internationalization and industrialization at the same
time and trade relationship opportunities are unlimited and immense. All-most the whole
“world” is your possible market now with customer base size of 8 billion.
Overall business & economic conditions would probably never be this better for India’s
global dreams: With about 250K top end business and technology immigrations every year (70-
80 k US, 130 – 150K middle east . 30k Pacific Zone and 30K Russia and Europe) India is going
through a wave of exposure to “world” cultures, societies, business environments, economic
development programs, technology and science research programs in its globalization spree that
invariably fuels privation and liberalization theme at home. This new infrastructure and
economic development phase it some no world country had even seen before. Privatization,
liberalization, open economy and globalization focus was the best decision India ever took.
There should not be any looking back
Someone said “Life is very different from what you learn in books.” My question was very simple “From
where do the books come?” Anonymous