Will Artificial Intelligence Surpass Human Intelligence? AI (artificial intelligence) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems.

2. Topics
Will Artificial Intelligence Surpass Human Intelligence?
By
Md Shakib Hasan
Daffodil International University

3. What is AI?
• AI (artificial intelligence) is the
simulation of human intelligence
processes by machines,
especially computer systems.
These processes include learning
(the acquisition of information
and rules for using the
information), reasoning (using
the rules to reach approximate
or definite conclusions) and self-
correction.

5. Abstract
• Artificial Intelligence (AI), as a
popular topic, has been applied
to all areas of modern life and
there has been diverse ongoing
research focusing on its various
aspects. However, the
developments of AI in different
fields are quite imbalanced.

6. Continue…
Many experts have predicted that, in time, AI will exceed Human
Intelligence (HI); however, there is no solid consensus among them.
Moreover, the controversial issue of how to adequately define AI and
HI has made it difficult to answer this question.
This research collects, summarizes, and analyzes existing research on
the theoretical basis of AI/HI and the developments of AI in different
areas. Then, we discuss the possibilities that AI eventually replace
humans in the job market.
Finally, we divide AI into three types and discuss whether machines will
ultimately surpass human beings or not.

7. Human intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a
derivative of Human Intelligence (HI);
in other words, AI is a kind of
instrument devised and utilized for
people. Different from other
instruments which are designed to
enhance or replace the human
physical function, AI is developed
based on human intelligence to solve
problems by not only the routine
and repetitive activities but also the
behavior on intelligence level.

8. Relationship between AI and HI
• Before investigating the relationship
between AI and HI, it is important to build
a holistic human intelligence definition so
that the corresponding relationship can
be cogent and comprehensive. The
human intelligence definition is focused
on:
• What are the characteristics of human
cognition and how are these
characteristics classified?
• What is the hierarchy of these
classifications?
• How do these characteristics contribute
to the differences between individuals?

9. Human intelligence evolution
• The evolution of HI is a long-term process synchronized with human
development. Firth (2012) proposed that the origin of human culture
is due to the human cognition that allows us to exchange information,
and that is also why we say that human cognition is the result of
human community evolution. Tomasello (1999) mentioned that what
makes human cognition unique is culture and social context.
Moreover, even under a certain social context, different social
characteristics, such as race, language, class, and education can also
contribute to a completely different cognition.

10. Human intelligence characteristics
• According to the research of HI evolution and social impact on HI,
scientists have drawn some different lines to classify human
intelligence. Pylyshyn (1983) proposed the disciplinary architecture of
cognitive science, which includes linguistics, anthropology,
neuroscience, computer science, psychology, and philosophy. Each of
these disciplines indicates the different capability of the human
intelligence.

11. Artificial Intelligence hypothesis
• There are Weak AI, Strong AI, and Superintelligence hypotheses.
Weak AI means machines can act as if they are intelligent and
machines can simulate every aspect of intelligence that can be
precisely described (McCarthy et al., 1958).
In other hands, Strong AI suggests that computer programs can
actually think rather than only simulate thinking. Copeland (2004)
believes strong AI machine should be built in the form of a man and
will go through the same education and learning process as a human
child.

12. Artificial intelligence capabilities
• AI has been applied to many disciplines, and we knowingly and
unknowingly interact with it in our daily life. AI has presented different
levels of capability to solve problems in various areas, such as financial
market, self-driving car industry, and voice recognition market.
• Thanks to the Turing Test proposed by Alan Turing (1950), AI researchers
have an operational definition of AI and we can summarize the capabilities
AI should be equipped to pass the Turing Test. To make conversations with
a human, a computer first needs to understand natural languages such as
English and Spanish. Once the computer retrieves information, it needs to
detect the patterns and generalize knowledge from the information.

13. Applications of Artificial Intelligence

14. Applications of Artificial Intelligence …
• In eCommerce, companies such as
Amazon, Apple, and Google have
built their own AI assistant
to provide customers with audio
service through natural language.
Researchers have been improving
recommendation systems with
complicate machine learning
algorithms so that they can analyze
and model customers’ behavior
and further assist in boosting
business growth.

15. Applications of Artificial Intelligence …
• In the healthcare industry, AI has
been utilized to provide medical
solutions and visual
presentation, such as using deep
learning to diagnose heart
disease and lung cancer using
pattern recognition softwares.

16. Applications of Artificial Intelligence …
• In finance, managing risk is one of AI’s
biggest application. Companies such
as Visa and MasterCard identify
customers whose behavior is different
from their regular activities and detect
fraud with the help of AI.
• In human resource management, AI is
an advanced solution to improve the
efficiency of recruitment and
professional education. Many AI tools
can help managers build evaluation
models to screen resumes and pick up
ideal candidates.

17. Comparison between AI and HI

19. Performances of different types of AI
Weak AI
• Weak AI, also known as narrow AI,
is “artificial intelligence that
focuses on one or more specialized
areas” (Goertzel, 2017). Therefore,
“weak” does not necessarily mean
that this type of AI lacks capability,
but merely emphasizes the
properties of specialization. Most
AI applications today are Weak AI,
such as automated planning, game
artificial intelligence, and so on.
Strong AI
• Strong AI is also known as artificial
general intelligence (AGI). Kurzweil
(2005) defined strong AI as
“machine intelligence with the full
range of human intelligence.” AGI,
which typically focuses on how to
build a machine of human-like
cognitive abilities, at first, was the
primary goal of artificial
intelligence;

20. Superintelligence

21. Conclusion

22. Reference
• https://scholar.google.com
• https://ssrn.com/abstract=3173876
• http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3173876