A group presentation touching base with Effects of Napping Vs. Performance At Work (MPW). Presentation design is uniquely designed on Keynote with animation.

1. start presentation >
1

2. hi !
2

3. who are w
e?
3

4. agenda .
i.
what
interests
us
ii.
what
we
have
found
iii.
what
we
want
to
know
iv.
how
we
plan
to
find
out
v.
our
direc6onal
conclusion
4

5. what’s Cthe?
T O P I
what
interests us
5

6. what’s Cthe?
T O P I
what interests us
|
the lesson
work. WORK.
WORK.
WORK.
work. WORK.
work. work.
WORK.
work.
work.
work.
WORK.
work.
Life
6

7. what’s Cthe?
T O P I
a
what interests us
|
the lesson
man
sad
^
VERY
Life
7

8. what’s Cthe?
T O P I
what interests us
|
the lesson
happy
sleep
eat
8

9. what’s Cthe?
T O P I
what interests us
sleep
work
9
|
the lesson

10. what’s Cthe?
T O P I
what interests us
|
the lesson
Effects
of
Napping
vs.
Performance
at
Work
10

11. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what interests us
|
definition
SO WHAT EXACTLY IS A NAP (AKA. SIESTA) ?
Most
authors
refer
nap
as
a
brief
period
of
sleep
within
a
24-­‐hr
period.
(Regardless
of
whether
proper
sleep
was
taken)
-­‐-­‐
(JOURNAL)
Work
&
Stress,
1989,
Vol
3,
No
2,
129-­‐141
by
Gerald
P.Krueger
11

12. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what interests us
OUR BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
12
|
definition

13. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what interests us
LARK OR OWL ?
13
|
definition

14. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what interests us
|
LARK OR OWL ?
LARK
OWL
14
definition

15. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
STAGES OF NAPS . .
what interests us
5
S T A G E S
15
|
definition

16. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what interests us
STAGES OF NAPS . .
16
|
definition

17. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what interests us
STAGES OF NAPS . .
17
|
definition

18. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what interests us
STAGES OF NAPS . .
18
|
definition

19. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what interests us
|
the final question
?
Is
Napping GOOD
for
Work
19

20. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we
have found
20

21. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
6
|
research
A.
ABOUT
B.
SUMMARY
r e s e a r c h
d o c u m e n t s
21

22. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
|
research
IS NAPPING AT WORK GOOD FOR THE ORGANIZATION / EMPLOYEE?
1
American Medical Association Journal of Ethics September 2008, Vol 10, No 9: 589-593!
Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD
22

23. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
|
research
IS NAPPING AT WORK GOOD FOR THE ORGANIZATION / EMPLOYEE?
1
American Medical Association Journal of Ethics September 2008, Vol 10, No 9: 589-593!
Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD
A.
ABOUT
liQle
trivia,
a
firm
opens
a
napping
bou6que
A
in
Wall
Street,
pay
$14
for
20-­‐min
nap.
NSF
es6mates
US$175
Bn/year
losses
in
escalated
levels
of
stress
and
ensuing
loss
of
produc6vity
due
to
sleep
depriva6on.
NSF
survey:
51%
of
adults
admit
sleep
depriva6on,
thus
unable
to
think
clearly
and
make
bad
judgment.
23

24. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
|
research
IS NAPPING AT WORK GOOD FOR THE ORGANIZATION / EMPLOYEE?
1
American Medical Association Journal of Ethics September 2008, Vol 10, No 9: 589-593!
Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD
A.
ABOUT
Quotes
Journal
‘Sleep
and
Alertness’:
Chronobiological,
Behavioural,
and
Medical
Aspects
of
Napping
by
David
F.
Dinges,
a
consolida6on
of
results
from
23
studies,
61%
working
adults
take
at
least
1
nap
a
week
for
average
of
1.2hrs/week,
30%
nap
4
6mes
a
week.
24

25. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
|
research
IS NAPPING AT WORK GOOD FOR THE ORGANIZATION / EMPLOYEE?
1
American Medical Association Journal of Ethics September 2008, Vol 10, No 9: 589-593!
Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD
B.
SUMMARY
This
shows
some
general
evidence
of
cost
of
sleepiness
for
the
organiza6on/employee,
but
how?
25

26. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
|
research
DOES NAPPING IMPROVE COGNITIVE PROCESSING?
Human Performance 1994, 7(2), 119-139Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD!
James K. Wyatt and Richard R. Bootzin
26
2

27. napping vs.
@
what we have found
PERFORMANCE WORK
|
research
DOES NAPPING IMPROVE COGNITIVE PROCESSING?
Human Performance 1994, 7(2), 119-139Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD!
James K. Wyatt and Richard R. Bootzin
A.
ABOUT
2
ARTICIPANTS:
P
20
test
subjects.
IM:
A
Test
if
napping
increases
cogni6ve
processing.
Test
how
fast
and
accurately
they
can
recall
and
recognize
word
pairs
afer
a
nap.
27

28. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
|
research
DOES NAPPING IMPROVE COGNITIVE PROCESSING?
Human Performance 1994, 7(2), 119-139Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD!
James K. Wyatt and Richard R. Bootzin
A.
ABOUT
ESULTS:
R
28
2
No
sta6s6cal
values,
but
results
show
that
napping
decreases
cogni6ve
processing
such
as
recall,
recogniVon
and
implicit
word
pairing.

29. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
|
research
DOES NAPPING IMPROVE COGNITIVE PROCESSING?
Human Performance 1994, 7(2), 119-139Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD!
James K. Wyatt and Richard R. Bootzin
A.
ABOUT
ONFOUNDING
VARIABLE:
C
EFINITION:
D
29
Sleep
inerVa
Feeling
of
sluggishness
and
mental
dullness
commonly
reported
afer
awakening.
2

30. napping vs.
@
what we have found
PERFORMANCE WORK
|
research
DOES NAPPING IMPROVE COGNITIVE PROCESSING?
Human Performance 1994, 7(2), 119-139Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD!
James K. Wyatt and Richard R. Bootzin
2
A.
ABOUT
Quote
findings
from
a
research
by
Dinges
et
al,
Orne,
and
Orne
(1985):
1)
The
deeper
the
nap,
the
slower
the
reac6on
6me
(r=0.6),
2)
The
amount
of
SWS
is
nega6vely
correlated
to
cogni6ve
task
performance
(r=-­‐0.63).
30

31. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
|
research
DOES NAPPING IMPROVE COGNITIVE PROCESSING?
Human Performance 1994, 7(2), 119-139Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD!
James K. Wyatt and Richard R. Bootzin
A.
ABOUT
2
Rosekind
et
al,
1994
examined
effects
of
nap
opportunity,
and
found
that
napping
helps
maintain
or
even
improve
cogni6ve
performance
if
there
is
prolonged
wakefulness
and
allowed
recovery
6me
from
sleep
iner6a.
31

32. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
|
research
DOES NAPPING IMPROVE COGNITIVE PROCESSING?
Human Performance 1994, 7(2), 119-139Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD!
James K. Wyatt and Richard R. Bootzin
A.
ABOUT
2
Other
studies
(Stones,
1977;
Tilley
&
Statham,
1989)
show
that
it
can
take
up
to
20
min
to
recover
from
sleep
iner6a,
moderated
by
stage
of
sleep.
**Other
confounding
variables
may
include
quality
of
sleep
the
previous
night
(sleepiness),
health
of
par6cipants,
sleep
latency
and
varia6on
of
circadian
cycle
of
each
individual.
32

33. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
|
research
DOES NAPPING IMPROVE COGNITIVE PROCESSING?
Human Performance 1994, 7(2), 119-139Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD!
James K. Wyatt and Richard R. Bootzin
B.
SUMMARY
2
This
shows
that
napping
and
cogni6ve
processing
is
nega6vely
related.
However,
presence
of
sleep
iner6a
confounds
the
conclusion.
When
isolated,
we
found
posi6ve
correla6on
between
napping
and
cogni6ve
processing
when
recovery
from
sleep
iner6a
is
present.
33

34. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
DOES A POST-LUNCH NAP IMPROVE ALERTNESS?
Eur J Appl Physiol, 1998, 78: 93-98!
Masaya Takahashi, Hideki Fukuda, Heihachiro Arito
34
|
research
3

35. napping vs.
@
what we have found
PERFORMANCE WORK
|
research
DOES A POST-LUNCH NAP IMPROVE ALERTNESS?
Eur J Appl Physiol, 1998, 78: 93-98!
Masaya Takahashi, Hideki Fukuda, Heihachiro Arito
A.
ABOUT
ARTICIPANTS:
P
3
groups,
each
consis6ng
10
healthy
volunteers
IM:
A
To
measure
level
of
alertness
through
reac6on
6me
and
a
90-­‐min
English
transcrip6on
test.
35
3

36. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
DOES A POST-LUNCH NAP IMPROVE ALERTNESS?
Eur J Appl Physiol, 1998, 78: 93-98!
Masaya Takahashi, Hideki Fukuda, Heihachiro Arito
A.
ABOUT
ESULTS:
R
36
|
research
3
Reac6on
6me
was
faster
by
24ms
afer
15min
nap,
while
it
slowed
by
17ms
and
65ms
for
45min
nap
and
no
nap
respec6vely,
F(4,54)=3.10,p<0.05.

37. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
DOES A POST-LUNCH NAP IMPROVE ALERTNESS?
Eur J Appl Physiol, 1998, 78: 93-98!
Masaya Takahashi, Hideki Fukuda, Heihachiro Arito
A.
ABOUT
ESULTS:
R
37
|
research
3
Less
errors
on
transcrip6on
test
afer
15min
nap
compared
to
45min
nap
and
no
nap,
F(4,54)=2.76,p<0.05.
The
effects
of
napping
on
alertness
were
evident
afer
7.3min
of
good
sleep.

38. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
DOES A POST-LUNCH NAP IMPROVE ALERTNESS?
Eur J Appl Physiol, 1998, 78: 93-98!
Masaya Takahashi, Hideki Fukuda, Heihachiro Arito
B.
SUMMARY
|
research
3
Therefore,
napping
improves
alertness,
subject
to
a
good
nap
strategy.
38

39. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
|
research
DOES WHEN YOU NAP AFFECT YOUR PERFORMANCE AT WORK? (SHIFT WORK)
Biological Rhythm Research, 2010, 41(2) 137-148!
M.E. Howard, L. Radford, M.L. Jackson, P. Swann, G.A. Kennedy
39
4

40. napping vs.
@
what we have found
PERFORMANCE WORK
|
research
DOES WHEN YOU NAP AFFECT YOUR PERFORMANCE AT WORK? (SHIFT WORK)
Biological Rhythm Research, 2010, 41(2) 137-148!
M.E. Howard, L. Radford, M.L. Jackson, P. Swann, G.A. Kennedy
A.
ABOUT
4
ARTICIPANTS:
P
8
healthy
par6cipants
IM:
A
Measure
sleepiness
and
performance
on
the
job.
ESULTS:
R
Morning
naps
had
shorter
sleep
latency
[t(7)=6.09,p<0.001]
and
longer
sleep
dura6on
[t(7)=-­‐7.49,p<0.001]
compared
to
evening
naps.
40

41. napping vs.
@
what we have found
PERFORMANCE WORK
|
research
DOES WHEN YOU NAP AFFECT YOUR PERFORMANCE AT WORK? (SHIFT WORK)
Biological Rhythm Research, 2010, 41(2) 137-148!
M.E. Howard, L. Radford, M.L. Jackson, P. Swann, G.A. Kennedy
A.
ABOUT
ESULTS:
R
There
was
significant
improvement
in
driving
simula6on
(less
error)
when
there
is
morning
nap
over
evening
nap
and
no
nap
fared
the
worst,
F(1.66,11.61)=5.42,p<0.05.
There
was
no
significant
effect
on
PVT
test
whether
or
not
there
was
a
nap,
F(1.40,8.43)=0.31,p=0.66.
41
4

42. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
|
research
DOES WHEN YOU NAP AFFECT YOUR PERFORMANCE AT WORK? (SHIFT WORK)
Biological Rhythm Research, 2010, 41(2) 137-148!
M.E. Howard, L. Radford, M.L. Jackson, P. Swann, G.A. Kennedy
B.
SUMMARY
This
journal
ar6cle
somehow
contradicts
on
the
effects
of
napping
on
reacVon
Vme
through
the
PVT
test,
but
holds
true
on
the
hypothesis
that
napping
reduces
errors.
The
contradic6on
could
be
because
the
nap
dura6on
of
30-­‐min
is
not
a
good
napping
strategy.
42
4

43. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
|
research
DOES WHEN YOU NAP AFFECT YOUR PERFORMANCE AT WORK? (SHIFT WORK)
Biological Rhythm Research, 2010, 41(2) 137-148!
M.E. Howard, L. Radford, M.L. Jackson, P. Swann, G.A. Kennedy
B.
SUMMARY
The
effect
of
circadian
rhythm
is
significant
in
this
study
in
that
the
6me
of
the
day
affects
one’s
alertness.
A
fairly
large
sample
size
may
comprise
subjects
with
varying
circadian
rhythms
which
confounds
the
hypothesis.
43
4

44. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
|
research
5
OTHER RESEARCH ABOUT NAPS
Ergonomics, 2004, 47(9), 1003-1013!
Masaya Takahashi, Akinori Nakata, Takashi Haratani, Yasutaka Ogawa, Heihachiro Arito
44

45. napping vs.
@
what we have found
PERFORMANCE WORK
|
research
5
OTHER RESEARCH ABOUT NAPS
Ergonomics, 2004, 47(9), 1003-1013!
Masaya Takahashi, Akinori Nakata, Takashi Haratani, Yasutaka Ogawa, Heihachiro Arito
A.
ABOUT
IM:
A
Study
of
post-­‐lunch
nap
to
promote
alertness
on
the
job.
ESULTS:
R
Afernoon
perceived
alertness
decreased
over
no
nap
week,
whereas
perceived
alertness
maintained
at
higher
levels
over
nap
week.
45

46. napping vs.
@
what we have found
PERFORMANCE WORK
|
research
5
OTHER RESEARCH ABOUT NAPS
Ergonomics, 2004, 47(9), 1003-1013!
Masaya Takahashi, Akinori Nakata, Takashi Haratani, Yasutaka Ogawa, Heihachiro Arito
A.
ABOUT
ESULTS:
R
But
when
subjects
were
given
the
liberty
to
choose
to
nap,
there
was
no
significant
difference
in
perceived
alertness,
F(2,14)=2.28,p=0.154.
Napping
also
improves
reac6on
6me
and
fewer
errors
made
on
the
job.
46

47. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
|
research
5
OTHER RESEARCH ABOUT NAPS
Ergonomics, 2004, 47(9), 1003-1013!
Masaya Takahashi, Akinori Nakata, Takashi Haratani, Yasutaka Ogawa, Heihachiro Arito
B.
SUMMARY
This
shows
that
napping
increases
task
performance;
however,
people
are
unable
to
realize
their
body
is
6red.
47

48. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
OTHER RESEARCH ABOUT NAPS
Biological Psychology 2006, 73, 141-156!
Catherine E. Milner, Stuart M. Fogel, Kimberly A. Cote
48
|
research
6

49. napping vs.
@
what we have found
PERFORMANCE WORK
|
research
OTHER RESEARCH ABOUT NAPS
Biological Psychology 2006, 73, 141-156!
Catherine E. Milner, Stuart M. Fogel, Kimberly A. Cote
A.
ABOUT
6
IM:
A
Study
if
habitual
nappers
reap
more
benefits
from
afernoon
naps.
ESULTS:
R
Habitual
nappers
had
less
sleep
iner6a
effects
(less
reduc6on
in
reac6on
6me),
t(16)=-­‐2.89,p=0.01.
49

50. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
OTHER RESEARCH ABOUT NAPS
Biological Psychology 2006, 73, 141-156!
Catherine E. Milner, Stuart M. Fogel, Kimberly A. Cote
A.
ABOUT
ESULTS:
R
50
|
research
6
Non-­‐habitual
nappers
had
inhibited
learning
performance
for
a
longer
delayed
dura6on,
t(18)=-­‐2.35,p<0.05.

51. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we have found
|
research
OTHER RESEARCH ABOUT NAPS
Biological Psychology 2006, 73, 141-156!
Catherine E. Milner, Stuart M. Fogel, Kimberly A. Cote
B.
SUMMARY
The
results
reaffirm
the
confounding
effect
of
circadian
rhythms
on
the
effects
of
nap
on
performance
at
work.
51
6

52. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we
want to
know
52

53. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we want to know
|
the “know”
WHAT WE KNOW . .
Napping
improves
motor,
reacVve
and
alertness
performance
in
general.
However,
it
is
not
just
any
kind
of
nap.
In
par6cular,
to
reap
the
full
benefits
of
napping
at
work,
a
15-­‐minute
a_ernoon
nap
in
a
serene
environment
would
be
op6mal.
Furthermore,
one
would
not
realize
when
6redness
sets
in.
It
would
be
most
beneficial
if
you
start
geung
into
the
habit
of
taking
afernoon
naps
so
that
produc6vity
is
maximized
in
a
world
where
extended
working
hours
is
common
fare.
53

54. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we want to know
|
the “don’t know”
WHAT WE DO NOT KNOW . .
Do
alertness
and
cogniVve
processing
improve
performance
at
work?
Does
the
type
of
job
moderate
the
rela6onship
between
napping
and
performance
at
work?
Confounding
variables
not
isolated?
Is
there
an
op6mal
6me
to
take
an
afernoon
nap?
54

55. napping vs.
@
what we want to know
PERFORMANCE WORK
Null
Hypothesis:
He a lth y
Fo o d
|
our hypothesis
Healthy
and
unhealthy
food
eaten
during
lunch
does
not
affect
nap
quality/sleep
inerVa/sleep
latency.
/
=
Na p
Qu a li ty
Un h e a lth y
Fo o d
55
Slee p
In erti a
Slee p
Late n cy

56. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we want to know
AlternaVve
1
Hypothesis:
=
He a lth y
Fo o d
|
our hypothesis
Healthy
food
eaten
during
lunch
increases
nap
quality/
(decrease)
sleep
inertia/
(decrease)
sleep
latency.
Na p
Qu a li ty
Slee p
In erti a
56
Slee p
Late n cy

57. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
what we want to know
Alterna6ve
2
Hypothesis:
|
our hypothesis
Unhealthy
food
eaten
during
lunch
decreases
nap
quality/
(increase)
sleep
inerVa/
(increase)
sleep
latency.
=
Slee p
In erti a
Un h e a lth y
Fo o d
Na p
Qu a li ty
57
Slee p
Late n cy

58. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
how we
plan to
find out
58

59. napping vs.
@
how we plan to find out
PERFORMANCE WORK
|
the experiment
ASSUMPTIONS . .
COM PANIES
GET QUALITY WORK DONE
i.
Companies
only
want
to
get
work
done;
Increase
efficiency
(not
quality
work
as
not
all
companies
require
quality
work)
59

60. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
how we plan to find out
|
the experiment
ASSUMPTIONS . .
WORKIN G HOURS
9 AM - 6 PM ; 1 Hour Break
ii.
Typical
work
day
from
9AM
-­‐
6PM
where
only
an
hour
break
is
given
60

61. napping vs.
@
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how we plan to find out
ASSUMPTIONS . .
PROCESS
EAT -> NAP
iii.
We
only
consider
eaVng
before
napping
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the experiment

62. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
how we plan to find out
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the experiment
ASSUMPTIONS . .
=
EQUAL AMT O F S LEEP
SLEEP = SLEEP
iv.
All
par6cipants
have
the
same
amount
of
sleep
before
taking
the
experiment
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63. napping vs.
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THE CONTROL . .
Un h e a lth y
Fo o d
He a lth y
Fo o d
Mix
of
healthy
and
unhealthy
food.
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the experiment

64. napping vs.
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PERFORMANCE WORK
how we plan to find out
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the experiment
CATEGORIES OF FOOD . .
BARBEQUED
STEAMED
FRIED
BOILED
MIX
Unhealthy
Healthy
Average
64

65. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
how we plan to find out
PARTICIPANTS . .
Ten
healthy
par6cipants
(mixture
of
men
and
women)
for
each
category
of
food.
Par6cipants
should
not
have
large
varia6on
in
BMI
and
dietary
preferences.
METHOD . .
Use
lab
techniques
to
measure
calories
in
food.
Keep
calories
provided
to
each
par6cipant
constant.
Have
similar
napping
environments.
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66. napping vs.
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the experiment
STEPS . .
1)
Randomly
assign
par6cipants
to
eat
a
type
of
food
that
has
the
calories
count
of
their
respec6ve
food
category
during
the
30-­‐
min
lunch
break
at
1200pm.
2)
Ask
all
par6cipants
to
nap
for
half
an
hour
from
1230pm
siung
on
a
chair
in
a
darkened,
electrically
shielded
chamber.
3)
The
(EEG),
the
horizontal
and
ver6cal
(EOG),
the
(EMG),
and
the
ECG
were
recorded.
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67. napping vs.
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PERFORMANCE WORK
how we plan to find out
|
the experiment
STEPS . .
4)
Afer
each
condi6on,
all
the
subjects
completed
two
tasks
to
test
reac6on
6me.
5)
The
P300,
subjec6ve
sleepiness,
and
5-­‐min
ECG
were
measured
in
the
siung
posi6on
prior
to
each
task.
The
electrophysiological
signals
were
recorded
(EEG-­‐4217,
Nihon
Kohden,
Japan)
and
stored
on
an
FM
tape
recorder
(XR-­‐7000L,
TEAC,
Japan).
67

68. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
our
directional
conclusion
68

69. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
our directional conclusion
He a lth y Fo o d
69
|
our verdict

70. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
our directional conclusion
|
our verdict
15 mi n utes
+
He a lth y Fo o d
70

71. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
our directional conclusion
gives you
In cre ased Slee p Qu a li ty
71
|
our verdict

72. napping vs.
@
PERFORMANCE WORK
our directional conclusion
|
eventually
gives you
In cre ased Perfo rm an ce at Wo rk
72
our verdict

73. napping vs.
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PERFORMANCE WORK
our directional conclusion
|
our verdict
WHO’S THE IDEAL EXEMPLARY ORGANIZATION ?
hmm . .
T H E S I N G A P O R E A R M E D F O RC E S
(SAF)
73

74. Q&A
S
E
S
S
I
O
N
thank you .
74