In the last two decades, refactoring for code and design smells have received considerable focus from both academia and industry. This talk covers large scale refactoring for architectural smells which is gaining considerable attention from the software engineering community in the last few years. The main focus is on real-world case-studies and experiences in performing large scale refactoring for architectural smells from both industrial and open source projects. This talk will provide useful pointers to the participants on how to deal with refactoring for architectural smells in real-world contexts; further, it will also suggest research questions for the software engineering community to explore.

1. Refactoring for Software Architecture Smells:
Managing Architecture Debt
Ganesh Samarthyam, Corporate Trainer and Author
www.designsmells.com

2. Agenda
• Introduction &
motivation
• What is architectural
refactoring?
• Case studies in
architectural refactoring
• Challenges in architecture
refactoring

3. Why care about this topic?

4. City metaphor
“Cities grow, cities evolve, cities
have parts that simply die while other
parts flourish; each city has to be
renewed in order to meet the needs of its
populace… Software-intensive systems
are like that. They grow, they evolve,
sometimes they wither away, and
sometimes they flourish…”
Grady Booch in the foreword for “Refactoring for Software Design Smells: Managing Technical Debt”, Girish Suryanarayana, Ganesh Samarthyam, Tushar Sharma, Morgan Kaufmann/Elsevier, 2014.

5. “Infrastructure debt”!

6. What is technical debt?
When,&due&to&constraints,&I&design&
quickly&and&dirty,&my&project&is&
loaded&with&technical&debt&

7. What is architecture debt?
…
Architecture)
debt)
Architecture)
smells)
Architecture)
viola2ons)
Design)debt)
Design)smells)
Viola2ons)of)
design)rules)
Test)debt)
Lack)of)tests)
Inadequate)test)
coverage)
Code)debt)
Sta2c)analysis)
tool)viola2ons)
Inconsistent)
coding)style)

8. Refactoring a city?

9. Is this refactoring?

10. Architecture vs. agility?

11. Key reasons for architecture
refactoring
Business
needs
Increase
feature
velocity
Address
architecture
decay
Realizing
NFRs
Modernize
Reduce costs

12. Increase feature velocity

13. Bubbles don’t
crash!
Address NFRs

14. Reduce costs

15. Address architecture decay

16. Modernize and get more
profitable

17. What if I don’t do
architecture refactoring?

18. Agenda
• Introduction & motivation
• What is architectural
refactoring?
• Case studies in
architectural refactoring
• Challenges in architecture
refactoring

19. Code refactoring
margin = c.getMargin();
if (c instanceof AbstractButton) {
margin = ((AbstractButton)c).getMargin();
} else if (c instanceof JToolBar) {
margin = ((JToolBar)c).getMargin();
} else if (c instanceof JTextComponent) {
margin = ((JTextComponent)c).getMargin();
}

20. Example: Refactoring for
design smells

21. Earlier (relatively) mature
work

22. Natural extension: Refactoring
for architectural smells
The$red$lines$in$this$
dependency$diagram$shows$
circular$dependencies$

23. Example: Architectural
refactoring
Remove one of the dependencies
Change dependency direction
Move one of the dependencies

24. Illustration: Refactoring for
layering smells
Layer&A&
Layer&B&
Layer&C&
Layer&A&
Layer&B&
Layer&C&
Open layering Closed layering

25. Refactoring “missing layer”
smell
This
smell
arises
when
one
of
the
layers
is
missing
(or
when
no
layers
are
provided
at
all
when
needed)
Layer&A&
Layer&B&
DAL&
Layer&A&
Layer&B&

26. Refactoring “violated
layering” smell
Layer&A&
Layer&B&
Layer&C&
Layer&A&
Layer&B&
Layer&C&

27. Architecture)
smells)
Duplicate)
design)
ar3facts)
Unclear)role)
of)en33es)
Inexpressive)
or)complex)
architecture)
Everything)
centralized)
Over>generic)
design)
Asymmetric)
structure)or)
behavior)
Dependency)
cycles)
Unnecessary)
dependencies)
Implicit)
dependencies)

28. Conway’ law
The structure of a
system mirrors the
structure of the
organisation that
designed it
“Any organization that designs a system (defined broadly) will produce a design whose structure is a copy of the organization's communication structure.”
Melvin E. Conway. "How do committees invent?", Datamation, 14(4):28–31, April 1968

29. Structure of a compiler team
Front-end team
Back-end team
Front-end team
Back-end team
Platform I Platform 2

30. Component interfaces vs.
team boundaries
“Don't publish
interfaces prematurely.
Modify your code
ownership policies to
smooth refactoring.”
– Martin Fowler (Refactoring,
Addison-Wesley, 1999)
A guideline for
code refactoring
A guideline for
architecture refactoring
“Respect code
ownership and retain
team boundaries to
ensure smooth
refactoring.”

31. Code refactoring Architecture refactoring
A module-level or class-level concern
A system level concern that cuts across
modules or sub-systems
Impact of refactoring is within a team Impact of refactoring is often across teams
Typically performed to improve the internal
structure of the code
Performed for various reasons: cost, legal,
security, performance, availability, …
Management buy-in typically not required Management buy-in is typically required
Upfront planning is typically (relatively)
limited
Upfront planning and co-ordination
(sometimes between teams) is often required
Unit tests are important to ensure that
“behaviour is preserved”
Unit tests, integration tests, system tests,
NFR tests, … are required
Risk of breaking the working software is
relatively low
Risk of breaking the working software is
relatively high
Real-world analogy:
“fixing potholes”
Real-world analogy:
“metro construction”

32. Agenda
• Introduction & motivation
• What is architectural
refactoring?
• Case studies in
architectural refactoring
• Challenges in architecture
refactoring

33. Architecture represents the significant
design decisions that shape a
system, where significant is
measured by cost of change.
- Grady Booch (2006)

34. NFRs
Constraints
TechnologyCross-cutting
concerns
Others
(e.g.: overall
structure)
Dimensions of ADs

35. Case study: Skipping
security layer

36. Case study: Platform L & F
The example of “how much effort &
time” it requires to provide the feature
to change the color of a button!

37. Case study: OSS in a
product

38. COTS
(Commercial Off The Shelf)
FOSS
(Free and Open Source Software)
Make
Buy
/ Reuse
Proven
Modern
/ Latest

39. Cross-cutting concerns
Error/Exception handling
ConcurrencyPersistence
Event handling
Interaction and presentation
Source: SWEBOK v3

40. Case study: Using
Structured EH
Source: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms681409(v=vs.85).aspx
Structured Exception
Handling in VC++
Standard Exception
Handling supported in
modern C++ compilers
bool SafeDiv(Number dividend, Number divisor,
Number &result) {
try {
result = dividend / divisor;
} catch(Number::divide_by_zero ex) {
return false;
}
return true;
}
BOOL SafeDiv(Number dividend, Number divisor,
Number &result) {
__try {
result = dividend / divisor;
} __catch(GetExceptionCode() == EXCEPTION_INT_DIVIDE_BY_ZERO
? EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER : EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH) {
return FALSE;
}
return TRUE;
}

41. Handling persistence
Oracle DB
Compo
nent-1
Compo
nent-2
Compo
nent-N
[establish
connection, SQL
queries, close
connection…]
No clone within a
component, but
duplication of code
across components
How to support
different databases?
[establish
connection, SQL
queries, close
connection…]
[establish
connection, SQL
queries, close
connection…]

42. Handling persistence
Compo
nent-1
Compo
nent-2
Compo
nent-N
Service layer /
DAL

43. Agenda
• Introduction & motivation
• What is architectural
refactoring?
• Case studies in
architectural refactoring
• Challenges in
architecture refactoring

44. Key challenges in
architecture refactoring
Getting
management
buy-in
Fear of breaking
working software
Lack of tool
support
Merge process
problems

45. How to get management
buy-in?
logger.severe(“details”)
errlog.log(“details”)logger.error(“details”)
System.err.println(“details”)
Since ROI (Return On Investment)
is not clear, how to get
management buy-in for this
architectural refactoring?
Log4j java.util.logging custom log library SOPs

46. Dealing with the fear of
“breaking the working software”
Module 1 Module 2 Module N
How to validate architectural
refactoring changes?
Currently through architecture, design, and code reviews
+ running system, integration, and unit tests =>
Can still break the working software!

47. Lack of tool support
Unlike code refactoring, most
architectural refactoring is manual
due to lack of tool support!

48. Automated code smell
detection and refactoring

49. Lack of tool support
Lack of automated support for
architectural refactoring
Inadequate support for
detecting smells
Limited support for
quantifying architectural debt
…

50. Merge process problems
Challenge I: How to handle merges from
distributed teams?
Challenge II: How to merge changes from
long-running branches?

51. Illustration: How to co-ordinate
changes in distributed teams?
Module 1
Country 1
Module 2
Country 2
Module N
Country N
How do co-ordinate refactoring when
code ownership is distributed with
teams across the globe? (more
pronounced in refactoring situations)

52. Illustration: How to deal with
changes in long-running branches?
Module 1
Module 2
Module N
6 months

53. Key take-aways
Architecture smells and violations contribute to technical debt (known
as architecture debt)
Architecture refactoring plays a key role in enhancing agility and
enables business success
Code refactoring and architecture refactoring are altogether different
ballgames
Architecture smells can be viewed in terms of Architectural Decisions
(ADs)
Refactoring for replaying architecture debt is an emerging topic

54. Image credits
• http://sustainablecitiescollective.com/pratik-dave/244831/bangalore-exclusive-metro-india-having-profit-making-public-
transport-system
• http://www.medsoftwaresys.com/mss/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/reengineering.png
• http://topnews.in/files/Bangalore-Metro-Rail-Corporation-Ltd.jpg
• https://www.itdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Chennai-Rendering.jpg
• http://www.vectors4all.net/preview/database-clip-art.jpg
• http://static.planetminecraft.com/files/resource_media/screenshot/1231/Windows-Vs-Mac_3072108.jpg
• http://manuel.midoriparadise.com/public_html/icons/linux-icon.png
• http://mortalpowers.com/posse/1280x1280/0DSC03205.JPG
• http://images.clipartpanda.com/server-computer-clipart-1216179635943364667jcartier_central_computer_1.svg.hi.png
• http://images.clipartpanda.com/cloud-icon-png-clouds.png
• http://www.clipartbest.com/cliparts/dc6/M5L/dc6M5LBc9.jpeg
• http://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/rms/computerweekly/refactor.jpg
• http://yellowairplane.com/Adventures/Falkland_Islands_War_Guestbook/Falkands_War_Malvinas_War_Photos/
Jet_Fighter_Mirage_2000_Takeoff_Argentina.jpg