It's all about Lipids and Nutrition.

1. LIPIDS
Chem 161 Sat 8:30-11:30

2. LIPIDS
• Compounds with preponderance of
nonpolar groups
• Limited solubility in water
• Soluble in organic solvents, e.g. acetone
and chloroform

3. FATTY ACIDS
• contains a –COOH group
• contains both polar (-COOH)
and nonpolar (hydrocarbon)
groups
• amphipathic

4. SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

5. UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Exists in cis form

6. What happens to the melting point of the acids
as the length of the carbon chain grows?
Why?

7. Which of the fatty acids are monounsaturated?
Polyunsaturated?
For monounsaturated FA’s, do we observe the
same relationship with the length of the chain
and their melting points?
What pattern can be observed on the PUFA’s melting point,
whose length of carbon chain is the same?

8. What is the effect of the double bonds on the intermolecular
force of these PUFA’s?

9. ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
• Needed in the human body that must be
obtained from dietary sources because it
cannot be synthesized within the body, in
adequate amounts

10. ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS

11. Why are we talking about fatty acids?

12. TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
• Storage lipids
• Also known as fats/oils, triglycerides

13. TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
• Main reserve of energy (9 kcal/g), as
compared to carbohydrates
and proteins (4 kcal/g)
• Stored in adipose tissues

14. TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
Simple triacylglycerol

15. TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
Mixed triacylglycerol

16. Fats and oils? What is the difference?
Fat
Oil
Generally from animals
Generally from plants

17. What causes the difference in their
physical states?
Fat Oil

19. REACTIONS
• Hydrolysis

20. REACTIONS
• Hydrogenation

21. REACTIONS
• Oxidation
• Antioxidants are usually added: BHT
(butylated hydroxytoluene) and BHA
butylated hydroxyanisole

23. PHOSPHOACYLGLYCEROL
• Component of membranes

24. PHOSPHOACYLGLYCEROL
• Basis of classification

25. PHOSPHOACYLGLYCEROL
• Basis of classification

26. WAXES
• Esters from long chain alcohol (fatty
alcohol) and long chain carboxylic acid
(fatty acid)
• Protective coating
Component of carnauba wax

27. WAXES
• Esters from long chain alcohol (fatty
alcohol) and long chain carboxylic acid
(fatty acid)
• Protective coating
Component of spermaceti

28. Sperm Whale

29. SPHINGOLIPIDS
• Found in the nervous system

30. SPHINGOLIPIDS
• Found in the nervous system
Serves as coating of the myelin sheath

31. GLYCOLIPID
Serves as markers for cellular recognition

32. GLYCOLIPID
Found in nerve tissues

33. STEROIDS
What is common to all these steroids?

34. STEROIDS
• Presence of this ring system

35. STEROIDS
• Presence of this ring system

36. Cholesterol
• Component of membrane and starting
material for other steroidal compounds
• Transported by HDL and LDL

37. BILE ACIDS
• Functions as emulsifying agents

38. SEX HORMONES

39. ADRENOCORTICOID HORMONES
• Produced by the adrenal glands

40. BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES
• Made up mostly of the lipid bilayers
Made up of phosphoglycerides, glycolipids, cholesterol (phytosterols)

41. BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES
• Made up mostly of the lipid bilayers
Made up of phosphoglycerides, glycolipids, cholesterol (phytosterols)

42. BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES

43. BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES
• Fatty acid profile of the membrane
determines its fluidity

44. BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES
• Presence of cholesterol decreases the
fluidity of the membrane

45. BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES
• Proteins are also found in the lipid bilayer
• Integral and peripheral protein
• Functions as transport and receptor

46. BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES
• Proteins are also found in the lipid bilayer
• Integral and peripheral protein
• Functions: transport, receptor, catalysis

47. FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
• Accepted model of the biological
membrane

48. TRANSPORT
• Two kinds based on use of energy
a. Passive transport – substance moves from
higher concentration to lower
concentration
b. Active transport – substance moves against
a concentration gradient

49. PASSIVE TRANSPORT
• Simple diffusion
-commonly seen in gases
• Facilitated diffusion
-assisted by
protein carriers

50. ACTIVE TRANSPORT

51. BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES
• Proteins are also found in the lipid bilayer
• Integral and peripheral protein
• Functions: transport, receptor, catalysis

52. RECEPTOR

53. EICOSANOIDS
• Derived from arachidonic acid
• Prostaglandins, leukotrienes,
thromboxanes

54. PROSTAGLANDINS
• Induction of inflammation, control of
blood pressure, stimulation of smooth
muscle contraction, inhibit platelet
aggregation

55. LEUKOTRIENES
•Play a role in
smooth muscle
constriction, like
in asthma attacks

56. THROMBOXANES
• induce platelet
aggregation and smooth
muscle contraction

57. What are the functions of
lipids? A polar bear asked me.

59. FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

60. VITAMIN A

61. VITAMIN A
An aldehyde

62. VITAMIN A