Gestational Diabetes Research

Gestational Diabetes Research
Gestational Diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy due to elevated glucose
levels. Complications of gestational diabetes include macrosomia, preterm labor, and respiratory
distress. It can also lead to diabetes later in life for the mother. Normalizing blood sugars is an
important way to prevent these complications and maintain a healthy pregnancy (Lowdermilk
2014). In a research study of pregnant women, it examined the outcomes of pregnancies if glucose
testing was done continuously vs self–monitoring.
Self–monitoring glucose can be done one to several times a day and detects glucose levels at the
time of testing. Self–monitoring can help detect hyper or hypoglycemia. Continuous glucose
monitoring tracts glucose levels ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Education on glucose monitoring, glucose control, nutritional counseling, and information on
options for medication therapies should be made a priority as soon as diagnosis is made. Close fetal
and maternal surveillance is needed to reduce the complications and risks; it may be necessary to
increase frequency of prenatal checks, nonstress tests, and ultrasounds. Support and available
resource recommendations through the community should be made available.
Reflection and Conclusion After reviewing the study and learning more about gestational diabetes, I
feel that with more education and ensuring compliance in nutrition, testing, and follow up are
beneficial to the pregnancy and after pregnancy as well. The importance of education, and
compliance, however, is not only exclusive to gestational diabetic pregnancies. All pregnancies
could benefit from increased education of nutrition, and importance of compliance with follow ups
and testing. The challenge with the study was the loss of sample size, which is not just a problem for
the study, but an issue felt by obstetricians, family physicians, and other pregnancy specialists; loss
of sample size for the study is equal to lack of compliance of prenatal care in the office.
Encouragement and more frequent checks on good prenatal care would benefit not just gestational
diabetes
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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ( Gdm )
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance that occurs during pregnancy
[1]. GDM is a widespread condition in Indian women during pregnancy affecting nearly 21 percent
of all pregnancies [2, 3] nationwide. Prevalence of GDM in India differs from region to region, with
3.8% in Kashmir [4], 16.55% in Tamil Nadu [5], 7.7% in Maharashtra, 7.1% in Haryana [6], 19% in
National Capital Region [3]. Epidemiological studies have confirmed the association of GDM with
increased feto–maternal morbidity and long–term complications in off–springs [7]. Women with a
family history of diabetes may be predisposed to an increased risk of GDM. Studies have revealed
that around 60 % women with history of GDM develop Non Insulin ... Show more content on
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Each enrolled subject's consent with her medical and family history details were recorded through a
questionnaire. The ethics committee of AIIMS approved the protocol of this study and patients'
medical/family history questionnaire. A detailed pedigree chart for each subject with family history
was drawn. Patients suffering from hypertension, diabetic complications, cardiac diseases,
metabolic syndromes, Cancers, HIV, Endocrinological, or Neurological disorders were excluded
from the study.
1. Selection of Active Subjects:
1.1 Group 1 (GDM)
All pregnant women were screened with Carpenter and Coustan Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
(OGTT) [20] (threshold reading for 100gms glucose OGTT were fasting/1hr/2hr/3hr =
95/180/155/140mg/dl) in 2nd trimester of their gestation, but cases with strong family history of
NIDDM were screened in 1st trimester for GDM. Patients who had less than two values> threshold
OGTT values, were excluded. The age of the patients in this group ranged between 18–42 years.
Patients with any other type of diabetes or impaired glucose intolerance were not included in this
group.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or short for GDM is defined as having any degree of intolerance to
glucose with the onset or first recognized when a woman is pregnant. When a woman is pregnant
and her body cannot tolerate glucose, the glucose in the blood rises and is able to cross the placenta
of the fetus. The extra blood glucose in the placenta will result in a high blood glucose level for the
baby and any extra energy that the baby does not need to grow will be stored as fat, resulting in a
condition known as macrosomia, or a large baby (CDC, 2014). A large baby could potentially lead
to a cesarean section, which means a longer recovery time. Other complications are high blood
pressure, which is harmful to both mother and fetus, low blood ... Show more content on
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So income and socioeconomic status is a modifiable risk. A non modifiable risk for this ethnic group
in particular is their body fat distribution or their genetic predisposition. According to the Orange
County Data, "Asian/Pacific Islander women had the highest prevalence of GDM regardless of
BMI, and Asian women who developed GDM had an average pre–pregnancy BMI of 23, much
lower than the countrywide average of 27.3" (Refowitz, p.6). Another non modifiable risk is the
cultural differences in diet, physical activity, and perceptions of weight (Moses & Brand–Miller,
2009).
Nutritional Influences on the Disease
For Asian/Pacific Islander women who have the highest prevalence of developing GDM despite
their pre–pregnancy BMI being as low as 23, the nutritional influence must be their cultural
differences in diet including being acculturated to the Western diet. Depending if the mother–to–be
is foreign born or a native Californian can influence the diet. Foreign born Asian/Pacific Islander
consumes a high carbohydrate diet, which are mainly white rice and noodles. According to Diabetes
Care, "carbohydrate quality may help prevent the development of GDM without the risk of adverse
effects. Both high–fiber and low–sugar diets have been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and
glucose

The Cause Of Gestational Diabetes
Gestational diabetes is a disease that only affects pregnant women. Gestational diabetes is high
blood sugar that starts or is first diagnosed during the second trimester (24th week) of a pregnancy.
A diagnose of gestational diabetes does not necessarily mean that you had diabetes before, or that
you will have diabetes after birth. It is becoming more common in women to carry on diabetes even
after giving birth, due to non–treatment of the disease. It is very important that you follow up with
your doctor during the length of your pregnancy, or if considering getting pregnant. The cause of
gestational diabetes researchers does not know why it only affects pregnant women. To understand
how gestation diabetes occurs, it can help to understand ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All expecting mothers will be tested for gestational diabetes during their pregnancy. Expecting
mothers who are over the age of 25, over weight, or have a family history of diabetes may be tested
earlier and more frequently. This condition can be prevented by exercise and diet before conceiving
and during pregnancy, self–monitoring is also effective. If gestational diabetes is diagnosed the non–
treated effects for the mother and fetus can include large birth weight of the baby and a possible
premature delivery. Other effects can increase the chances of a cesarean delivery and in rare cases
neonatal death. With proper treatment and care from you and your health care provider you can have
a healthy baby and result in no diabetes in the

The Common Definition Of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
The common definition of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is glucose or carbohydrate
intolerance with onset, first recognition or first diagnosis during pregnancy; it is a common
complication in pregnancy that typically ends a few weeks after birth (Coustan, 2013; Zhang &
Ning, 2011; Brown, 2011). Although the causes of GDM are not known, it appears that hormones
from the placenta lead to insulin resistance in the mother; this insulin resistance combined with an
inadequate insulin secretion to compensate for its resistance has a central role in the
pathophysiology of GDM, which can then lead to hyperglycemia and gestational diabetes mellitus
(Zhang & Ning, 2011; Blake, Munoz, & Volpe, 2014). It is thought that women who develop GDM
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2014; Zhang & Ning, 2011; Tobias, et al., 2012).
Diagnosis and management of gestational diabetes According to Blake (2011) glucose screening is
recommended for women at high risk (including the risk factors mentioned above) for gestational
diabetes, but is not recommended for certain women; women who are: under the age of 25, no first
degree familial diabetes, normal pre–pregnancy weight and healthy pregnancy weight gain, no
history of glucose intolerance, and no previously poor outcomes obstetrically. In comparison, the
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) endorses universal screening of all
pregnant women for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (Coustan 2013). The usual screening test
used for GDM is a 50–gram 1–hour glucose challenge (50–gram oral glucose test) at 24–28 weeks
gestation (Coustan 2013; Brown, 2011). This one hour glucose test is used as the initial screening
tool to identify potential cases that may need further testing; further testing is required if the glucose
level is greater than or equal to 130 mg/dL (Brown, 2011). The first test is followed up with either
the 100–g/3–h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or the 75–g/2–h OGTT; the OGTT is usually
performed by giving a pregnant woman a drink containing

Gestational Diabetes Research Paper
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as a condition when a woman's blood glucose is
elevated during pregnancy. GDM occurs only during pregnancy and resolves after delivery. Etiology
of GDM is unknown. According to National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC), (n.d.),
scientists believes GDM is caused by hormonal changes and metabolic demands of pregnancy. The
placenta produces hormones such as, cortisol, human placental lactogen, and estrogen to maintain
the pregnancy (The University of Chicago Medicine, n.d.). The hormone production by the placenta
increases as the fetus grows. The hormones produced by the placenta blocks the effect of insulin,
which leads to the body's resistance to insulin. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
GDM may be diagnosed with a 2–step or 1–step approach glucose screening test that involves
drinking a syrupy glucose drink. It is recommended to perform glucose testing between 24 and 28
weeks of gestation (National Guideline Clearinghouse, n.d.). In the initial non–fasting 2–step
approach, 50 grams oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is given followed by one hour blood glucose
measurement (USPSTF, 2013). If the individual's blood glucose level meet or exceed threshold of
130 to 140 mg/dL, then the individual undergo a fasting 100 grams, three–hour diagnostic OGTT
(National Guideline Clearinghouse, n.d.). During the 100 grams OGTT, fasting blood sugar levels
are reviewed after 1, 2, and 3 hours (National Guideline Clearinghouse, n.d.). Individuals are
considered to have gestational diabetes if two of the blood glucose values are at or above the limit.
In the fasting 1–step approach, 75 grams glucose load is given and blood sugar levels are reviewed
after one and two hours (National Guideline Clearinghouse, n.d.). The individual is diagnosed with
GDM if any of the blood sugar values met or exceeded (1) 92 mg/dL (fasting), (2) 180 mg/dL (one–
hour value), or (3) 153 mg/dL (two–hour

What is Gestational Diabetes?
Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops only during pregnancy. Diabetes means your
blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. Your body uses glucose for energy. Too much
glucose in your blood is not good for a mother or her baby.
Describe any psychological problems associated with Gestational Diabetes.
Depression is a psychological problem that has been linked to gestational diabetes. Depression can
make you too tired to manage your diabetes and care for your baby. If during or after a mother's
pregnancy she feels anxious, sad, or unable to cope with the changes she is facing, she should talk
with her healthcare team. Depression can be treated. Her health care team may suggest ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the gestational diabetes is not under control, the baby will also have high blood glucose. The
baby's pancreas will have to make extra insulin to control the high blood glucose. The extra glucose
in the baby's blood is stored as fat.
Untreated or uncontrolled gestational diabetes can cause problems for the baby, such as being born
with a larger than normal body–a condition called macrosomia–which can make delivery difficult
and more dangerous for your baby having low blood glucose, also called hypoglycemia, right after
birth having breathing problems, a condition called respiratory distress syndrome having a higher
chance of dying before or soon after birth
The baby also might be born with jaundice. Jaundice is more common in newborns of mothers who
had diabetes during their pregnancy. With jaundice, the skin and whites of the eyes turn yellow.
Jaundice usually goes away, but the baby may need to be placed under special lights to help.
Making sure the baby gets plenty of milk from breastfeeding will also help the jaundice go away.
Gestational diabetes may increase the mother's chances of having high blood pressure and too much
protein in the urine, a condition called

The Prevalence Of Gestational Diabetes
Gestational diabetes is a glucose intolerance that develops during pregnancy. Early diagnosis and
effective treatment are important because gestational diabetes can cause serious maternal and fetal
complications. Diet and exercise are the first line treatment options of gestational diabetes, while
insulin therapy is the first line medical treatment option. Nurses' play an important role in education
and support of gestational diabetes because they provide day–to–day care for their patients. In this
paper I will discuss the increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus, as well as the nurses'
role in caring for patients with gestational diabetes mellitus and improving patient outcomes.
The Implications of Nursing Care for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Pregnancy and childbirth is a time of great hope and joyful anticipation, but it is associated with risk
to health and survival for the mother and for the infant. Pregnancy is a period by which numerous
metabolic and hormonal changes take place (Caysens G. & Boulvain M, 2016). Though individual
women vary with their metabolic needs during the childbearing process, some develop
complications during pregnancy that poses a detrimental threat to their health and their infant's
well–being. One of the most common complications of pregnancy is gestational diabetes mellitus.
Gestational diabetes mellitus is a pregnancy complication defined as glucose intolerance, by which a
pregnant woman has higher than normal glucose

The Prevalence Of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
The prevalence of Gestational Diabetes mellitus (GDM) is growing worldwide. One to fourteen
percent of women in pregnancy are affected by DM I. Due to increased incidence and proposed
lowering of the thresholds for diagnosis the health care cost of GDM can be expected to rise
proportionately. The discussion of whether a benefit exists to the treatment of GDM assumes greater
importance now than in the past (Landon, 2010).
Even though it has long been known that women with preexisting type I and type II diabetes are at
increased risk for adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, the relationship of GDM to various perinatal
risks has been less clear. O 'Sullivan and Mahan developed Glucose tolerance test criteria for the
diagnosis of GDM, nearly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this large–scale international study, women with fasting glucose up to 105 mg/dL, were enrolled.
The researchers described the continuous association between maternal glucose concentrations
(utilizing a 75 g blinded 2 hour OGTT) and increasing birth weight, cord blood serum C–peptide
levels and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. These associations were present at glucose levels
currently lower than those used to diagnose GDM (Landon, 2010).
In spite of little evidence to support a treatment benefit to the identification and treatment of mild
carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy screening for GDM has been recommended for most
pregnant women (Landon, et al, 2007). Universal screening for GDM has been adopted by most
United States obstetricians for nearly 15 years. However, lack of international consensus regarding
diagnostic criteria has continued to add to the problem of assessing the value of treatment. Currently
a 3 hour 100 g diagnostic test is utilized predominantly in the United States, while much of the
world uses a 75 g, 2 hour test (Landon, 2010).
The 2008 guidelines of the US Preventive Services Task Force concluded that there is lack of
evidence to evaluate the benefits and harms of screening and treatment of GDM (Landon, 2010).
Recently, 8 randomized trials concerning treatment of GDM were identified. The

Essay On Gestational Diabetes
A study done by the Health Care Agency found that the most common prenatal complication in
women that lived in Orange County was gestational diabetes. The stated target population is women
that live in Orange County, specifically in Santa Ana. The prevalence of gestational diabetes in
Orange County was 7.1% affecting nearly 3,000 women in 2009 (Ramos et al., 2011, 2). This data
shows the prevalence rates according to each city in Orange County Santa Ana as well as Anaheim,
Garden Grove, and Irvine made up almost half of the gestational diabetes cases in 2010 (Refowitz,
2012, 8). Looking at Santa Ana specifically, the prevalence of gestational diabetes was 7.06% with a
total of 438 cases in 2010 with a total of 6,202. The stated target ... Show more content on
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Additionally, those with GDM reported less social support from outside the family (Lydon et al,.
2012). In a comparison study, Hispanic mothers had a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms
(16%) compared with non–Hispanic white mothers (7%). Specifically, Hispanic women reported
25% to 50% depression prevalence among low–income prenatal populations (Chasen–Taber et al.,
2010). Of the participants in cohort study of risk factors for GDM among Hispanic Women, a total
of 33.2% were classified as having probable depression (Chasen–Taber et al., 2010). Undoubtedly,
the "diabetic" label comes with significant psychological complications. Accruing stigma and losing
support, women are sometimes blamed for having GDM, because they eat too much, or do not carry
our their domestic chores. In the end, psychological support from loved ones and the community is a
positive factor for management. If gestational diabetes is not properly addressed in our community,
the women with gestational diabetes will be left to feel isolated, unsupported, scared, and
abandoned (Kalra et al., 2013).
Solutions to the Problem
For those who have gestational diabetes or are newly pregnant, having a strong support group and a
care team is very crucial in preventing and reducing this disease. Two strategies that have been
found to be effective in treating GDM is to follow a healthy diet and to fully participate in prenatal
care. Nutritional therapy is a stepping–stone of having a healthy

Pregnancy with Gestational Diabetes
Topic Pregnancy with Gestational Diabetes
Gestational diabetes is a condition characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels that is first
recognized during pregnancy. The condition occurs in approximately 4% of all pregnancies.
What Causes Gestational Diabetes in Pregnancy
Almost all women have some degree of impaired glucose intolerance as a result of hormonal
changes that occur during pregnancy. That means that their blood sugar may be higher than normal,
but not high enough to have diabetes. During the later part of pregnancy (the third trimester), these
hormonal changes place pregnant woman at risk for gestational diabetes.
During pregnancy, increased levels of certain hormones made in the placenta (the organ that
connects ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If your results are abnormal based on the oral glucose tolerance test, another test will be given after
fasting for several hours.
In women at high risk of developing gestational diabetes, a normal screening test result is followed
up with another screening test at 24–28 weeks for confirmation of the diagnosis.
Gestational diabetes is managed by:
Monitoring blood sugar levels four times per day before breakfast and 2 hours after meals.
Monitoring blood sugar before all meals may also become necessary.
Monitoring urine for ketones, an acid that indicates your diabetes is not under control.
Following specific dietary guidelines as instructed by your doctor. You 'll be asked to distribute your
calories evenly throughout the day.
Exercising after obtaining your health care provider 's permission.
Monitoring weight gain.
Taking insulin, if necessary. Insulin is currently the only diabetes medication used during pregnancy.
Controlling high blood pressure.
Monitor Sugar Levels
Testing your blood sugar at certain times of the day will help determine if your exercise and eating
patterns are keeping your blood sugar levels in control, or if you need extra insulin to protect your
developing baby. Your health care provider will ask you to maintain a daily food record and ask you
to record your home sugar levels.
Testing your blood sugar involves pricking your finger with a lancet device (a small, sharp needle),
putting a drop of

Gestational Diabetes Among Women
Introduction: Diabetes is a chronic disease and one of the leading causes of death in the United
States. In our society, many women are affected by this disease. According to the American
Diabetes Association in 2012, 29.1 million Americans had diabetes. Poverty and lack of education
cause women to eat in an unhealthy way resulting in being overweight and even becoming obese..
When women are obese, they are at high in risk for diabetes. Certain changes in lifestyle can lower
the risk of diabetes. There are three types of diabetes, type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes that
usually affect pregnant women. In the case of a pregnant woman, it is most likely that it will affect
both the mother and her unborn baby. In addition, diabetes may be ... Show more content on
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Our goal is to determine if sedentary lifestyle and poor nutrition causes diabetes. With the use of
survey which is one of the best way of reaching out to lot of people faster we managed to compare
two groups of participants. The first group is women who exercise and eating healthy. The second
group is women with sedentary lifestyle and eating poor nutrition to find out which group is more
prone to diabetes. We used two types of questioning, the open ended and the close ended questions.
The duration of the study was one month. Limitations
The sample size was very small therefore, it did not represent the population. We had two groups of
participants one who live healthy lifestyle. Eating healthy foods and the other group were
participants who eat unhealthy and live sedentary lifestyle. Participants were almost the same age
group therefore, they cannot represent all ages. The uncontrolled variable were those participants
with poor nutrition and sedentary lifestyle. The 60% of the participants were black and 40% were
Hispanic no Asians and Whites so the study cannot represent all races.

Gestational Diabetes Essay
Gestational Diabetes
Alivia Danna
October 5, 2011
HED 3390
Gestational Diabetes Gestational diabetes is a disease that affects pregnant women it's a glucose
intolerance that is started or diagnosed during pregnancy. Based on recently announced diagnostic
criteria for gestational diabetes, according to the American Diabetes Association, it is estimated that
gestational diabetes affects 18% of pregnancies. Pregnancy hormones can block insulin therefore
causing the glucose levels to increase in a pregnant woman's blood. Gestational diabetes starts when
your body is not able to make and use all the insulin it needs for pregnancy (American Diabetes
Association). Without enough insulin, glucose cannot leave the blood and be changed to ... Show
Not all women experience symptoms of gestational diabetes, or the symptoms are mild and not life
threatening to the pregnant woman. Most of the time the blood sugar level returns to normal after
delivery, which was the case for my mom. The one that's affected the most is the baby and it's
usually later on in the pregnancy after the baby is already formed, but while the baby is busy
growing. Untreated or poorly controlled gestational diabetes can hurt your baby. Although insulin
does not cross the placenta, glucose and other nutrients do, so extra blood glucose goes through the
placenta, giving the baby high blood glucose levels. This causes the baby's pancreas to make extra
insulin to get rid of the blood glucose. Since the baby is getting more energy than it needs to grow
and develop, the extra energy is stored as fat. This can lead to macrosomia, or a "fat" baby, babies
with macrosomia face health problems of their own, including damage to their shoulders during
birth, newborns may have very low blood glucose levels at birth and are also at higher risk for
breathing problems. Babies with excess insulin become children who are at risk for obesity and
adults who are at risk for type 2 diabetes (American Diabetes Association). Women with Gestational
diabetes tend to have larger babies therefore there may be birth injuries or the need to have a C–
section.
The treatment of gestational diabetes is simple you must monitor

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: an Overview
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with the onset
or first recognition during pregnancy. Ninety percent of those diagnosed with diabetes during
pregnancy will resolve after delivery (Scollan–Koliopoulos, Guadagno, & Walker, 2006). Pregnancy
causes estrogen, progesterone and human placental lactogen to become elevated which provokes
malfunctioning insulin, which can lead to insulin resistance and decreased cellular glucose uptake.
The growing placenta causes the production of even more hormones, producing higher glucose
levels and increased insulin resistance. When the pancreas can't satisfy the demands for additional
insulin, GDM results ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Breasts: Assymetrical– right>left, everted nipples, no discharge, no dimpling, tender bilaterally, no
masses, no axillary nodes.
Abdomen: Nontender; no organomegaly, bowel sounds x 4. FHT heard–152 bpm, +FM
Pelvic: Cervix closed, parous os, creamy white discharge. Gravid uterus, S>D, fundus U–2, no
active bleeding, no CMT, no adnexal tenderness. Vulva without erythema, lesions.
Extremities: No edema. Pedal pulses 2+. No joint irregularities.
Labs: CBC, RPR, Type and screen, Hep Bs Ag, Rubella, urine culture, Rh screen, genprobe, pap,
obtained today. UA in office shows trace of nitrites. U/S planned for next week with Dr. Petrie.
Quad screen discussed for between 16–20 weeks. GTT planned for 20 weeks.
R.B. returned to the clinic on June 1, 2010, for second prenatal visit. Lab and ultrasound results
were as follows: Blood type: O+
Rh: negative
Rubella: non immune
Pap: normal
RPR: negative
GC: negative
Chlamydia: negative
HCT: 44.3
Hgb: 15.1
Hep B: nonreactive
Urine culture: contaminated; clean catch obtained this visit.
U/S: Viable fetus 16 5/7 weeks, EDC November 11, 2010, limited survey, posterior placenta, not

previa.
MANAGEMENT OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES R.B. presented with the risk factors for GDM
including obesity, previous history of macrosomia, Hispanic descent and advanced maternal age. It
is for this reason that I chose the management of gestational diabetes for the topic of discussion for
this paper. GDM is occurring in five to nine

Informative Speech On Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Gestational diabetes (also called gestational diabetes mellitus or GDM) is a kind of diabetes that can
happen during pregnancy.
Seven out of every 100 pregnant women (7 percent) develop gestational diabetes. It's a condition in
which your body has too much sugar (called glucose) in the blood.
Here are the top things you need to know about gestational diabetes:
Most pregnant women get a test for gestational diabetes at 24 to 28 weeks of pregnancy.
If untreated, gestational diabetes can cause problems for your baby, like premature birth and
stillbirth.
Gestational diabetes usually goes away after you have your baby; but if you have it, you're more
likely to develop diabetes later in life.
Talk to your health care provider about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Weighing this much makes your baby more likely to get hurt during labor and birth. You may need
to have a cesarean birth (also called c–section) to keep your baby safe. A c–section is surgery in
which your baby is born through a cut that your doctor makes in your belly and uterus (womb).
Large babies are more likely to be obese or have diabetes later in life.
Stillbirth. This is when a baby dies in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
Gestational diabetes also can cause health complications for your baby after birth, including
breathing problems, low blood sugar and jaundice. Jaundice is a medical condition in which a baby's
eyes and skin look yellow. A baby has jaundice when his liver isn't fully developed or isn't working
well.
Are you at risk for gestational diabetes?
You may be more likely than other women to develop gestational diabetes if:
You're older than 25.
You're overweight or you gained a lot of weight during pregnancy.
You have a family history of diabetes. This means that one or more of your family members has
diabetes.
You're African–American, Native American, Asian, Hispanic or Pacific Islander. These women are

more likely to have gestational diabetes than others.
You had gestational diabetes in a past

Gestational diabetes happens during pregnancy. If an individual is diagnosed with this condition it
usually disappears when the baby is born, although a history of gestational diabetes may increase a
woman's chances of developing Type II diabetes later in life. Diabetes can be managed through use
of medication, insulin, and monitoring blood sugar levels. Gestational diabetes may occur around
the 24th week of pregnancy. It doesn't necessarily mean that the patient has or may develop
diabetes. Studies have shown that it is estimated that gestational diabetes affects 18% of
pregnancies. Gestational diabetes begins when your body is incapable of producing and using
insulin necessary for pregnancy. Glucose cannot leave the blood and be changed to energy without
enough insulin.
A mother may be affected by gestational diabetes late in the pregnancy process as soon as the baby's
body is developed. If the disease remains untreated and poorly controlled it may hurt the baby. A
patient's pancreas works overtime to produce insulin, but the insulin remains resistant, which causes
the baby's pancreas to make extra insulin to get rid of the blood glucose. The baby receives more
energy that it needs to grow and develop, so the extra energy is stored as fat, which may lead to
macrosomia or a "fat" baby. This may compromise the baby's health condition that includes damage
to their shoulders during birth. Newborns with excess insulin are at higher risks for obesity.

Risk Factors For Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
While a universal screening strategy is the best strategy to assure that all women with GDM are
diagnosed and treated, the cost of such a strategy may prove to be prohibitive for some populations.
Known risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus include a family history of diabetes, race
(Asian, African–American, Hispanic and Native American women have a higher incidence of GDM
than non–Hispanic Caucasian women [Ferrara, 2007; Slocum and Burke Sosa, 2002]), obesity
(body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m2), high pre–pregnancy fasting blood glucose levels, increased
maternal age, parity, polycystic ovarian syndrome, sociodemographic and behavioral attributes,
previous adverse pregnancy outcomes, and previous GDM (Gunderson, et al., 2007; ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The risk factors selected for this study were a family history of diabetes, a personal history of GDM,
maternal age of 35 or older, a BMI ≥25 kg/m2, and a history of macrosomia in a previous
pregnancy. It should be noted that two of these criteria (previous GDM and previous macrosomic
infant) cannot be applied to nulliparous women. In this study, investigators found that the number of
risk factors identified was directly proportional to the prevalence of GDM and the incidence of
adverse events related to GDM, including preeclampsia, macrosomia, LGA infants, and shoulder
dystocia. Interestingly, 35% of the women on the study that did not have any of the risk factors
identified were subsequently diagnosed with gestational diabetes. These women also experienced
more GDM–related events, despite being treated, than women without GDM. This high percentage
is likely reflective of the low number of risk factors used in the study (only three risk factors for
nulliparous women), combined with the fact that patients may be mistaken regarding family medical
history. The patients in this study were predominantly of low socioeconomic status, which is
considered by many experts to be a risk factor for GDM (Gunderson, et al., 2007). If socioeconomic
status had been used as one of the risk factors evaluated, it is likely that far fewer than 35% of
patients without risk factors would have

The Effects Of Gestational Diabetes
One of the most common metabolic disorders during pregnancy is gestational diabetes mellitus
(GDM) and its occurrence continues to increase (8). The 2004 analysis by the Center for Disease
Control and Prevention states that cases of GDM are at 9.2%. The American Diabetes Association
defines GDM as a condition where glucose levels are higher than normal either at the start or during
pregnancy (1). The definition is used whether insulin or only diet modification is used for treatment
and even if the condition continues after pregnancy (1). MNT is currently part of the treatment to
provide adequate calories and nutrients to meet the needs of pregnancy and manage GDM.
Therefore, the objective of this literature search was to demonstrate the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
MNT is included under as a means of treatment under management and long–term therapy
providing evidence of its significance for positive results.
2. Anderson, M., Barbour, L., Chartier, C., Daniels, L., de la Houssaye, B., Donahoo, W., Friedman,
J., Heerwagen, M., Hernandez, T., Reece, M., Reynolds, R., Van Pelt, R. Women With Gestational
Diabetes Mellitus Randomized to a Higher–Complex Carbohydrate/Low–Fat Diet Manifest Lower
Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, Glucose, and Free Fatty Acids: A Pilot Study.
Diabetes Care 2016; 39 (1): 39–42
Peer–reviewed article from a well–known journal focusing on different aspects of diabetes. The
study was conducted to counteract the established protocol of a low–carbohydrate/high fat (LC) diet
therapy for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Researches proposed a diet higher in
complex carbohydrates/lower fat (CHOICE) diet would have a better outcome in women GDM,
maternal lipolysis, and infant adiposity. Women at 31 weeks gestation were chosen randomly to
either follow the low–carb/high–fat diet ( n=6) or CHOICE (n=6). The study demonstrated that after
seven weeks fasting glucose and free fatty acids decreased on CHOICE while fasting glucose
increased on LC. Insulin suppression of adipose tissue lipolysis was also improved on CHOICE
when compared to. This small study provided evidence that challenges the conventional practice of
medical

Gestational Diabetes : A Condition
GDM
In the 24–28th week of pregnancy some women develop a condition called gestational diabetes. No
pregnant woman should eat anything she wants during pregnancy, but this is especially true for the
gestational diabetic. There can be many complications if blood sugars are not managed during the
pregnancy. If diagnosed with gestational diabetes, it does not mean you had diabetes before you
were pregnant, though the doctor may check in a couple months after the baby is born to be sure you
are not a type 2 diabetic.
Gestational diabetes is a condition that pregnant women develop during their pregnancy that can
affect the baby and mother's health. The pancreas of the pregnant woman cannot fuction properly to
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though, the symptoms, if felt of high blood sugar include:
Thirsty
Extremely tired
Blurred vision
Urinating often
Losing weight
Urinary tract infections or other bodily infections
Nausea and Vomiting
When to see a doctor
Starting in the beginning of pregnancy, you should go see a doctor. The doctor will evaluate your
risk for gestational diabetes. If you are diagnosed with gestational diabetes, there may be extra
check–up visits to the doctor than someone who does not have gestational diabetes, because of
possible complications.
Complications of Gestational Diabetes to the Infant
There are many negative affects of gestational diabetes to the unborn child. Inside the womb, the
baby's body is formed, usually before the diagnosis of gestational diabetes. Therefore, birth defects
are not caused by gestational diabetes.
Most babies of gestational diabetic mothers are healthy, but if untreated, gestational diabetes can
lead to:

– Preterm birth– If the mother has uncontrolled blood sugars, or the infant is measuring too big, the
doctor may have to deliver the baby early for the safety

The Prevalence Of Gestational Diabetes
According to the American Diabetes Association, the prevalence of gestational diabetes is as high as
9.2% in pregnant women due to obesity or being overweight. Not only can it be harmful to the
mother, but it can also be harmful to her baby. Gestational diabetes can increase the chances of
pregnant women delivering a baby that weighs more than 9 pounds. Having gestational diabetes can
also increase the mother's chance for needing a cesarean section delivery. Some other risk factors
that the mother can be a candidate for developing gestational diabetes by is having a family history
of diabetes (especially if a parent or sibling has diabetes) and having gestational diabetes in previous
pregnancies. Pregnant women don't need to have had diabetes before in order to develop gestational
diabetes. They can just have high blood glucose levels during pregnancy to get gestational diabetes.
There is a process in which the baby has to go through inside their mother's womb. The placenta is
what supports the baby as it grows. Hormones from the placenta help the baby develop. But these
hormones also block the action of the mother 's insulin in her body. This problem is called insulin
resistance. Insulin resistance makes it hard for the mother 's body to use insulin. She may need up to
three times as much insulin. Gestational diabetes starts when your body is not able to make and use
all the insulin it needs for pregnancy. Without enough insulin, glucose cannot leave the blood and be

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus : An Overview
Isaac Anzaldua
Norma Beardwood (Roper), MBA, M. Ed., RDN, LD, LPC, CEDS
DIET 4252
September 21, 2015 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease; which occurs through the insufficiency of insulin being produced or
its actions are not being utilized. This occurrence leads to hyperglycemia; an issue in which the
amount of glucose in the blood is relatively high. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus falls under the
category of DM. GDM also consist of a form of insulin resistance throughout the pregnancy of the
woman. If a woman is to be high–risk to have diabetes at the first prenatal visit; they should receive
a test to be screened for diabetes. The majority of woman get diagnosed ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This occurs in 90% of all pregnancies with GDM, but the risk of these women obtaining GDM in
the next pregnancy is relatively higher. GDM women after pregnancy can be diagnosed with T2DM;
this occurs in 5–10% of these women. Forty to sixty percent of these same women in the next 5 to
10 years can develop diabetes (Mahan et al., 2012, p. 679).
Etiology Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is a form of diabetes; where glucose intolerance occurs
during pregnancy. As the course of pregnancy unfolds; during the first 4–5 months glucose is taken
to the fetus. In the remaining months of pregnancy; the requirements for insulin are dramatically
increased, because of the high amount of placental hormones that exceed the glucose. As nutrients
are supplied by the mother's body; the placenta senses this action, and triggers placenta transport.
Through the duration of the pregnancy increased glucose and placental transporters; are associated
with diabetic women; who have experience increased growth of the fetus. Hormones such as
insulin; play a significant role in the regulation of the placental transporters. This issue (insulin
resistance) occurs when an increase of gestational hormones hinder the actions of insulin. The
majority of pregnant women are evaluated around 24–28 weeks for the risk of Gestation Diabetes
Mellitus; although that these women should be screened at the first visit (Escott–Stump, 2012, p.
552). Hyperglycemia is another result that occurs

Gestational diabetes (mellitus) is diabetes, or glucose intolerance, recognized during pregnancy. It
has all of the normal effects of diabetes mellitus, but compounds with the possible complications
that may result to the mother or child. Thankfully, gestational diabetes is manageable with simple
things, like exercise and a proper gestational diabetes diet menu. If properly managed, gestational
diabetes may reverse after pregnancy ends.
Gestational diabetes can be managed with diet control. However, unless advised otherwise by a
competent physician, a mother should not restrict her caloric intake, or curb her urges, as those are
natural and will help the baby grow. The following is a list of suggestions on what to add and
subtract from one's everyday diet. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Try to get rid of excess sugar in the diet. This includes hidden sugars in softdrinks, juices, and other
liquids. The rule of thumb is to try and drink only water while pregnant. Drinks other than pure
water will often contain sugar to make them more palatable. Of course, it might be advisable to
drink pure juice, but one should be sure that it really is just juice with nothing added. A juicer would
be good for this purpose.
Foods with lower glycemic index. The glycemic index is a measurement of how long it takes for the
glucose in the food to go into your bloodstream. In addition, the lower the glycemic index, the
longer it will take for one to become hungry again. Foods with a low glycemic index include pasta,
corn, oatmeal, and wheat bread. Rice should be avoided.
Foods with a high insulin index/glycemic index ratio. A food's insulin index shows how high one's
blood insulin levels will rise upon consumption of the food. The highest insulin/glycemic index
ratio belongs to yogurt: while yogurt has a relatively high glycemic index, the amount of insulin it
induces allows the glucose it contains to be taken out of the bloodstream relatively

Essay On Pathophysiology Of Gestational Diabetes
Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes One of the most common medical disorders of pregnancy
is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Diagnosing, treating, and managing health outcomes for the
mother and baby can be challenging. The impact of GDM can be far reaching past the postpartum
period, and can affect both mom and baby for years to come. The purpose of this paper is to review
the pathophysiology of GDM, explore the available treatments and discuss the impact and how
education is essential in the management of GDM.
Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes
A genetic predisposition is associated with type two diabetes, occurring in the coding for beta–cell
mass and beta–cell function (Jones et al., 2012). Beta–cells function as the sensors for elevated
blood glucose levels, secreting and synthesizing insulin for glucose control (Jones et al., 2012).
Jones states obesity is an important cause of type two diabetes, increase cellular resistance to insulin
and is present in 60–80% of all type two diabetics (Jones et al., 2012). Wilbur states in type two
diabetes, insulin may be unable to affect hepatic glucose production and impairs insulin sensitivity
in the muscles, increasing blood glucose levels systemically in the bloodstream (Wilbur, 2013).
Type one diabetes affects 0.17% of children, and they often have a first–degree relative with type 1
diabetes (Jones et al., 2012). Type one diabetes is further divided into two groups: type 1A, which is
autoimmune and T

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ( Gdm )
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and caused
by insulin resistance in the body. Risk factors of GDM include maternal age, ethnicity, family
history, BMI, and deficiency of vitamin D. To be diagnosed with GDM, a woman must go through
two screenings tests called the glucose challenge test and glucose tolerance test with high blood
glucose results. Proper management such as a healthy diet, physical activity, and medications are
needed to prevent complications for the mom and newborn. Complications include fetal
macrosomia, preterm labor, hypoglycemia, and a high risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus
(T2DM) in the future. It is exceptionally necessary for healthcare professionals to educate their
patients to prevent an increase in the number of cases of GDM and to further prepare the patients on
what to expect if they are diagnosed with GDM in the future and to avoid any negative emotions.
Keywords: GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus, nursing, pregnancy
Effects Gestational Diabetes Has on Women and Newborns Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is
a type of diabetes that only occurs during pregnancy and usually goes away after the delivery of the
baby (Shin et al., 2013). GDM is diagnosed when the results of the screening tests done during 24–
28 weeks gestations show high blood glucose levels (Wang et al., 2012) due to insulin resistance
(Senti, Thiele, & Anderson, 2012). Insulin is a hormone produced

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ( Gdm ) Essay
Katelyn Ghastin
Topic Outline
Dr. Hoppe
October 25, 2016
INTRODUCTION
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is defined as a glucose intolerance that has been diagnosed
during pregnancy.1 GDM affects anywhere between 1% to 14% of pregnancies and is on the rise
due to the global obesity epidemic.1 Such a large range is due to the differences in screening
technique and diagnostic criteria. Those who have a higher risk include women who are obese, have
a previous history of GDM, have a family member with type 2 diabetes, are a member of a certain
ethnic group, older than 25 years, and/or have polycystic ovarian syndrome. 2,3 There is a higher
prevalence of this disease among Native–American, Asian, African–American, and Hispanic
populations.2
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY
Pregnancy is a diabetogenic condition and there are many different factors within pregnancy that
can yield insulin resistance which causes the pancreas to function less effectively due to the stress.2
The most frequent causes of insulin resistance include: alterations in growth hormone, cortisol
secretion, estrogen and progesterone secretion, and a variety of other hormones that are secreted
from the placenta.3 Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) also often have insufficient
insulin secretion due to the impaired β–cell function and adaptation which is caused by the stress on
the pancreas.2 The insufficient insulin production causes hyperglycemia because the glucose is

Gestational Diabetes during Pregnancy in United States
According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, "Pregnancy is having a baby or babies developing inside
the body: filled with meaning or emotion because of what is going to happen or be said." During
these nine months, women have to care theirselves in order to reduce the possibilities of future
complications for the baby and the mom. There are several illness that appears when the women are
pregnant. One of them is the Gestational Diabetes. "In the United States, approximately 4% of
pregnancies are diagnosed as having gestational diabetes mellitus," affirm a group of author. P.
Reddi Rani and Jasmina Begum define that "Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) as any glucose
intolerance with the onset or first recognition during pregnancy. This definition helps for diagnosis
of unrecognized pre–existing Diabetes also." Although gestational diabetes continue to be a problem
during pregnancy in the United States, doctors and pregnancy women work together to reduce the
risk for babies.
There are numerous causes that can provoke the gestational diabetes in pregnancy women. "Some
strands of scientific opinion suggest a possible role for epigenetic factors in the complex interplay
between genes and the environment that are related to insulin resistance, T2D, and GDM ... Show
The doctor explains and guides the patient how to control the gestational diabetes. The treatment for
gestational diabetes generally includes special meal plans and scheduled physical activity. Once
women start the new nutrition and do yoga, walk and practice other exercise the gestational diabetes
can be controlled. In other cases doctors have to prescript some medication in order to balance the
insulin levels. The most important think is creating a pregnancy women conscience because she is
the only one who can follow the steps for control this

Essay on Gestational Diabetes
The clinic RN reviews Amanda's prenatal record prior to performing a nursing assessment. Amanda
has given birth twice, once at 35–weeks (twins) and once at 39–weeks (singleton). All of these
children are alive and well. She has had one spontaneous abortion at 9–weeks gestation.
1.
How should the nurse record Amanda's obstetrical history using the G–T–P–A–L designation?
A) 3–2–0–1–3.
B) 3–1–1–1–2.
C) 4–1–1–1–3.
D) 4–2–1–0–2.
Correct answer(s): C
The nurse notes that Amanda's fasting 1 hour glucose screening level, which was done two days
previously, is 158 mg/dl.
2.
The nurse recognizes that what information in the client's history supports a diagnosis of gestational
diabetes?
A) Maternal great–aunt has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
B) Choose complex carbohydrates that are high in fiber content.
C) Increase the percentage of protein in the diet if anemia develops.
D) Vary timing of meals and snacks based on individual preferences.
Correct answer(s): B
The RN diabetes educator makes a plan of care to teach Amanda to monitor her glucose levels. The
RN diabetes educator discusses the use of self–glucose monitoring and gives Amanda verbal and
written guidance about optimal glucose levels at each glucose testing point throughout the day. The
nurse also provides instruction about calibration of the glucose monitor, fingerstick technique, and
use of the monitor for testing. After reviewing the instructions and a successful return
demonstration, the diabetes educator and Amanda agree to meet after Amanda's prenatal
appointment to follow–up on today's teaching/learning.
7.
Which fingerstick blood glucose (FSBG) testing protocol should the diabetes educator recommend
for Amanda?
A) Only if symptoms of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia occur.

B) Prior to breakfast (fasting) and two hours after each meal.
C) Before and two hours after all meals, at bedtime, and during the night.
D) Once daily until glucose levels are stabilized, then weekly.
Correct answer(s): B
A Complication Occurs
Amanda manages her gestational diabetes with diet. She experiences a few episodes of postprandial
hyperglycemia, but does not have to go on insulin. At her 36–week

Diabetes : Diabetes And Gestational Diabetes
Introduction
It is estimated that 387 million people, globally live with diabetes (Phillips & Mehl, 2015).
According to Medical News Today [MNT], diabetes is a metabolic disorder; which causes patients
to be extremely thirsty and produce a lot of urine. Diabetes arises due to high blood pressure, due to
the body not being able to produce enough insulin or because the body does not respond well to
high insulin levels (MNT, 2016). There are four types of diabetes; there is the pre–diabetic stage,
type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes. In 2014, 29 million people died due to
diabetes. This equates to 1 diabetic patient dying every seven seconds due to preventable
complications (including complications affecting lower limbs) caused by diabetes. It is said that 20–
40% of health care costs are spent on the treatment of lower limb complications due to diabetes. The
risk of a diabetic patient developing a foot ulcer is 25% and foot ulcers account approximately 85%
of lower limb amputations. Diabetic complications that affect lower limbs are caused by both type 1
and type 2 diabetes (Phillips & Mehl, 2015). It is said that the World Health Organization described
diabetic foot syndrome as including all possible complications in relation to the feet of a diabetic
patient. Diabetic foot syndrome is defined as the ulceration of the foot, from the ankle downwards.
Causes of foot ulceration include peripheral sensory neuropathy, vascular disease (ischaemia) and
infection

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus : An Overview
Isaac Anzaldua
Norma Beardwood (Roper), MBA, M. Ed., RDN, LD, LPC, CEDS
DIET 4252
September 21, 2015 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease; which occurs through the insufficiency of insulin being produced or
its actions are not being utilized. This occurrence leads to hyperglycemia; an issue in which the
amount of glucose in the blood is relatively high. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus falls under the
category of DM. GDM also consist of a form of insulin resistance throughout the pregnancy of the
woman. If a woman is to be high–risk to have diabetes at the first prenatal visit; they should receive
a test to be screened for diabetes. The majority of woman get ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As nutrients are supplied by the mother's body; the placenta senses this action, and triggers placenta
transport. Through the duration of the pregnancy increased glucose and placental transporters; are
associated with diabetic women; who have experience increased growth of the fetus. Hormones
such as insulin; play a significant role in the regulation of the placental transporters. This issue
(insulin resistance) occurs when an increase of gestational hormones hinder the actions of insulin.
The majority of pregnant women are evaluated around 24–28 weeks for the risk of Gestation
Diabetes Mellitus; although that these women should be screened at the first visit (Escott–Stump,
2012, p. 552). Hyperglycemia is another result that occurs in GDM; this can result in many issues
such as birth trauma, macrosomia, neural tube defects, prematurity, hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal
hypoglycemia, and hypocalcemia. Also, women who have had a history of obesity and GDM; are
prone to obtain cesarean section, hypertension, future diabetes, pre–eclampsia, urinary tract
infection. Clinical symptoms can also be seen in the children of the women with GDM, for example:
macrosomia, birth trauma, increased risk for respiratory distress, and developmental problems.
Another factor to keep in mind is if the mother has had bariatric surgery;

Diabetes is a condition where an individual does not produce enough or is not receptive to the vital
hormone insulin. Without this hormone, the body is unable to access the energy obtained from food.
Insulin acts as a messenger to cells, signaling them to accept and use glucose. Glucose is the body's
preferred source of fuel, and it is found in foods such as grain products, fruits, vegetables, and dairy.
When insulin production slows or stops, glucose cannot enter cells to be used for energy, and
instead remains in the blood. High blood glucose levels can cause damage to the nerves, internal
organs such as the heart or the kidneys, and even the eyes and lower extremities.
There are different forms of diabetes but the most common forms include: Type 1, Type 2 and
Gestational Diabetes. All three of these conditions can be managed with proper diet, physical
activity, and medication. When an individual has Type 1 diabetes, their body attacks the cells that
create insulin, and they are required to take an external form of insulin. Only about 5% of those with
diabetes have type 1, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This form occurs when glucose cannot efficiently enter the cells to become fuel which happens
when the body does not make enough insulin, or the cells are not responding to insulin. Lifestyle
factors such as a poor diet, limited exercise, and being overweight can contribute to the body's
decline in insulin production. While it is important to note that genetics can also play a role in the
development of Type 2 diabetes, an individual can reduce their risk of developing it by leading a
healthy lifestyle. Sometimes an individual can be diagnosed with pre–diabetes, indicating that they
are on the cusp of developing Type 2 diabetes, which is a permanent condition. The good news for
these individuals is that pre–diabetes is reversible, and by making changes to their diet and exercise
habits they can delay or prevent the onset of

Gestational Diabetes And Antenatal Literacy
Gestational Diabetes and Antenatal Education of Women with Gestational Diabetes
It is estimated that 1–14% of pregnant women will develop gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)
(Hieronymus, Combs, Coleman, Ashford, & Wiggins, 2016). GDM is carbohydrate intolerance
developed during pregnancy and is the most common metabolic complication of pregnancy (Wilson,
Dyer, Latendresse, Wong, & Baksh, 2015). Gestational diabetes has been known to have serious
complications for both the mother and the infant (Gilbert, 2011). Management of GDM includes
diet, exercise, education, and possibly insulin therapy (Kopec, Ogonowski, Rahman, & Miazgowski,
2015).
Pregnancy is a challenging time for a woman, and receiving a GDM diagnosis makes this time even
more stressful. Furthermore, GDM rates in the developed world are undergoing a substantial
increase as a result of increased obesity, maternal age, and migration of women from areas with a
high risk of GDM (Carolan, 2013). In light of this, the role of the perinatal nurse is becoming
increasingly important. An informed, caring and capable perinatal nurse is an essential part of a care
plan that helps a woman with GDM deal with the constant tests, dietary restrictions, regular glucose
monitoring, possible insulin injections, and all the other stresses that go along with this complication
to her pregnancy.
This paper will focus on gestational diabetes. I will discuss its incidence, risk factors, diagnosis,
signs and symptoms, maternal and fetal

Diabetes is part of my life now more than ever. A man, 52 years old, retired out of the Army, and not
as active as before retiring. Family members also has diabetes and some of them are blind and lost
limbs because of diabetes. Diabetes actually scares me to death, diabetes kills. American Diabetes
Association Three Types of Diabetes 1. Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young
adults, and was previously known as juvenile diabetes 2. Gestational Diabetes During pregnancy
usually around the 24th week many women develop gestational diabetes. A diagnosis of gestational
diabetes doesn't mean that you had diabetes before you conceived, or that you will have diabetes
after giving birth, but it's important to follow your doctor's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Diabetes can be controlled if we as people discipline ourselves. Exercise every day, eat right and
watch our weight along with taking medicines we can manage diabetes . Maybe in the near future
we may find a cure for diabetes, but there is no cure for diabetes we just can manage diabetes.
Learning about this disease, I have is real. I have two young children, I would like to see grow up
for the next twenty five to thirty years. So I have no option, but to exercise and eat right and take my
medication. Maybe become an advocate for educating and finding a cure for diabetes. Diabetes
Prevention Program (DPP) multi center research study aimed at discovering whether modest weight
loss through dietary changes and increased activity or treatment with the oral diabetes drug
metformin (Glucophage) could prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. In the beginning of
DPP, all participants were overweight and blood sugar higher than normal, but not high enough for a
diagnosis of diabetes–a condition called pre diabetes, is what I have been

Gestational Diabetes Case Study
Diabetes does not affect one age group more than another; it is not bias or discrimination. This
document will discuss the topic of gestational diabetes that will include assessment, diagnosis,
treatment, and risk factors. This paper will deliver the reader with a projected treatment plan. As
practitioners, we must learn to individualize, or treatment plans to obtain patient specific high–
quality results. Gestational Diabetes is a dominant issue in the United States and affects almost 6%
of the population's pregnancies (Garrison, 2015).
According to Arcangelo & Peterson (2013), diabetes is defined as a scientific and hereditary
heterogeneous collection of specific disorders that are characterized by an elevated and abnormal
glucose level in the blood. There are many forms of diabetes such as; Diabetes Type I, Diabetes
Type II, Juvenile Diabetes, and Gestational Diabetes. Diabetes Type I is categorized as a ... Show
There is, unfortunately, a group of women that the disease does not dissolve itself. When this event
occurs, the patient is usually diagnosed with Diabetes Type II. The regulation and control of the
individual's glucose will follow a similar regimen that was developed when the patient was
pregnant. As compliance and adherence to the proper diet, exercise, and medication are utilized the
patient could potentially decrease the dosage of their drugs. As a practitioner, the appropriate plan is
to start with lifestyle modifications and small doses of glucose–controlling medications or possibly
the use of insulin. The last step in the project is to educate the individual that even if the disorder
dissolves after pregnancy, their risks are increased with each pregnancy, and must anticipate dietary
and lifestyle changes. As practitioners, we must focus not only our patient but the safety of the
unborn child. This is performed with high–quality care

Diabetes Mellitus
The hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy lead to hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance,
which causes some women to develop diabetes when their pancreatic function is not sufficient.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset of
pregnancy. The prevalence of gestational diabetes in the United States is between 1.5% to 15%.
GDM tends to occur more frequently inAfrican American and Hispanic women . GDM is the most
common co–morbidity during pregnancy and its prevalence is on the rise likely due to a parallel
increase in obesity. Women diagnosed with GDM are at increased risk for obstetric complications,
and higher higher rates of fetal morbidity and mortality.
Alterations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main pathophysiology is that the adrenals fail to produce sufficient amounts of steroid
hormones. In extreme cases, patients can develop adrenal crisis which results in hypotension which
is refractory to vasopressors, vomiting, and loss of consciousness. It is associated with an increased
risk of serious complications including a higher mortality for the parturient and the fetus. However,
as a result of steroid therapy, the overall maternal mortality is now less than 1%. Evaluation of
women with adrenal insufficiency includes obtaining an electrolyte panel and EKG during the first
trimester as this is when most changes. Patients generally are stable on their prepregnancy dose of
steroids. However, during labor women, with Addison's are unable to produce enough endogenous
steroids to counteract the stress produced by parturition and it is usually necessary to give a "stress
dose" of hydrocortisone. After delivery, the patient can return to their normal dosage of

Diabetes Type 2 And Gestational Diabetes
As the years go by, society starts to progress and develop many fast and easy solutions for
everything. Not only are the easy solutions being created but the cost of living is increasing making
people to work harder and later and not have time to have a healthy lifestyle. Fast foods are
everywhere you go and not only is it fast it is also cheap making it harder to get a decent healthy
meal. Due to society changing so much, diabetes is on the rise. What is diabetes? Diabetes is several
diseases that are characterized by high levels of glucose that are the results of the insulin action or
production. "The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology
characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein
metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both." (CDC) If diabetes is
not taken seriously, it can have severe damages that include organ failures or damages and even
death. Diabetes type 1, diabetes type 2 and gestational diabetes are the 3 types of diabetes. Diabetes
type 1 is where little to none of insulin is being produced. Diabetes type 2 is the result of family
history and poor healthy lifestyle and gestational diabetes is when a woman develops diabetes
through her pregnancy. Diabetes type 1 develops when the immune system attacks the only cells
that create insulin, the pancreatic beta cells. Due to the cells being destroyed, the person with
diabetes type 1 has to be

Treatment Of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus, whether using insulin, oral diabetes medications, or
another means, reduced maternal, fetal, and neonatal risks associated with the disease. When
treating GDM, the goal is to bring the patient's blood glucose levels down to the same levels as
those of pregnant women without GDM. Current therapeutic targets are: fasting blood glucose ≤95
mg/dL, 1–hour postprandial <140 mg/dL, and <120 mg/dL for 2–hour postprandial blood glucose
concentrations (Hernandez, et al., 2011). However, just as there is no universal agreement on
screening and diagnosis strategies, there is no universal agreement on the optimal therapeutic targets
in the treatment of GDM. Blood glucose concentrations during a normal pregnancy are actually
lower than these targets, and in fact, rarely exceed 100 mg/dL in the absence of obesity. Hernandez,
et al. (2011) recommended lowering therapeutic targets to levels more in line with normal
pregnancies. They found that mean blood glucose concentrations in 255 pregnant women of normal
weight without GDM were 71 mg/dL (fasting), 109 mg/dL (1–hr), and 99 mg/dL (2–hr). Given the
fact that adverse outcomes are directly linked to blood glucose concentrations, it is appealing to aim
for lower levels; however, this goal must be balanced with the possibility of inducing hypoglycemia
in patients with treatment.
IV. Available Treatments
IV. A. Diet and Exercise
For women with mild gestational diabetes mellitus (having blood

Fast Food Sonsumption And Gestational Diabetes
All these unknown ingredients seem to have one thing in common, they all contribute to rising
blood sugar levels. This increase in blood sugar levels lead to diabetes. The geriatric unit at three
different universities came together to see the effects of fast food on pregnant women, and the
results are astonishing. Six different researchers found in their study, "Fast Food Sonsumption and
Gestational Diabetes Incidence in the SUN Project", "among pregnant women in the cohort, a high
pre–pregnancy consumption of fast food was associated with a significantly higher risk of
developing gestational diabetes," (Dominguez, Martinez–Gonzalez, Basterra–Gortari, Gea,
Barbagallo, and Bes–Rastrollo, 4). They found that the formation of gestational diabetes

Essay on Gestational Diabetes
Along with all the worries and complications a woman might face while pregnant, one of the more
serious conditions is gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes occurs in 4% of all pregnancies
(Seibel, 2009). Many women are not informed about the disease, some may not know that they need
to be tested, and others may have heard about it, but want more information on what may cause it
and/or how to prevent and treat it. Either way this disease needs to be taken seriously by every
pregnant woman or woman planning to get pregnant to protect not only herself but the unborn child.
Gestational diabetes is a disorder characterized by impaired ability to metabolize carbohydrates,
usually caused by a deficiency of insulin resistance, occurring in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
During a pregnancy these increased hormones are made by the placenta, which is helping move
nutrients from the mother to the baby, and also making hormones to prevent the mother from
developing low blood sugar by stopping the actions of insulin (Seibel, 2009)." A pregnant woman's
pancreas is usually able to produce more insulin to overcome the effect of the pregnancy hormones;
however, if for some reason a women's pancreas cannot make up the difference the blood sugar
levels will rise and gestational diabetes will occur.(Seibel, 2009) Many women may be having the
signs and symptoms of gestational diabetes and not know it nor know how harmful it can be to
themselves or the unborn child. Some symptoms may include; blurred vision, fatigue, frequent
infections, increased thirst, increased urination, nausea and vomiting, and weight loss in spite of
increase appetite (Gutierrez, 2007). Having gestational diabetes can also cause harm to the unborn
baby, the most common result is an increased birth weight that exceeds nine pounds (Gutierrez,
2009). In most cases not every woman that has gestational diabetes will have any of these symptoms
but should be given an oral glucose tolerance test between the 24th and 28th week of pregnancy
(Seibel, 2009). Almost every doctor in this day in age will have pregnant patients take this test
regardless if the patient is having symptoms or not. The test that is given to each woman

Gestational Diabetes : The Prevalence Of Gestational Obesity
Gestational Diabetes in Pregnancy According to the American Diabetes Association, the prevalence
of gestational diabetes is as high as 9.2% in pregnant women due to obesity or being overweight.
Not only can it be harmful to the mother, but it can also be harmful to her baby. Gestational diabetes
can increase the chances of pregnant women delivering a baby that weighs more than 9 pounds.
Having gestational diabetes can also increase the mother's chance for needing a cesarean section
delivery. Some other risk factors that the mother can be a candidate for developing gestational
diabetes by is having a family history of diabetes (especially if a parent or sibling has diabetes) and
having gestational diabetes in previous pregnancies. Pregnant women don't need to have had
diabetes before in order to develop gestational diabetes. They can just have high blood glucose
levels during pregnancy to get gestational diabetes. There is a process in which the baby has to go
through inside their mother's womb. The placenta is what supports the baby as it grows. Hormones
from the placenta help the baby develop. But these hormones also block the action of the mother 's
insulin in her body. This problem is called insulin resistance. Insulin resistance makes it hard for the
mother 's body to use insulin. She may need up to three times as much insulin. Gestational diabetes
starts when your body is not able to make and use all the insulin it needs for pregnancy. Without
enough insulin, glucose

Gestational Diabetes Research

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Gestational Diabetes Research