A revised version of a slideshow from 2019 on academic writing basics on quoting, paraphrasing, and referencing, with a new special note on the relationship between an abstract and a final paper.

1. Basic quoting, paraphrasing,
and referencing in academic
writing
Lee Arnold
English Department
University of Electro-Communications

2. When?
When writing academic papers
Why?
Because it shows sources of information a
writer is using that can be separated from
the writer’s own words

3. Two ways to show sources
• Quoting
• Paraphrasing
The IEEE (Institute of Electronic and Electrical
Engineers) in the U.S. has a style guide for
exact academic writing in engineering and IT
that is accepted worldwide
The following examples show IEEE style taken
from their website and PDFs [1, 2]

4. Quoting
This means showing information written by
others by name and a citation number in [ ]
directly in their own words
Examples in IEEE style [3] :
According to Arnold [1, p. 99], “IEEE style is
clear and standardized for engineering and IT”.
Arnold [1, p. 99] states that “IEEE style is clear
and standardized for engineering and IT”.

5. Citation number
What’s a citation number?
It’s a number that shows the order of a
hIpiece of information that a writer is using
So in the case of this quote:
According to Arnold [1, p. 99] (…)
This is the first piece of information quoted

6. Quoting IEEE-style
Here the writer wants to show directly what
another writer has to say about a topic
According to Arnold [1, p. 99], “IEEE style is
ccis clear and standardized for engineering and
iiiand IT”.
So: The writer begins an original sentence with
the person’s name, citation number, and page it
came from, but then brings the direct quote in

7. Quoting IEEE-style
Here the writer has chosen a quote that exactly
shows an important idea with a citation number:
According to Arnold [1, p. 99], “IEEE style is
ccclear and standardized for engineering and IT”.
So: (…) Arnold [1, p. 99]
name of citation page number
original inumber in original
iwriter writer’s book
or article

8. Paraphrasing
Showing information written by others by
their names but through your own words
Examples in IEEE style [3]:
According to Arnold [1], IEEE style is
standard for engineering research.
IEEE style is standard for engineering
research [1].

9. Web-based quoting & paraphrasing
You can of course use web-based
sources of information – but you
still must show where the sources
came from with citation numbers –
though you do not need page
numbers!

10. Reference listing
Have a reference list after your composition that shows the names of
writers and titles of books, articles in hard copy or web-based form,
plus the places and names of publishers (出版社) – or URLs you got
them from (URLを読み出した)
Here is where the citation numbers become important – they cross-
reference to the order they were used in your writing
Example for books [3, 4]:
[1] L. Arnold, The Great Big Book of Information. Tokyo:
University of Electro-Communications Press, 2018.
(Note: For all references, always indent the second (2nd) line by five (5)
letter spaces!)

11. Reference listing
For web-based articles, here are some examples. Look at these very carefully, as
the formatting rules for these are a little complicated [3, 4].
Example for online article [3, 4]:
[2] A. Lee, “How software engineers work,” The Japan Times, para. 3,
January 12, 2019. [Online], Available: http://www.japantimes.com.
[Accessed Jan. 19, 2019].
So here:
[citation #] your name, “Title of article,” Full Name of Online Source, paragraph #,
[2] A. Lee, “How software engineers work,” The Japan Times, para. 3,
January 12, 2019. [Online], Available: http://www.japantimes.com
date article was published. [Online web base], plus Access: URL of online source
[Accessed Jan. 19, 2019]. (This means the date you accessed the article)

12. Reference listing
Example for online article in an academic journal [3, 4]:
[3] A. Altun, “Understanding hypertext in the context of reading
on the web: Language learners’ experience,” Current Issues in
Education, vol. 6, no. 12, July, 2005. [Online serial].
Available: http://cie.ed.asu.edu/volume6/number12/.
[Accessed Dec. 2, 2007].
This is very similar – except that you show the volume and number of
the journal, the month and year, then [Online serial], then Available:
and URL, then the date you accessed the article [Accessed Month, Date,
Year].

13. Reference listing
Example for article from a website [5]
[4] Emarketer.com, 'Social Networking Reaches Nearly One in Four Around
the World', 2014. [Online].
Available: http://www.emarketer.com/Article/
Social-Networking-Reaches-Nearly-One-Four-Around-World/1009976.
[Accessed: Jun. 23, 2014].
Example for a video from a website [6]
[5] TED Talks, Margaret Gould Stewart: How the Hyperlink Changed
Everything. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.ted.com/talks/
margaret_gould_stewart_how_the_hyperlink_changed_everything?
referrer=playlist-small_thing_big_idea. [Accessed: Dec. 14, 2018].

14. Reference listing
So a whole reference list would look like this:
[1] L. Arnold, The Great Big Book of Information. Tokyo: University of
Electro-Communications Press, 2018.
[2] A. Lee, “How software engineers work,” The Japan Times, para. 3,
iJanuary 12, 2019. [Online],
iAvailable: http://www.japantimes.com. [Accessed Jan. 19, 2019].
[3] A. Altun, “Understanding hypertext in the context of reading on the web:
Language learners’ experience,” Current Issues in Education, vol.6, no.12,
vol. 6, no. 12, July, 2005. [Online serial].
Available: http://cie.ed.asu.edu/volume6/number12/.
[Accessed Dec. 2, 2007].

15. Reference listing
So your whole reference list would look like this:
[4] iEmarketer.com, 'Social Networking Reaches Nearly One in Four Around
the World', 2014. [Online].
Available: http://www.emarketer.com/Article/Social-
Networking-Reaches-Nearly-One-Four-Around-World/1009976.
[Accessed: Jun. 23, 2014].
[5] TED Talks, Margaret Gould Stewart: How the Hyperlink Changed
Everything. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.ted.com/talks/
margaret_gould_stewart_how_the_hyperlink_changed_everything?
referrer=playlist-small_thing_big_idea. [Accessed: Dec. 14, 2018].

16. Why do we have to do this?
Because not showing your sources or proving where they came
from is a case of…
plagiarism
(盗作)
• Plagiarism means when you pass off the writing of others as
your own – and this is a serious academic offense
• In many countries students can be kicked out of universities
for plagiarism on the graduate or Ph.D. level – and on the
undergraduate level students can fail assignments and even
classes for this

17. Special note – relationship of your
abstract to your paper
There is one more thing to remember! Please note this!
• Your abstract is not the first, or first few, paragraphs of your paper!
• It is separated from your paper! When writing your paper you also
have to paraphrase in part things from your abstract
• You can connect ideas from your abstract to your paper but you
cannot copy directly from the abstract
• The paper goes into greater detail about the rhetorical moves of your
argument – the abstract is only a preview of ideas of your argument

18. So - show the sources of any research you
have to do within your writing – and you’ll
be safe!
Thank you for your attention! Please
ask any questions you have or for
help you may need on this!
Email: larnold@uec.ac.jp

19. References
[1] Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers, IEEE Standards Style Manual. 2000 [Online].
Available: http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1057/2000Style.pdf. [Accessed Jan. 11, 2019].
[2] Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers, IEEE Computer Society Style Guide. October 2016 [Online].
iAvailable: http://www.computer.org/cms/Computer.org/Publications/docs2016CSStyleGuide.pdf. [Accessed
iJan. 11, 2019].
[3] University of Texas Tyler, UT Tyler LibGuides Robert R. Muntz Library, Citation Guide: Engineering Citation
Styles. Nov. 20, 2018, [Online]. Available: http://libguides.uttyler.edu/citations/engineering. [Accessed Jan. 11,
2019].
[4] Lehigh University Libraries – Library Guides, Electrical & Computer Engineering: Citing Sources. Dec. 17, 2018,
[Online]. Available: http://libraryguides.lehigh.edu/electrical_engineering/citing. [Accessed Jan. 12, 2019].
[5] Cite This For Me, How to Cite a Website in IEEE Style. 2018 [Online]. Available: http://www.citethisforme.com/
iguides/ieee/how-to-cite-a-website. [Accessed Jan. 12, 2019].
[6] Cite This For Me, How to Cite a Online Image or Video in IEEE (with URL) Style. 2018 [Online].
iAvailable: http://www.citethisforme.com/guides/ieee-with-url/how-to-cite-a-online-image-or-video. [Accessed
iJan. 13, 2019].