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Creating context 
and fostering 
expository reach 
in L2 writing: 
approaches and 
implications 
Lee Arnold 
Seigakuin University 
JALT LD SIG 2014 
conference 
Creating Community: 
Learning Together
Introduction 
Two issues among a number in writing pedagogy include creation of 
meaningfulness in writing assignments and extension of writing ability 
• Meaningfulness in such assignments may start by re-imagining 
for what and to whom learners write 
• Such re-imagination may include positioning learner writing 
beyond learner-teacher nexus 
• Such positioning may be facilitated by way of creating contexts 
learners can write to 
• Such contextualization may expand range and depth of learner 
writing
Traditional learner writer class 
atmosphere
Creating context 
Presentation by Matsuda (2013) showed unique approach in creating 
context for a typical classroom writing assignment 
• Learners were given task to write about people they admired 
such as family members or friends 
• Learners were told their writing would be gathered into a book 
that each would contribute a chapter to 
• Such approach merges autonomy with collaboration
Creating context 
• Adapted approach to assignment by telling learners their work 
would be selected for collection The Small Book of Big People 
• Such collection would be uploaded to teacher-learner blog page 
for learners and others to read 
• Asked learners to write to best effort they could for purpose of 
publication 
• Would show samples of work to be published on blog posts in 
advance of page creation
Samples: The Small Book of Big People 
I respect my friend of my high school days. 
He was greatly honored by the many 
people. He always was serious for 
everything. He belonged to soccer club 
and practiced very hard. For instance he 
got up at 5:00, arrived at our school and 
ran around our school every morning in 
spite of he have practice after school. He 
had never missed his morning training. If 
I am he, probably I’m tired of morning 
training because I have to practice after 
school. Then he usually prepared for class 
after finish his training. So I think his 
schedule was very busy. I couldn’t imitate 
his daily routine. 
Then he has a lot of friends because he 
was very friendly and gentle. So I respect 
him and want to model my life after him. 
My exceptional person is an office worker in cram 
school of my working place. The place name is 
Rinkai seminar. Everyone called her “Chansan,” 
but she is Japanese. She looks madam and brown. 
She was used to secretary. So she is very steady and 
everyone relies her on. Of course me too. Many 
students and teachers love her. Though she does 
not get money, she still works overtime because 
she always thinks about students. If I am same her 
situation, I never do it. And she supports me for 
my dream. For example, she negotiated to get to 
know to work part-time in my place where I 
wanted to work in the future. After all, I can’t work 
there, but I deeply appreciated to her. 
She has four people in her family with her 
husband, daughter, and son. She is housewife. Her 
daughter was good basketball manager. She guided 
an interscholastic athletic meet for basketball 
player. Therefore many offers came to her from the 
company. Chansan’s son is good basketball player. 
He participated in an international athletic meet. I 
think that after all it is her power that was brought 
up by such children. I want to become a wonderful 
person being like her sometime.
Samples: The Small Book of Big People 
I esteem Haruki Murakami for his writing ability. 
For example, he writes the books that are composed 
of a unique statement and metaphor. They attract 
readers. When I read his books for the first time, I 
was also attracted to them. Norwegian Wood was 
especially attracted me in the book written by him. 
This book made me a little sad and caused a strange 
feeling. I want to be a novelist. I want to imitate his 
writing ability and be a novelist like him. 
I do not have a person now that I respect, 
but in the future I want to be be a person 
that many people respect. 
I have a dream that nobody has. My 
dream is to be someone that can change 
something in this world, this world with 
many problems and many dirty things, 
and many selfish people, but with many 
more things that are very beautiful. 
I don’t know how to be a great person 
that is capable of changing the world, but 
I came to this university to search that, to 
search how to evolve. 
So now, I am not a person that can be in 
this book, but in ten or twenty years I 
hope to be one of the “big people.” 
I respect Taylor Swift who is singer in America. She has blond 
hair, blue eyes, red rouge lip, and cute. Her songs are pop, ballad, 
and they cheer up me when I felt down. She writes songs herself 
and based on her experience. For example, “We Are Never 
Getting Back Together” is one of her big songs. It has a bright 
and poppy melody! The song is popular with young people. When 
I listen to this song, it gives me energy. Another one is “I Knew 
You Were Trouble.” The song is gloomy and with painful lyrics. 
There is a meaning that unexpected things happened and 
heartbreaking. When I feel down and listen to these songs, I am 
encouraged. Especially, these songs are my favorite songs! I want 
her to be known by a lot of people, because she isn’t well known 
by older. So I hope that every generation loves her.
Expository reach 
Area of capability learners extend their writing into beyond where they 
may previously have written 
Teachers can help learners toward such reach by: 
• Devising simple but engaging writing activities 
• Making contextualization central to assignments 
• Encouraging creativity with learner latent vocabulary and 
emotional response at center
Expository reach and context 
Conference presentation by Milne (2012) on learner writer exploration 
of feeling and vocabulary from ambient music inspired contextualized 
writing project titled Words on Music 
Created similar activity with photography contextualized into separate 
project collection called Places & Traces 
• assigned learners to write stories for each project from four 
pieces of instrumental music and four photographs 
• told learners both projects would be published as blog page 
collections
Samples: Words on Music 
In a certain house, thief comes up. The 
thief gets closer to the room on his 
tiptoes. When he goes into the room, 
there is a girl. She is a cute and beautiful 
girl, and fall asleep. The man falls in 
love with her at first sight. For a while, 
she wakes up and surprises him. And he 
forgets an original purpose and kidnaps 
her. 
There is a girl who goes on an 
adventure. She is going to be in 
a very good mood, but she heard 
a strange noise. She was lonely. 
Just then, the figure of 
grandfather emerged in front of 
a girl, and he introduced his 
house near here. This house 
were five dwarfs, they welcome 
to her. For example, they played 
the music, and cooking. But, 
after a short time, she missed 
his mother, and she was cried. It 
can’t be helped, they gave her a 
night, and she was escaped by 
them next day. 
An explorer searches for a treasure. A treasure 
sleeps in the grave. He devotes his life to it. He 
fined a clue of treasure. He went to Egypt. Then 
he solves cipher of treasure. He fined treasure at 
last. It is beautiful nature. There are many 
animal and fruit. And many animals are an 
endangered species. Though the treasure was 
not treasures, he feels very much.
Samples: Words on Music 
This song is like a feeling of a young mother 
going somewhere to abandon her children, she 
does not have money to feed her children, so 
she will abandon her children in front of a 
house that looks like with a rich family inside, 
with a family richer than her, so probably the 
children will have a better life. For me this song 
demonstrate the unstable feelings and thoughts 
that she had when she go to abandon her 
children. At the beginning she feel that she is 
doing the right thing, with her act her children 
will be more happier in other family maybe her 
children can achieve something great! But in 
the way to the place she get regretful, she think 
about her living with her children, with many 
problems that her children causes but which 
makes her happy. 
Once upon a time, there was the princess. The 
princess learned piano for a long time. So she 
practiced it. But one time, she was interested 
in one person. She saw him through the 
window. But she didn’t meet him and talk with 
him. So she did not know him very well. And 
he did not know her at all. But she fell in love. 
After a while, her dad introduced her to the 
person who dad wants her to marry with. She 
did not decide to her destiny. Because her 
parent’s right was strong. And she has ever 
stood. But this time is special for her. So she 
decided to run away from her house in her 
mind. She played the piano in her house at 
last. She remembered her life. Sometimes, she 
did not want leave with her parents. But she 
ran away from her house.
Samples: Places & Traces 
The sea water is the bright incomparable sky-blue. It’s a 
beautiful day for the beach. Crowds are heading to the ocean 
shore. Beach towel dot the sand with color. Plastic buckets 
and balls roll round in the breeze. You can swim, you can 
wade or just rest. There are lots of things to do. It seems that 
people bring all the activities to the beach. But the sandy 
shore is a busy place even without tourists. 
Look! There is an abandoned pirate ship on the sandy shore. 
Do you want to know more about the abandoned ship? Let 
me tell you. 
Long long ago, a young man became a pirate after he ran 
away from home and joined the crew on a privateering ship. 
One day, he dreamt there be treasure on the sandy shore. So 
the next day he began to dig. He dug until the hole was deep 
and the dirt pile was high. He kept digging and sighed “I’m 
tired, I can’t dig anymore.” Then he spied something. But he 
only found a pirate ship. He was quite disappointed. When 
he wanted to give up his friend told him “let’s get in the ship, 
maybe the treasure is buried in it.” Finally, they got a small 
box and a little treasure. They took the treasure away but left 
the abandoned pirate ship on the sandy shore. Now, we can 
see it on picture.
Samples: Places & Traces 
In the ancient age, there was a man who worked in the sea and he 
brought his passengers from Italy to Israel. His name was Michael. 
He looked so tough but he had great kindness in his heart. His 
brown eyes were full of love and many people liked his gentle 
smile. He was poor but he was happy because all the man around 
him loved him and God he believed so much loved him, too. 
One day, when he was waiting for his passenger in Italy, a beautiful 
woman came and asked, “Would you bring me to Israel? I have to 
go.” She had long blond hair with a glossy sheen, her blue eyes 
were so fascinating and her thick lips were attractive. She was well 
dresses in red and it made her more and more wonderful. As soon 
as Michael looked at the woman, he fell in love with her. Then, he 
said to God, “I love you and my heart must not be changed in the 
future, but I come to love another now. Do not get angry and let me 
marry to her with your power.” 
Eight months later, there was Michael with the smiling woman 
dressed in pure white in the restaurant near the sea. Michael’s 
father got drunk because of red wine and his wife enjoyed talking 
with the mother of Michael’s new wife. Michael’s wish came true 
because of the special power and love of God. He and his new wife 
were happier. God was also happier and thought how nice this 
moment was. 
But the happiest time for the two and God was not long. It was four 
years later that his wife came down with an illness. She had a fever 
and she felt thirsty all the time. As time passed, her condition was 
paler and paler. Her beautiful face was full of pain and with tears in 
her big blue eyes. Michael did not sleep well at night because he 
thought that his wife might die during his sleeping. He has lost his 
weight and become thinner and thinner and his eyes lost vitality. 
Everyone around him could not see his gentle smile they loved 
anymore. (…)
Analysis 
• Contextualization of writing assignments may have increased 
learner expository reach 
• Music and imagery may also have opened up greater descriptive 
and imaginative area for learners 
• Role of blog supports Dieu’s (2004) work on blogs to promote 
learner ability to evaluate and reflect on writing assignments 
• Blog publication may also endorse Sollar’s (2007) assertion that 
blogs can serve as platforms for creating writer community
Conclusion 
• Simple yet contextualized activities can bring forth imaginative 
and expressive learner writing 
• Learner expository reach may be enhanced through such 
activities 
• Incentives for publication may also play role in bolstering such 
reach 
• Blog-publishing writing may be inexpensive way to create sense 
of peer writer readership
Thank you for listening!
References 
Dieu, B. (2004). Blogs for language learning. Essential Teacher, 1(4), 26-30. 
Matsuda, P. (2013). Teaching writing in context. Paper presented at Tokyo 
JALT, Tokyo, Japan. 
Milne, A. (2012). Music as a means of building vocabulary and composition 
skills. Paper presented at JALT 2012, Fukuoka, Japan. 
Sollars, V. (2007). Writing experiences in a second/foreign language classroom: 
from theory to practice. In M. Camilleri, P. Ford,, H. Leja & V. Sollars (Eds.), 
Blogs: web journal in language education, 15-24. Strasbourg: Council of 
Europe.
Disclaimer 
I do not own the rights 
to the samples of music 
or images uploaded in 
this presentation. They 
have been included 
solely for educational 
purposes.

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Creating context and fostering expository reach in L2 writing: approaches and implications

  • 1. Creating context and fostering expository reach in L2 writing: approaches and implications Lee Arnold Seigakuin University JALT LD SIG 2014 conference Creating Community: Learning Together
  • 2. Introduction Two issues among a number in writing pedagogy include creation of meaningfulness in writing assignments and extension of writing ability • Meaningfulness in such assignments may start by re-imagining for what and to whom learners write • Such re-imagination may include positioning learner writing beyond learner-teacher nexus • Such positioning may be facilitated by way of creating contexts learners can write to • Such contextualization may expand range and depth of learner writing
  • 3. Traditional learner writer class atmosphere
  • 4. Creating context Presentation by Matsuda (2013) showed unique approach in creating context for a typical classroom writing assignment • Learners were given task to write about people they admired such as family members or friends • Learners were told their writing would be gathered into a book that each would contribute a chapter to • Such approach merges autonomy with collaboration
  • 5. Creating context • Adapted approach to assignment by telling learners their work would be selected for collection The Small Book of Big People • Such collection would be uploaded to teacher-learner blog page for learners and others to read • Asked learners to write to best effort they could for purpose of publication • Would show samples of work to be published on blog posts in advance of page creation
  • 6. Samples: The Small Book of Big People I respect my friend of my high school days. He was greatly honored by the many people. He always was serious for everything. He belonged to soccer club and practiced very hard. For instance he got up at 5:00, arrived at our school and ran around our school every morning in spite of he have practice after school. He had never missed his morning training. If I am he, probably I’m tired of morning training because I have to practice after school. Then he usually prepared for class after finish his training. So I think his schedule was very busy. I couldn’t imitate his daily routine. Then he has a lot of friends because he was very friendly and gentle. So I respect him and want to model my life after him. My exceptional person is an office worker in cram school of my working place. The place name is Rinkai seminar. Everyone called her “Chansan,” but she is Japanese. She looks madam and brown. She was used to secretary. So she is very steady and everyone relies her on. Of course me too. Many students and teachers love her. Though she does not get money, she still works overtime because she always thinks about students. If I am same her situation, I never do it. And she supports me for my dream. For example, she negotiated to get to know to work part-time in my place where I wanted to work in the future. After all, I can’t work there, but I deeply appreciated to her. She has four people in her family with her husband, daughter, and son. She is housewife. Her daughter was good basketball manager. She guided an interscholastic athletic meet for basketball player. Therefore many offers came to her from the company. Chansan’s son is good basketball player. He participated in an international athletic meet. I think that after all it is her power that was brought up by such children. I want to become a wonderful person being like her sometime.
  • 7. Samples: The Small Book of Big People I esteem Haruki Murakami for his writing ability. For example, he writes the books that are composed of a unique statement and metaphor. They attract readers. When I read his books for the first time, I was also attracted to them. Norwegian Wood was especially attracted me in the book written by him. This book made me a little sad and caused a strange feeling. I want to be a novelist. I want to imitate his writing ability and be a novelist like him. I do not have a person now that I respect, but in the future I want to be be a person that many people respect. I have a dream that nobody has. My dream is to be someone that can change something in this world, this world with many problems and many dirty things, and many selfish people, but with many more things that are very beautiful. I don’t know how to be a great person that is capable of changing the world, but I came to this university to search that, to search how to evolve. So now, I am not a person that can be in this book, but in ten or twenty years I hope to be one of the “big people.” I respect Taylor Swift who is singer in America. She has blond hair, blue eyes, red rouge lip, and cute. Her songs are pop, ballad, and they cheer up me when I felt down. She writes songs herself and based on her experience. For example, “We Are Never Getting Back Together” is one of her big songs. It has a bright and poppy melody! The song is popular with young people. When I listen to this song, it gives me energy. Another one is “I Knew You Were Trouble.” The song is gloomy and with painful lyrics. There is a meaning that unexpected things happened and heartbreaking. When I feel down and listen to these songs, I am encouraged. Especially, these songs are my favorite songs! I want her to be known by a lot of people, because she isn’t well known by older. So I hope that every generation loves her.
  • 8. Expository reach Area of capability learners extend their writing into beyond where they may previously have written Teachers can help learners toward such reach by: • Devising simple but engaging writing activities • Making contextualization central to assignments • Encouraging creativity with learner latent vocabulary and emotional response at center
  • 9. Expository reach and context Conference presentation by Milne (2012) on learner writer exploration of feeling and vocabulary from ambient music inspired contextualized writing project titled Words on Music Created similar activity with photography contextualized into separate project collection called Places & Traces • assigned learners to write stories for each project from four pieces of instrumental music and four photographs • told learners both projects would be published as blog page collections
  • 10. Samples: Words on Music In a certain house, thief comes up. The thief gets closer to the room on his tiptoes. When he goes into the room, there is a girl. She is a cute and beautiful girl, and fall asleep. The man falls in love with her at first sight. For a while, she wakes up and surprises him. And he forgets an original purpose and kidnaps her. There is a girl who goes on an adventure. She is going to be in a very good mood, but she heard a strange noise. She was lonely. Just then, the figure of grandfather emerged in front of a girl, and he introduced his house near here. This house were five dwarfs, they welcome to her. For example, they played the music, and cooking. But, after a short time, she missed his mother, and she was cried. It can’t be helped, they gave her a night, and she was escaped by them next day. An explorer searches for a treasure. A treasure sleeps in the grave. He devotes his life to it. He fined a clue of treasure. He went to Egypt. Then he solves cipher of treasure. He fined treasure at last. It is beautiful nature. There are many animal and fruit. And many animals are an endangered species. Though the treasure was not treasures, he feels very much.
  • 11. Samples: Words on Music This song is like a feeling of a young mother going somewhere to abandon her children, she does not have money to feed her children, so she will abandon her children in front of a house that looks like with a rich family inside, with a family richer than her, so probably the children will have a better life. For me this song demonstrate the unstable feelings and thoughts that she had when she go to abandon her children. At the beginning she feel that she is doing the right thing, with her act her children will be more happier in other family maybe her children can achieve something great! But in the way to the place she get regretful, she think about her living with her children, with many problems that her children causes but which makes her happy. Once upon a time, there was the princess. The princess learned piano for a long time. So she practiced it. But one time, she was interested in one person. She saw him through the window. But she didn’t meet him and talk with him. So she did not know him very well. And he did not know her at all. But she fell in love. After a while, her dad introduced her to the person who dad wants her to marry with. She did not decide to her destiny. Because her parent’s right was strong. And she has ever stood. But this time is special for her. So she decided to run away from her house in her mind. She played the piano in her house at last. She remembered her life. Sometimes, she did not want leave with her parents. But she ran away from her house.
  • 12. Samples: Places & Traces The sea water is the bright incomparable sky-blue. It’s a beautiful day for the beach. Crowds are heading to the ocean shore. Beach towel dot the sand with color. Plastic buckets and balls roll round in the breeze. You can swim, you can wade or just rest. There are lots of things to do. It seems that people bring all the activities to the beach. But the sandy shore is a busy place even without tourists. Look! There is an abandoned pirate ship on the sandy shore. Do you want to know more about the abandoned ship? Let me tell you. Long long ago, a young man became a pirate after he ran away from home and joined the crew on a privateering ship. One day, he dreamt there be treasure on the sandy shore. So the next day he began to dig. He dug until the hole was deep and the dirt pile was high. He kept digging and sighed “I’m tired, I can’t dig anymore.” Then he spied something. But he only found a pirate ship. He was quite disappointed. When he wanted to give up his friend told him “let’s get in the ship, maybe the treasure is buried in it.” Finally, they got a small box and a little treasure. They took the treasure away but left the abandoned pirate ship on the sandy shore. Now, we can see it on picture.
  • 13. Samples: Places & Traces In the ancient age, there was a man who worked in the sea and he brought his passengers from Italy to Israel. His name was Michael. He looked so tough but he had great kindness in his heart. His brown eyes were full of love and many people liked his gentle smile. He was poor but he was happy because all the man around him loved him and God he believed so much loved him, too. One day, when he was waiting for his passenger in Italy, a beautiful woman came and asked, “Would you bring me to Israel? I have to go.” She had long blond hair with a glossy sheen, her blue eyes were so fascinating and her thick lips were attractive. She was well dresses in red and it made her more and more wonderful. As soon as Michael looked at the woman, he fell in love with her. Then, he said to God, “I love you and my heart must not be changed in the future, but I come to love another now. Do not get angry and let me marry to her with your power.” Eight months later, there was Michael with the smiling woman dressed in pure white in the restaurant near the sea. Michael’s father got drunk because of red wine and his wife enjoyed talking with the mother of Michael’s new wife. Michael’s wish came true because of the special power and love of God. He and his new wife were happier. God was also happier and thought how nice this moment was. But the happiest time for the two and God was not long. It was four years later that his wife came down with an illness. She had a fever and she felt thirsty all the time. As time passed, her condition was paler and paler. Her beautiful face was full of pain and with tears in her big blue eyes. Michael did not sleep well at night because he thought that his wife might die during his sleeping. He has lost his weight and become thinner and thinner and his eyes lost vitality. Everyone around him could not see his gentle smile they loved anymore. (…)
  • 14. Analysis • Contextualization of writing assignments may have increased learner expository reach • Music and imagery may also have opened up greater descriptive and imaginative area for learners • Role of blog supports Dieu’s (2004) work on blogs to promote learner ability to evaluate and reflect on writing assignments • Blog publication may also endorse Sollar’s (2007) assertion that blogs can serve as platforms for creating writer community
  • 15. Conclusion • Simple yet contextualized activities can bring forth imaginative and expressive learner writing • Learner expository reach may be enhanced through such activities • Incentives for publication may also play role in bolstering such reach • Blog-publishing writing may be inexpensive way to create sense of peer writer readership
  • 16. Thank you for listening!
  • 17. References Dieu, B. (2004). Blogs for language learning. Essential Teacher, 1(4), 26-30. Matsuda, P. (2013). Teaching writing in context. Paper presented at Tokyo JALT, Tokyo, Japan. Milne, A. (2012). Music as a means of building vocabulary and composition skills. Paper presented at JALT 2012, Fukuoka, Japan. Sollars, V. (2007). Writing experiences in a second/foreign language classroom: from theory to practice. In M. Camilleri, P. Ford,, H. Leja & V. Sollars (Eds.), Blogs: web journal in language education, 15-24. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
  • 18. Disclaimer I do not own the rights to the samples of music or images uploaded in this presentation. They have been included solely for educational purposes.