2. Healthcare that is provided by health
care professionals in the first contact of a
patient with the health care system.

3. Epidemiology is the study of the
distribution and determinants of health
related states or events (including
disease),and the application of this study
to the control of diseases and other
health problems.

4. Epidemiology is the science of the study
of patterns ,causes and effects of the
health and disease conditions in defined
populations.
It is corner stone of the public health ,and
informs policy decisions and evidence-
based medicine by identifying risk
factors for disease and targets for
preventive medicine.

5.  Epidemiologists help with the study design ,
collection and statistical analysis of data ,
and interpretation and dissemination of
results (including peer review and
occasional systematic review).
 Epidemiologist has helped to develop
methodology used in clinical research
,public health studies and, to a lesser extent
,basic research in the biological science.

6. Various methods can be used to carry out
epidemiological investigation
Descriptive studies can be used to study
distribution .
Analytical studies are used to study
determinants

7. Major areas of epidemiological study
include disease etiology ,outbreak
investigation ,disease surveillance and
screening,biomonitoring ,and
comparison of treatment effects such as
in clinical trials

8.  The bureau of epidemiology conducts
study-based programs which protects the
public’s health and reduce the burden from
disease and conditions of public health
significance –whether infectious or of the
environmental origin.
 The epidemiologist and toxicologist within
the bureau share a commitment to using the
best scientific data available to shape
prevention , intervention and disease
control activities, and improve health and
safety of floridians and visitors

9.  Investigate and develops disease
prevention and control measures for
infectious and non infectious disease
outbreaks.
 Conducts surveillance(population based
monitoring )on more than 100 reportable
diseases and conditions of public health
importance for the purpose of rapid case
finding and implementation of control
measures to prevent secondary cases of
illness.

10. Conduct surveillance on occupationally
related illness and injuries and develops
strategies to improve worker safety.
Maintain data system used to conduct
analyses and disseminate data on
environmental hazards ,and health
effects that may be related to the
exposures.
Publishes periodic reports based on
infectious and non infectious disease and
other health related data,data trends and
implications for public health

11. Maintain and develops reportable
disease surveillance software (Merlin) for
the storage ,transmission, and analysis of
reportable disease case reports.
Provide education, information and
training to healthcare facilities,
individuals ,business and general public
on disease control and environment
issues that impact health.

12.  Provide statewide toxicology consultation.
 Provides environment health risk
assessment around hazardous waste sites.
 Provides technical support on indoor air
quality concerns
 Collects , analyzes and disseminates data on
the occurrence of birth defects.
 Diseases should be reported to your local
country health department

13. Epidemiological practice and the results
of epidemiological analysis make a
significant contribution to emerging
population-based health management
frameworks

14.  Assess the health states and health needs of
a target population.
 Implement and evaluate interventions that
are designed to improve the health of that
population.
 Efficiently and effectively provide care for
members of that population in a way that is
consistent with the community’s
cultural,policy and health resource values.

15.  As far as Pakistan health care is concerned
,it is believed to be one of the best
compared to the health care system of
Pakistan that was adopted after the partition
, the health care provision has come a long
way.
 Today ,proper national health care is
provided by both the private and public
sector Pakistan Ministry of health plays an
important role so far as Pakistan health care
is concerned.