2. 
Language acquisition
 Definition of first language
 Definition of second language
 Definition of foreign language





Comparison of first and second language
Factors effecting second language
learning
Research analyses
Conclusion
Suggestions

3. LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
Capacity to perceive
and comprehend
language

4. Ability to
acquire
language
during critical
period

5. SECOND LANGUAGE
The process whereby individuals past the
critical period and learn any other
languages.

6. Foreign Language :

7. First
language
Second
language

8. L2
learning
problems
Mother tongue
Lack of
correspondence
Lack of
exposure to
native learners

9. IPA alphabet system
P
b
F
v
M
n
t
d
k
s
h
r
w
j
z
l
g

10. Articulation of
urdu sounds and
English letters

11. S,#s
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
EV
i:
ɪ
e
æ
a:
ʌ
ɒ
ɔ:
ʊ
u:
ə
ɜ:
eɪ
aɪ
ɔɪ
ɪə
eə
ʊə
oʊ
aʊ
PAKISTANI REALISATION
[i:]*
[i]*
[e]*
[æ]*
[a:]*
[ʌ]*
[a], [ɒ], [o]
[o:]
[u]
[u:]*
[ʌ], [ə]
[ər]
[e:]*
[ai]
[ai], [ɔi]
[iə]
[ea], [eʌ]*
[uə]
[o:]
[au]

12. Research Analyses
Sound 1:
/ ɔ: / (as in call, saw etc).



long vowel sound.
mouth doesn't move.
you can pronounce it as
long as you have breath.

13. Sentence 1:
George was falling asleep awkwardly in a
sprawl.
Standard transcription:
/ dʒɔ:rdʒ wɒz fɔ:llɪŋg əsli:p ɔ:kwərdlɪ ɪn
ə sprɔ:l /

14. Speaker’s transcription:
/ dʒəʊrdʒ wɒz fɒllɪŋg esli:p əʊkwərdlɪ ɪn
ə sprəʊl /

15. Sentence 2:
This appalling store was full of all sorts
of ordinary shorts.
Standard transcription:
/ Ðɪs əpɔ:lɪŋg stɔ:r wɒz fʊl əv ɔ:l sɒrts
əv ɔ:rdnɒrɪ ʃɔ:ts /

16. Sound 2:
ɜ:ʳ (as in earth, turn etc)

comes in stressed (accented) syllables
and is more tense (and usually longer).

The second one comes in weak
syllables and is more relaxed. / əʳ/

17. Sentence 1:
The girls in purple shirts were urged not to
disturb sir Cuthbert.
Standard transcription:
/ Ðə gɜ:lz ɪn pɜ:pl ʃɜ:ts ɜ:dʒed nɒt tʊ
dɪstɜ:b sə kəθbərt /

18. Speaker’s trancription:
/ Ðɪ gəlz ɪn pərpl ʃəts ɜ:dʒed nɒt tʊ
dɪstərb sər keθbərt /

19. Sentence 2:
This purple shirt is the worst in the world! I
have no words!
Standard transcription:
/ Ðɪs pɜ:pl ʃɜ:t ɪz Ðə wɜ:st ɪn Ðə wɜ:d!
aɪ həv naʊ wɜ:dz /

20. Speaker’s transcription:
/ Ðɪs pərpəl ʃət ɪz Ðɪ wəst ɪn Ðə wəld!
ae hæv nɒ wərdz /

21. Sound 3:
/ə/ (as in air, ear etc)


very short neutral vowel sound.
its precise quality varies depending on
the adjacent consonants.

22. Sentence 1:
The woman went to the station and
waited until the train arrived.
Standard transcription:
/ Ðə wɪmən went tə Ðə steɪʃən ən weɪtəd
əntɪl Ðə treɪn əraɪvd /

23. Speaker’s transcription
/ Ðə wɒmen went tʊ Ðə steɪʃən ænd
waitɪd untɪl Ðə train əraɪvd /

24. Sentence 2:
I highly recommend you find a snack
wagon and try their " Rosti " , a
fried potato and onion fritter.

25. Standard transcription:
/ aɪ haɪlɪ rekəmendɪd ju: faɪnd ə snæk
wægən ən traɪ Ðeə “Rɒsti:” ə fraɪd
pəteɪtəʊ ən ənɪən frɪtə /

26. Speaker’s transcription
/ aɪ haɪlɪ rekaməndɪd ju: faɪnd a snæk
wægən and trae Ðeər “Rɒsti:” a fraɪd
poteɪto and ɒnɪən frɪtər /

27. Sound 4:
ɒ

(as in hot ,stop etc)
Open, also known as low.
 Back.
 Lips Rounded

28. Sentence 1:
I never get to the office.
Standard transcription:
/ ae nevə get tə Ðə ɒfis /

29. Speaker’s transcription:
/ ai nevʌr get to Ði ɔ:fis /

30. Sentence 2:
Summer is a very hot season.
Standard transcription:
/ sʌmər iz ə veri hɒt si:zən /

31. Speaker’s transcription
/ sʌmər iz a veri haut si:zan /

32. Sound 5:
/ʊ/

(as in book, pull etc)
Closed
 Back
 Rounded

33. Sentence 1:
I read a really good book.
Standard transcription:
/ ae ri:d ə rɪəlɪ gʊd bʊk/

34. Speaker’s transcription:
/ ai ri:d a: reali gud bu:k /

35. Sentence 2:
Rivers flow to the sea.
Standard transcription:
/ rɪvərz fləʊ tə Ðə si: /

36. Speaker’s transcription:
/ rɪvərz flɔ: tu Ðə si: /

37. Suggestions:
1) Rehearse
2) Learn IPA
3) Listen to the
native speakers