more meat and shellfish

1. More Meat, Fish andMore Meat, Fish and
ShellfishShellfish

2. PRODUCING MORE MEATPRODUCING MORE MEAT

3. PRODUCING MORE MEATPRODUCING MORE MEAT
 Half world’s meat is produced by livestockHalf world’s meat is produced by livestock
grazing on grassgrazing on grass

Problems: deforestation, soil compaction,Problems: deforestation, soil compaction,
erosion, runoff, nutrientserosion, runoff, nutrients
 Half produced in factory farms =Half produced in factory farms = CAFOsCAFOs
((concentrated animal feeding operationsconcentrated animal feeding operations))

Densely packed livestock fed grain or fish mealDensely packed livestock fed grain or fish meal

4. PRODUCING MORE MEATPRODUCING MORE MEAT
 CAFOsCAFOs

5. PRODUCING MORE MEATPRODUCING MORE MEAT
 Grass fed or free rangeGrass fed or free range

7. PRODUCING MORE MEATPRODUCING MORE MEAT
 Eating more chicken/farm-raised fish, lessEating more chicken/farm-raised fish, less
beef/pork reduces environmental impacts ofbeef/pork reduces environmental impacts of
meat productionmeat production
 Meat is cheap because it does not includeMeat is cheap because it does not include
the full environmental cost does not use full-the full environmental cost does not use full-
cost pricingcost pricing

8. We Can Produce Meat More EfficientlyWe Can Produce Meat More Efficiently
 Switch type of meat eaten – to lower onSwitch type of meat eaten – to lower on
food chainfood chain
 Eat less meatEat less meat
 Mediterranean dietMediterranean diet
Efficiency of
converting grain
into animal
protein

9. CATCHING AND RAISING MORECATCHING AND RAISING MORE
FISH AND SHELLFISHFISH AND SHELLFISH
 After big increases, total and per capita marine andAfter big increases, total and per capita marine and
freshwater fish and shellfish catches have leveled offfreshwater fish and shellfish catches have leveled off
 Decline expected – overfishing, water pollution, lossDecline expected – overfishing, water pollution, loss
of wetlands and other habitatof wetlands and other habitat
 Could be better managed, consumer choicesCould be better managed, consumer choices

10. CATCHING AND RAISING MORECATCHING AND RAISING MORE
FISH AND SHELLFISHFISH AND SHELLFISH
 Government subsidies to fishing industry areGovernment subsidies to fishing industry are
a major cause of overfishinga major cause of overfishing

Global fishing industry spends $25 billion perGlobal fishing industry spends $25 billion per
year more than its catch is worthyear more than its catch is worth

Without subsidies (fuel tax exemptions, priceWithout subsidies (fuel tax exemptions, price
controls, low interest loans, grants for gear) manycontrols, low interest loans, grants for gear) many
fleets would go out of businessfleets would go out of business

Subsidies allow excess fishing with someSubsidies allow excess fishing with some
keeping their jobs longer while making lesskeeping their jobs longer while making less
moneymoney

11. Aquaculture: Aquatic FeedlotsAquaculture: Aquatic Feedlots
 AquacultureAquaculture – raising fish, shellfish and– raising fish, shellfish and
seaweeds in ponds and cages – world’sseaweeds in ponds and cages – world’s
fastest growing type of food productionfastest growing type of food production
 MaricultureMariculture – growing in ocean– growing in ocean
 Fish farmingFish farming – cultivating fish in a controlled– cultivating fish in a controlled
environment and harvesting them in captivityenvironment and harvesting them in captivity
 Fish ranchingFish ranching – holding anadromous– holding anadromous
species (live lives in saltwater, return tospecies (live lives in saltwater, return to
freshwater to breed – ex: salmon) for the firstfreshwater to breed – ex: salmon) for the first
few years, released and then harvestedfew years, released and then harvested
when they return to spawnwhen they return to spawn

13. More Sustainable AquacultureMore Sustainable Aquaculture
 Open-ocean aquaculture – nutrientsOpen-ocean aquaculture – nutrients
disperseddispersed
 Choose herbivorous fish – can support moreChoose herbivorous fish – can support more
 Recirculating aquaculture – use wastes asRecirculating aquaculture – use wastes as
fertilizerfertilizer
 Polyculture – several species at oncePolyculture – several species at once

15. Aquaculture on Long IslandAquaculture on Long Island
 Mostly shellfish – clams, oysters, scallopsMostly shellfish – clams, oysters, scallops

Some to grow to market sizeSome to grow to market size

Some to seed/stock bay bottomsSome to seed/stock bay bottoms

Eat phytoplankton – may improve water qualityEat phytoplankton – may improve water quality
by keeping algae in checkby keeping algae in check
 Have been proposals for fish farms and toHave been proposals for fish farms and to
grow seaweeds (nutrient reduction?)grow seaweeds (nutrient reduction?)