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For Allied Health | STUDENT ACTIVITIES
Anatomyand
Physiology
S U Z A N N E S . F R U C H T
Integrated

Integrated Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 4
Integumentary System
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44 I n t e g r a t e d A n a t o m y a n d P h y s i o l o g y | S t u d e n t A c t i v i t i e s
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Following completion of this chapter, the student will be able to:
1. list the functions of the skin.
2. identify the layers of the skin.
3. identify the layers of the epidermis.
4. locate and describe the function of
sebaceous glands and sweat glands.
5. describe the functions of the sensory
receptors of the skin.
6. identify the structures of hair and nails.
7. discuss common integumentary
pathological conditions, diagnostic
procedures, and treatment procedures.
8. define chapter Key Terms.
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C h a p t e r 4 | I n t e g u m e n t a r y S y s t e m 45
LABELING ACTIVITY
Artery
Vein
1
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
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WORD SEARCH
I S Q U A M O U S K U C T G Q B M H P L
D F P T C R Y O S U R G E R Y X E P E R
S U B C U T A N E O U S Y E C K R B D S
R B A S A L E K E Z Y Y R Z O J O W I X
A E A C L S H L T S E B J Y P W C M C K
P P L D T U C B N S F Z R R W B R H U P
O R X F I I K Q V E E U G W Q E I D L W
C F C V T P W M T S D B C M D Q N F O I
R L O U P T O Y G S S L A I T X E M S F
I E C L T F C S T T X R P C K A J D I I
N J U S L O O O E V Y E Z Q E L C I S K
E C Q G N I B D R Q X T O R F O O Z U T
W O B A J S C P Q N K I H R Y N U H P W
P P L H B B S L D F E C I R R Z A S O P
Z E L A N A H S E K R U X M R L E T P S
M Z P E D H M H W X A L M W U D G U G I
H T H Q X U F A E O T A T N O X P C W U
O N I S X U H F T H I R U I I T A U O R
W J E T N X S T I E N L P R U R I T U S
H P S R O O T L J D E H E P G J N H S M
Clues:
1. The most superficial layer
of the skin is called the
______.
2. A(n) ______ is a cell that
produces melanin.
3. A hair follicle ______ is
found surrounding a hair
follicle.
4. A(n) ______ gland secretes
oil to lubricate the skin.
5. The hard protein found in
the epidermis, hair, and
nails is ______.
6. The epidermis is composed
of stratified ______
epithelium.
7. The ______ layer of the
dermis is composed of
dense irregular connective
tissue.
8. Another name for the
hypodermis is the ______
layer.
9. A hair ______ is located
below the surface of the
skin.
10. A(n) ______ sweat gland
secretes sweat to cool the
skin through evaporation.
11. A hair ______ is a sheath
of cells surrounding a hair
root.
12. Surgical use of extreme cold
to freeze tissue.
13. A lice infestation.
14. The hypodermis is
composed of ______ tissue.
15. Free nerve endings detect
______ and temperature.
16. A(n) ______ sweat gland
secretes a substance
responsible for body odor.
17. The hair ______ is the part
of a hair visible above the
skin surface.
18. The ______ is a thin layer of
skin sealing off the nail root.
19. The stratum ______ is the
most superficial layer of the
epidermis.
20. Severe itching.
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COLORING ACTIVITY
Arrector pili muscle
Dermis
Epidermis
Hair bulb
Hair follicle
Hair root
Hair shaft
Hypodermis
Meissner’s corpuscle
Merocrine sweat gland
Pacinian corpuscle
Sebaceous gland
Sweat duct
Sweat pore
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CONCEPT MAP
Use the word bank to fill in the blank spaces in the concept map.
Skin
sweatglandssebaceousglands
location
of
composed
of
reticularlayer
deepest
layeris
Meissner’scorpuscle
location
of
areolarconnectivetissue
composed
of
superficial
layeris
papillarylayer
2layers
consistsof
dermis
middle
layeris
adiposetissue
composed
of
hypodermis
also
called
subcutaneouslayerdeepest
layeris
3layers
madeupof
hairfollicles
stratumlucidum
stratum
corneum
5layers
consistsof
stratifiedsquamous
epithelialtissuecomposed
of
deeppressure
Paciniancorpuscle
capillaries
lighttouch
epidermis
superficial
layeris
detects
detects
denseirregular
connectivetissue
onlyliving
layerof
epidermis
cellsappear
spiny
stratumbasale
stratum
spinosum
stratum
granulosum
layersofflat
keratinized
cells
foundonly
inpalms
andsoles
cells
becoming
keratinized
WordBank
1.
10.
9.
8.
7.
5.
4.
6.
3.
2.
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CROSSWORD PUZZLE
3
1 2
5
7
4
8
9
11
18
14
6
12
15
17
19
20
13
10
16
Across
3. Thin fold of skin covering nail root.
5. _____ sweat gland found in axilla and groin.
7. Hard protein found in skin, hair, and nails.
8. ______ sweat gland produces watery sweat.
10. Oil secreted by sebaceous gland.
14. Most superficial skin layer.
15. White, half-moon area of nail.
16. ______ pili, muscle attached to hair follicle.
19. Type of tissue found in subcutaneous layer.
20. Procedure to obtain tissue for microscopic
examination.
Down
1. Gives skin and hair its color.
2. ________ corpuscle, located in deep dermis.
4. Vitamin D is necessary for proper ________
metabolism.
6. Meissner’s _____ detects touch and
pressure.
9. Commonly called chickenpox.
11. Another name for subcutaneous layer.
12. A hypertrophic scar.
13. Stratum ______, deepest layer of epidermis.
17. Nail __________, plate of keratin.
18. Skin layer composed of connective tissue.
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KEY TERM MATCHING
_____ 1. epidermis
_____ 2. keratin
_____ 3. decubitus ulcer
_____ 4. Pacinian corpuscle
_____ 5. stratum corneum
_____ 6. hair shaft
_____ 7. apocrine sweat gland
_____ 8. second-degree
_____ 9. hair root
_____ 10. dermis
_____ 11. nail body
_____ 12. free nerve endings
_____ 13. Meissner’s corpuscle
_____ 14. nail bed
_____ 15. sebaceous gland
_____ 16. keratinocytes
_____ 17. malignant melanoma
_____ 18. arrector pili
_____ 19. tinea pedis
_____ 20. hypodermis
_____ 21. stratum lucidum
_____ 22. melanin
_____ 23. hair follicle
_____ 24. eccrine sweat gland
_____ 25. stratum basale
A. portion of hair below skin surface
B. secretes oil
C. most dangerous form of skin cancer
D. detects fine touch and pressure
E. only living layer of the epidermis
F. protein giving skin and hair its color
G. epidermal layer seen only in skin of palm and
sole
H. subcutaneous layer
I. main cell found in epidermis
J. detect pain
K. connected to skin surface by duct
L. sheath surrounding hair bulb and root
M. slip of smooth muscle attached to hair follicle
N. most superficial layer of epidermis
O. skin layer with papillary and reticular layers
P. commonly called a bedsore
Q. hard protein found in epidermis, hair, and
nails
R. plate of keratin, bulk of the nail
S. portion of hair visible above the skin
T. detects deep pressure
U. area of skin to which the nail is attached
V. commonly called athlete’s foot
W. found in underarm and groin region
X. also called partial-thickness burn
Y. most superficial layer of skin
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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM QUIZ
_____ 1. Which of the following is NOT a
function of the skin?
a. vitamin B production
b. temperature regulation
c. protective barrier
d. sensation
_____ 2. Meissner’s corpuscles detect:
a. stretching
b. heat
c. pain
d. touch
_____ 3. Which layer of skin is composed of
stratified squamous epithelium?
a. subcutaneous layer
b. epidermis
c. dermis
d. none of the layers are stratified
squamous epithelium
_____ 4. Which of the following glands is NOT
connected to the hair follicle?
a. eccrine sweat gland
b. sebaceous gland
c. apocrine sweat gland
d. all are connected to the hair follicle
_____ 5. The hypodermis is mainly composed
of:
a. adipose tissue
b. dense regular connective tissue
c. simple squamous epithelial tissue
d. dense irregular connective tissue
_____ 6. The hard protein found in the skin, hair,
and nails is called:
a. melanin
b. cuticle
c. keratin
d. sebum
_____ 7. Actively dividing cells for the hair are
found in the:
a. hair follicle
b. hair shaft
c. hair bulb
d. hair root
_____ 8. The area of skin that is covered by the
nail body is called the:
a. matrix
b. lunula
c. root
d. bed
_____ 9. Which depth of burn does not produce
blisters?
a. first-degree burn
b. second-degree burn
c. third-degree burn
d. all depths produce blisters
_____ 10. Which of the following pairs is NOT
correctly matched?
a. fissure - a crack-like lesion
b. papule - a blister
c. ulcer - an open sore
d. macule - a flat, discolored spot
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EXPERIMENT 1
Distribution of Eccrine Sweat Glands
Materials
• 3 cm x 1 cm squares of bond paper
• Betadine swab
• tape
Method
1. Locate an area on your palm, forearm, and calf of leg that contains crease lines.
2. Paint each area with the Betadine swab.
3. Cover with a paper square and tape securely in place.
4. Wait 20 minutes and remove the paper. Count the number of blue-black dots on each square of
paper. Each dot is produced by the iodine in the Betadine dissolving in the sweat and reacting
with the starch in the bond paper, resulting in a blue-black dot.
5. Divide your total number of dots by 3 (your bond paper is 3 cm2
) to determine the average dots
per cm2
.
6. Record your individual results in Table 4.1.
7. Pool the class data to complete Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Density of sweat glands in different regions of the body.
Subject
Sweat gland density (number of glands/cm2
)
Palm Forearm Calf
Class Average
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EXPERIMENT 2
Localization of Touch
Localization is the ability to determine exactly where the skin has been stimulated. Each touch
receptor in the skin has a corresponding area in the brain that receives the message that the receptor
was stimulated. As with two-point discrimination, localization is more precise in skin areas with a
greater density of touch receptors.
Materials
• red and black fine-tip felt markers
Method
1. Subject must keep his or her eyes closed during this exercise.
2. Briefly touch the palm of the subject’s hand with the black felt-tip marker.
3. The subject then attempts to touch the exact same point with the red felt-tip marker.
4. Measure the distance between the two points and enter in Table 4.2.
5. Repeat steps 2–4 twice more for the same area of the body.
6. Repeat steps 2–5 on the subject’s back of the hand, fingertip, anterior forearm, and upper arm.
Table 4.2 Localization of touch over different parts of the body.
Distance between two dots (mm)
Palm of
hand
Back of
hand
Fingertip
Anterior
forearm
Upper arm
Trial 1
Trail 2
Trial 3
Average
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CRITICAL THINKING 1
Burns
Burns are damage to the skin as a result of exposure to harmful amounts of heat, caustic chemicals,
ultraviolet light, electricity, or radiation. A burn is classified by its depth, which indicates how much of
the skin tissue has been damaged or destroyed.
• First-degree Burn - This is the most superficial burn. It damages only the epidermis. A first-
degree burn results in redness, swelling, and pain. The burned area may become whitened but
does not produce a blister.
• Second-degree Burn - This is also called a partial-thickness burn because the damage extends
partway through the dermis layer. A second-degree burn is red, swollen, painful (all the
symptoms of a first-degree burn) plus it produces blisters.
• Third-degree Burn - This is also called a full-thickness burn because the damage extends into
the subcutaneous layer. A third-degree burn is actually not as painful as a second-degree burn
because the pain receptors in the dermis have been destroyed. The burned skin develops a gray
to black leathery covering called eschar.
Color each figure below to indicate the depth of damage for each type of burn.
Subcutaneous
layer
Dermis
Epidermis
First-degree burn Second-degree burn Third-degree burn
Figure 4.1 Depth of damage for each type of burn.
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CRITICAL THINKING 2
Rule of Nines
In burns over a large area of the body, it is very important to estimate what percentage of the body’s
surface is involved. This estimate is calculated by using the“Rule of Nines.”The body can be divided
into 11 regions, each representing 9% of the body surface. The final 1% is assigned to the genital
area.
1. Entire head and neck = 9% (4.5% for front + 4.5% for back)
2. Anterior trunk = 18% (9% for top + 9% for bottom)
3. Posterior trunk = 18% (9% for top + 9% for bottom)
4. Left arm = 9% (4.5% for front + 4.5% for back)
5. Right arm = 9% (4.5% for front + 4.5% for back)
6. Left leg = 18% (9% for front + 9% for back)
7. Right leg = 18% (9% for front + 9% for back)
8. Genital area = 1%
Draw lines on the figures below to show the different regions in the Rule of Nines with their
percentages. Double check that your percentages add up to 100%.
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Integrated Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 10
Cardiovascular System: Heart
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Following completion of this chapter, the student will be able to:
1. recognize the heart’s location in the thoracic
cavity.
2. identify the great vessels, heart chambers,
and heart valves.
3. describe the layers of the heart wall.
4. locate the arteries and veins of the coronary
circulation and the area of the heart that
each serves.
5. relate the order in which the stimulus to
contract is conducted through the heart.
6. recognize the parts of an ECG wave.
7. discuss common cardiovascular
pathological conditions, diagnostic
procedures, and treatment procedures.
8. define chapter Key Terms.
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C h a p t e r 1 0 | C a r d i o v a s c u l a r S y s t e m : H e a r t 151
LABELING ACTIVITY 1
External Heart Anatomy
1
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
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LABELING ACTIVITY 2
Internal Heart Anatomy
1
(chamber)
13
12
11
(chamber)
10
9 (layer)
8 (layer)
7 (layer)
6
5
(muscle)
4
(chamber)
3
2
14
(chamber)
15
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
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WORD SEARCH
G A Z C A R D I A C L Q S P I C C U
F R I I K T T O R A R U M S C K A R
K V E E A P M A Y S M I T R A L R J
K B S S Z P N A L U N G S L L M D Q
H A L D I U E P A C E M A K E R I E
B S Q H L N C R H N C D N F K S O D
I O E I D L U Z I I R R X L W Y M U
K B M P R B B S M C E R H R D S Y H
T E X U T C J E T K A R I I S T O C
S O V E T U T U A B E R R B S O P C
A M U E T S M M L N Y E D I F L A U
U O W T Y Q E W N T T X S I W E T S
C Z R S P C D I W L G O W W A R H P
F J U T A U E Y O W N V E A O L Y D
J W T P A E T H P E C B Q D P I S W
M B K Z Y U O I T P M U S C L E I Z
R S R I G H T S R U V O W N G R X K
B R A N C H I C O N G E N I T A L K
Clues:
1. Where great vessels are
connected to the heart.
2. Inferior pointed tip of heart.
3. ______ heart defects are
present from birth.
4. The largest artery in the
body.
5. The _____ ventricle pumps
blood to the lungs.
6. An electrical device
implanted in the chest to
treat bradycardia.
7. Pulmonary arteries carry
blood to the ______.
8. The interventricular ______
separates the left and right
ventricles.
9. _____ enzymes are a blood
test for heart damage.
10. ______ valves are located
between a ventricle and
great vessel.
11. _____ valve is another
name for the bicuspid valve.
12. A(n)______ is a flap of a
valve.
13. In valvular ______, the heart
valve is too stiff.
14. The endocardium is the
______ lining of the heart.
15. The myocardium is
composed of cardiac
______ tissue.
16. A(n)______ monitor is a
portable heart monitor.
17. Cardiac ______ is the
volume of blood pumped
from the left ventricle per
minute.
18. A pathological condition
affecting the heart muscle
itself.
19. The left bundle ______
carries the stimulus to the
left ventricle.
20. The contraction phase of
the cardiac cycle.
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COLORING ACTIVITY 1
Internal Heart Anatomy
Aorta
Aortic valve
Chordae tendineae
Endocardium
Epicardium
Inferior vena cava
Interventricular septum
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Mitral valve
Myocardium
Papillary muscle
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary valve
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Superior vena cava
Tricuspid valve
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COLORING ACTIVITY 2
Conduction System
Atrioventricular bundle
Atrioventricular node
Internodal pathway
Left bundle branch
Purkinje fibers
Right bundle branch
Sinoatrial node
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CONCEPT MAP 1
Heart Anatomy
Use the terms in the word bank to complete the concept map.
Heart
threelayers
ofwallare
composedof
greatvessels
inferior
venacava
superior
venacava
pulmonary
arteries
fourvalves
hasfour
chambers
rightatrium
aorta
pulmonary
trunk
pulmonary
veins
also
called
epicardium
WordBank
1.
10.
9.
8.
7.
5.
4.
6.
3.
2.
rightventricle
backflowis
preventedby
connected
to
leftatrium
leftventricle
composedof
endocardium
myocardium
isthe
isthe
isthe
outer
layer
inner
layer
middle
layer
visceral
pericardium
simple
squamous
epithelium
cardiacmusclecarries
deoxygenated
blood
carries
oxygenated
blood
carries
oxygenatedblood
carries
deoxygenated
blood
delivers
to
receives
from
delivers
to
receives
from
delivers
to
receives
from
delivers
to
receives
from
left
atrium
right
ventricle
inferior&
superior
venacavae
left
ventricle
right
atrium
pulmonarytrunk
pulmonary
veins
aorta
tricuspidvalve
betweenisan
atrioventricular
valve
rightatrium&
rightventricle
betweenisan
atrioventricular
valve
leftatrium&
leftventricle
mitral
valve
between
isa
semilunarvalve
rightventricle&
pulmonarytrunk
pulmonary
valve
between
isasemilunar
valve
leftventricle&
aorta
aortic
valve
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CONCEPT MAP 2
The Cardiac Cycle
Use the terms in the word bank to complete the concept map.
WordBank
1.
8.
7.
5.
4.
6.
3.
2.
cardiac
cycle
consistsof
two
one
is
diastole
controlled
by
contracting
heart
is
chamber
is
systole
one
is
to
produces
one
alternating
phases
relaxing
heart
is
chamber
is
ejectingblood
filling
heartbeat
conduction
system
for
generates
stimulus
heart
muscle
contraction
pathof
stimuluswave
is
SAnode
to
internodal
pathway
to
AVnode
to
AVbundleto
bundle
branches
Purkinje
fibers
isthe
heart
pacemaker
stimulates
ventricular
musclecells
carries
stimulus
to
ventricles
located
at
topof
interventricular
septum
carries
stimulus
throughout
atria
located
at
junctionof
atriaand
ventricles
10.
9.
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CROSSWORD PUZZLE
Heart Anatomy
1
3 4
10
8
1413
11
12
15
18
17
20
19
16
9
5
2
6
7
Across
3. The left ventricle pumps blood into the ___.
5. ______ prevent the backflow of blood.
7. The ______ muscle is attached to chordae
tendineae.
9. The pulmonary veins deliver blood to the
______ atrium.
11. The ______ pathway distributes the
stimulus throughout the atria.
12. The heart is located in the ______ of the
thoracic cavity.
13. The middle layer of the heart wall is called
the ______.
16. The aortic valve is a(n) ______ valve.
17. During ______ the heart contracts.
18. During ______ the heart relaxes.
19. ______ tendineae are strands of tendinous
tissue attached to valves.
20. Alternating systole and diastole forms the
______ cycle.
Down
1. The ______ artery is a branch of the right
coronary artery.
2. The AV ______ is located at the junction of
the atria and ventricles.
4. Oxygen is picked up in the pulmonary
______ beds.
6. ___ are the pumping chambers of the heart.
8. The right ______ receives blood from the
superior vena cava.
10. The _____ valve is between the right atrium
and ventricle.
14. Pulmonary veins carry ______ blood.
15. Trabeculae ______ are visible on the inner
surface of the ventricles.
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KEY TERM MATCHING
_____ 1. pulmonary valve
_____ 2. right atrium
_____ 3. marginal artery
_____ 4. aorta
_____ 5. trabeculae carneae
_____ 6. mitral valve
_____ 7. diastole
_____ 8. P wave
_____ 9. SA node
_____ 10. base
_____ 11. endocardium
_____ 12. circumflex artery
_____ 13. inferior vena cava
_____ 14. systole
_____ 15. internodal pathway
_____ 16. interventricular septum
_____ 17. pulmonary veins
_____ 18. QRS complex
_____ 19. visceral pericardium
_____ 20. apex
_____ 21. tricuspid valve
_____ 22. papillary muscle
_____ 23. left ventricle
_____ 24. fibrillation
_____ 25. Purkinje fibers
A. pumps blood into aorta
B. ventricular systole follows this ECG wave
C. broad superior region of heart
D. inner lining of heart
E. branch of right coronary artery
F. relaxation phase of cardiac cycle
G. dangerous cardiac arrhythmia
H. drains blood from lower body
I. contracts to tense chordae tendineae
J. the right semilunar valve
K. separates left and right ventricles
L. the right atrioventricular valve
M. largest artery in the body
N. epicardium
O. atrial systole follows this ECG wave
P. receives blood from superior vena cava
Q. the pacemaker of the heart
R. a network found in the ventricular walls
S. contraction phase of the cardiac cycle
T. distributes stimulus wave throughout atria
U. also called bicuspid
V. ridges of cardiac muscle in ventricles
W. branch of left coronary artery
X. pointed tip of heart
Y. carry oxygenated blood from lungs
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HEART QUIZ
_____ 1. Which structure is also called the
epicardium?
a. parietal pericardium
b. pericardial cavity
c. visceral pericardium
d. fibrous pericardium
_____ 2. Which chamber receives blood from
the pulmonary vein?
a. right atrium
b. right ventricle
c. left atrium
d. left ventricle
_____ 3. Which great vessel carries blood to the
systemic arteries?
a. aorta
b. pulmonary trunk
c. inferior vena cava
d. pulmonary artery
_____ 4. Which coronary vessel delivers blood
directly into the right atrium?
a. right coronary artery
b. coronary sinus
c. small cardiac vein
d. circumflex artery
_____ 5. Which structure carries deoxygenated
blood?
a. right atrium
b. pulmonary trunk
c. inferior vena cava
d. All carry deoxygenated blood.
_____ 6. Which is NOT correctly matched?
a. diastole – period when blood is
ejected from heart
b. hearbeat – one round of the cardiac
cycle
c. systole – contraction phase of
cardiac cycle
d. cardiac cycle – alternating
contraction and relaxation of heart
chambers
_____ 7. The tricuspid valve is a:
a. semilunar valve
b. atrioventricular valve
c. pulmonary valve
d. interventricular valve
_____ 8. The myocardium is composed of:
a. fibrous connective tissue
b. simple squamous tissue
c. adipose tissue
d. cardiac muscle tissue
_____ 9. Which part of the conduction system is
located at the junction of the atria and
ventricles?
a. sinoatrial node
b. bundle branch
c. Purkinje fibers
d. AV node
_____ 10. Which of the following is the medical
term for a heart attack?
a. angina pectoris
b. heart block
c. myocardial infarction
d. cardiac tamponade
©
bluedoor,LLC

EXPERIMENT 1
Heart Sounds and Heart Rate
As you recall from the lecture on heart valves, the two audible heart sounds,“lub”and“dub”(or
“dup”), occur as the valves of the heart close. Lub is associated with closing of the atrioventricular
valves and dub is associated with closing of the semilunar valves. Review Figure 10.6 in your text for
more information on the heart valves. In this activity, you will auscultate (listen to) heart sounds.
Materials
• stethoscope • alcohol swab
Method - Auscultation (listening to) of Heart Sounds
1. Clean the earpieces of the stethoscope with an alcohol swab. Allow to air dry.
2. Hold the stethoscope in front of you and look at the earpieces. Turn the stethoscope so that the
earpieces are angled forward before placing them in your ears. This angle corresponds with the
shape of your ear canal and will be the most comfortable to wear.
3. Gently tap the diaphragm of the stethoscope bell to ensure that it is properly aligned. You should
clearly hear the tapping sound.
4. Place the diaphragm of the stethoscope over the subject’s thorax, between the sternum and the
left nipple. Listen carefully for the two distinct heart sounds.
5. The first sound is longer and louder. The second sound is shorter and sharper.
6. Using Figure 10.1 as a guide, try to identify the sound of individual heart valves.
1
2
Pulmonary valve
Aortic valve
Mitral valve
3
4
5
6
Tricuspid valve
Figure 10.1 Location of the heart valves and where to listen for each.
©bluedoor,LLC
©
bluedoor,LLC

Method - Determining Heart Rate
1. Count the number of heartbeats in 15 seconds and record in Table 10.1. Multiply this number by
4 to calculate heart rate in beats per minute (bpm).
Table 10.1 Heart rate and pulse rate.
Beats/15 seconds Beats/minute
Heart rate
©
bluedoor,LLC

EXPERIMENT 2
Electrocardiography
In preparation for this activity, review the Conduction System section from your text.
Electrocardiography records the spread of the electrical stimulus as it moves through the conduction
system. Since this stimulus wave is responsible for the contraction of the heart muscle, changes in
this electrical recording (an electrocardiogram) give important information regarding the ability of
the heart to efficiently pump blood.
Materials
• alcohol swabs
• electrodes
• connecting cables
• ECG recording equipment
Method
1. Your laboratory instructor will demonstrate and explain how to use the ECG recording
equipment available to your class.
2. The subject should lie down in a relaxed supine position.
3. Use the alcohol swab to scrub the skin oils off the inner wrists and outer right ankle.
4. Attach electrodes (either pre-gelled or apply gel to electrodes).
5. Connect the electrodes to the ECG recording equipment.
6. Turn on the equipment, make any adjustments needed, and record the ECG for 1 minute.
7. Examine the tracing and identify a clear example of an ECG wave. Use Figure 10.2 as a guide.
Millivolts
Milliseconds
0
–0.5
0.5
1.0
0
200 400 600
T
S
R
Q
P
Figure 10.2 Parts of an ECG wave.
©
bluedoor,LLC

8. Print the ECG example and tape in the space below. Label the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave.
9. If you do not have a printer available, make a sketch of an ECG wave below and label the P wave,
QRS complex, and T wave.
10. Heart rate can be calculated using the ECG strip. First determine the length of time between
the vertical lines on the ECG strip paper. This will depend on which type of equipment is being
used to record the ECG. Use this information to determine the length of time between two
consecutive R waves. This is the length of time for one heartbeat. A ratio can be used to calculate
the number of heart beats per minute.
For example: If the time interval from one R wave to the next is 0.60 seconds, then:
1 beat
0.60 sec
=
x beats
60 sec
=
(1 beat) (60 sec)
0.60 sec
x
= 100 beats per minutex
11. Use the space below to calculate heart from the ECG strip you recorded.
©
bluedoor,LLC

CRITICAL THINKING
Thrombi, Emboli, and Infarcts
A thrombus is a blood clot that abnormally forms somewhere within the circulation. Because it
extends into the open lumen of the blood vessel, the thrombus reduces blood flow downstream. This
is called an occlusion. If a coronary artery becomes occluded, then the heart muscle served by that
artery does not receive enough blood, a condition known as ischemia. The result is angina pectoris,
the severe chest pain associated with coronary ischemia. If the coronary artery is completely
blocked, then the heart muscle dies. This is a myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack. The term
infarct refers to the area of tissue that died from lack of oxygen. Another common site for thrombus
formation is in the deep veins of the legs. This condition is called deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The
symptoms of this condition include pain and redness at the site of the blood clot and swelling of the
leg.
Locate the anterior interventricular artery in the figure below. Draw a thrombus in that artery and
then shade in the area of the heart that would experience a myocardial infarction.
Myocardial infarction caused by occlusion of anterior ventricular artery.
©bluedoor,LLC
©
bluedoor,LLC

However, there is another extremely dangerous (potentially fatal) result of having a thrombus—the
formation of an embolus. An embolus occurs when a piece of the thrombus breaks off and moves
through the circulation. As long as the embolus remains in the larger blood vessels, there are no
symptoms. Eventually the embolus reaches a vessel that is too small for it to fit through and it
occludes (plugs) that vessel. This prevents blood from flowing to all the tissues downstream from the
occlusion. If that tissue relies heavily on the blocked vessel for its oxygen then it may die, forming
an infarct. The severity of this condition depends on the precise location of the occlusion, which
downstream tissues are involved, and how large an area of tissue dies.
1. Figure 11.14 in the Blood and Blood Vessels chapter illustrates the path of blood flow through
both the systemic and pulmonary circulation. Use this figure as a guide to list the flow of blood
through both circuits in order, beginning with the right atrium (don’t forget to include the heart
valves).
2. If an embolus breaks off in a systemic vein in the leg:
It would be able to pass through:
It would occlude:
3. If an embolus formed in the left ventricle:
It would be able to pass through:
It would occlude:
©
bluedoor,LLC

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