French Wars of Religion Summary and Impacts

French Wars Of Religion Summary
This excerpt from Pierre de l'Estoile's writings highlights the use of propaganda to justify and spread
Catholic fears and contempt towards the Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion. During the
conflict, predictions were a type of propaganda issued by both Catholics and Protestants; the
"prediction" mentioned in the text anticipated the dissipation of all Churches in France, the
persecution of Catholics, and the arrival of German Protestants who would aid the Huguenots in
their quest to establish control in France. Due to its content, many presumed that the Huguenots
issued the prediction; however, because Catholic propaganda deliberately and convincingly utilized
both Protestant language and ideals, it's difficult to determine a
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Religion Vs English Civil War Essay
One similarity between the English Civil War and The French Wars of Religion was that both events
were trying to incite change to government through politically ambitious men.The English Civil War
was an ongoing conflict between the royalists and parliamentarians over the setup of the
government. Cromwell, a member of the parliament, defeated and executed the King Charles I with
his New Model Army and created the Commonwealth, a republic that was really run as a military
dictatorship under his power. Cromwell and his supporters attempted to establish a new form of
government, since the monarchy and parliament wasn't solving any of the long–lasting political
conflicts. The French Wars of Religion demonstrated that the civil wars were part of ... Show more
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In England, the nobles and commoners had established power through parliament. The monarchy
run by Charles I was bound to fail because the government had no money, and therefore authority,
when he refused to tax because the parliament would only let the monarch use the tax money if they
could have representation in government. After having a long–lasting power–struggle that didn't
establish a proper relationship between the king and parliament, England needed a radical change of
government that would stop the cycle. The English government didn't establish a proper relationship
between the king and the parliament, dating back to 1215 when the Magna Carta was signed: It
limited the monarch's power, but didn't establish how much representation the parliament and king
got in government. Parliament realized that they needed to strengthen their power by doing away
with the monarch. In the French Wars of Religion, the Estates–General didn't really meet and didn't
have much representation in government. Unlike the English, the idea of a body ruling was too
radical, and the three aristocratic families sought to increase power by becoming new monarchs.
They tried to gain power by becoming king or hoping that a weak monarch would allow them to

Positive Impacts Of Peter The Great And Henry IV Of Russia
Some monarchs left their countries in better condition than when they began their rule, while others
left lasting damage. All of these monarchs used absolutism, but how they impacted their country
varied. Certain rulers did things to improve their countries they ruled and made a positive impact on
the people living there. For example, Henry IV made positive changes to France when he ruled, and
Peter the Great positively impacted Russia. However, some rulers made bad choices and made their
country worse. One example of this is Ivan IV of Russia, who is also known as "Ivan the Terrible".
Although they believed in different things and ruled in different ways, they all made important
changes to the country they ruled. One monarch who made a positive impact on their country was
Henry IV of France. One example of how he positively changed France was issuing the Edict of
Nantes. The Edict of Nantes was a very important document at the time. It gave the Huguenots
certain rights that they previously did not have. The Huguenots were French Calvinist Protestants,
and many of the wealthy families were Huguenots. This originated from the Protestant Reformation
and spreading to France. The Huguenots were allowed freedom of religion (limited), the right to
hold office, and several other things. This change in France ended the idea of "un roi, une loi, une
foi", meaning "one king, one law, one religion". Another way he made the country better was that he
improved France's financial

Comparing the French Revolution and the American...
The French and American revolutions are both very significant in the world's history. The American
Revolution happened first, around the last half of the 18th century where the Thirteen Colonies
became the United States of America, and gained independence from the British Empire. The
French revolution on the other hand, was from 1789 until the turn of the century 1799. For the
French people this was a period of political and social turmoil. The idea of Enlightenment stuck a
large population of the French people and led to many changes in society. These two individual
revolutions have many comparisons and although they are not identical they become intertwined
with separate philosophies on politics and economic expansion. ... Show more content on
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They wanted to create a democracy. The French revolution became more about human rights. The
bourgeoisie who were considered capitalist people realized they had little to no rights. They
acquired large sums of money but with this led to more taxation from the king. They French
government was so far into debt from wars the king kept raising the taxes on these people. The
bourgeoisie wondered how they just helped America with freedom and now they have to find a way
to achieve their own success. An interesting fact is that both countries, America and France, fought
their wars on their homeland. The Americans faced a small amount of British troops established in
the colonies already, and they also had the Redcoats crossing and ocean from Great Britain. This
gave the Americans an advantage that the French did not have. The Americans were blessed with
more time to organize and more time for warning. The French did not have this advantage because
they were fighting their own government on their own soil. Another significant part of each war is
that the Americans did not have any neighbors whereas the French had to worry about invasion from
other countries in their time of weakness. The best advantage the Americans had was the fact that
the British Empire was the most hated country of the time. Many countries sent aid to America
especially the French. The French paid for a large sum

The Causes Of Catherine De Medici
"Interesting ... Still, these Huguenot gatherings must be curtailed somehow. Calvin does not rule
here." "Then do it gently. Calvin does not rule here, and neither should the cardinal." Catherine de
Medici. Catherine de Medici was a vicious and ruthless rulers who was motivated by fear and fear
of losing control. She wanted to preserve her power and she did that by being Catholic and
persecution against those who were not. Directly by her orders, she killed her religious opposition
.Some people say that religious war are caused by the general spirit of intolerance; but in the late–
1500's to the mid–1600's, power hungry leaders and people in positions of power were the true
cause of religious wars. Three people from this period who all really exemplify this war mongering
leadership style were Catherine de Medici, the Duke of Guise and King Philip II of Spain. In the
following paragraphs, it will be explained how and what wars these leaders started.
Catherine de Medici as shown by the quote in the introduction that she was very willing to kill
people of other religions to maintain her powerful position. In France, Catholicism was the
dominant religion and Catherine used that to persecute other dominant groups, like Protestants, and
preserve her own power. Even when she was seemly trying to help other groups is was a secret plo.
On example was her Edict of January. In 1562, as regent Catherine passed the Edict of January,
which granted more right for Huguenot seemly to help

The Influence Of Calvinism On French Society
Calvinism had a huge impact on French society this was for many reasons, it marked the first split in
the French Catholic church, a threat to the established source of authority and was a potential cause
for one of the most devastating Wars in history. The Wars of Religion (1562–1598) ravaged France
for half a century plunging the country into further debt, religious divisions increasing to
unparalleled levels and mass bloodshed occurring. These troubles were only resolved by Henri IV
conceding the Edict of Nantes which created relative peace (Knecht, 1996, p.592). However, apart
from the rise of Calvinism another key factor for the Wars was the death of Henry 11 and
subsequently the instability of the French monarchy. It was only the strength ... Show more content
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This paper has shown that without the strength of a monarch any peace treaty that was achieved
during these turbulent times did not withstand the test of time nor did it fully heal the religious
divisions. Although the edict of Nantes was only partially successful with it being altered during
subsequent reigns; leading to further wars of religion during Louis XIV's rule. Henri 1V who once
claimed he had ascended to throne as a "husband without a wife, a king without a kingdom and a
warrior without money" managed to effectively fill and heal the french state (Parker, 2001, p. 82).
Huguenots themselves whilst pushing for a religious revolution never achieved one and where
effectively suppressed. Their chance at religious revolution was only because of the vacuum of
power; left by Henry 11 which was not effectively filled until the rule of Henri 1V. Therefore it was
the death if Henry 11 and the subsequent monarchs failure to control the nobility and suppress
religious upheaval that allowed the french wars of religion to

Who Was Responsible For The St. Bartholomew 's Day Massacre
Why have historians produced such different accounts of who or what was responsible for the St.
Bartholomew's Day Massacre? August 25, 1572, marked the infamous day of the St. Bartholomew's
Day Massacre. The slaughter of Gaspard de Coligny and several dozen Huguenot leaders, followed
by the murder of thousands of people in the streets of Paris that day set off tremendous shock waves
throughout Europe. As Barbara Diefendorf points out, the massacre provides a 'graphic illustration'
of the savagery of the religious strife in France at that time. The question of responsibility of the
Massacre has been much debated amongst contemporaries and historians, each producing a different
account of who was responsible. Whether it was Charles IX, Catherine de Medici, the Guise family,
and other primary political figures who instigated the attacks, one will never know for certain. This
is unfortunately due to the scarcity and the unreliability of the contemporary sources. What this
essay will aim to do is highlight some of the main approaches historians have taken to answer the
question 'who was responsible for the St. Bartholomew's Day massacres?' and 'what was responsible
for the St. Bartholomew's Day massacres?'. I will also attempt to answer why historians have
approached their arguments in such a way. I will do this by focusing on the works of J. E. Neale, N.
M. Sutherland, Mack Holt, Barbara Diefendorf, Natalie Zemon Davis, Philip and Arlene Jouanna.
Through analysing the works

The French Religious Wars Of France
In this paper, I will be discussing the French Religious Wars that took place on March 1582 and
lasted till April 1598. This war was fought between the Roman Catholics or "Catholic League" and
the Huguenots. These wars started with a French protestant by the name of John Calvin started to
become suspicious of the Roman Catholic churches and their corruption within their government.
Calvin believed that the two should be separated and created a doctrine with a different form of
Protestantism. Higher up religious figures that were fed up with the dominance of the Catholic
churches decided to stand behind this doctrine. Eventually, Calvinism was being accepted and
taught throughout the local civilians and spread like wildfire throughout Europe. As Catholic
churches started to fall victim to this movement, King Henrii II of France decided to attempt to end
this movement as it was a threat to his reign and control. Thus, divided the country and started what
is known as the French Religious Wars. As tensions became to rise, so did the Conspiracy of
Ambroise. "This is which the Huguenots and the House of Bourbon plotted to usurp the power of
the Guise family". (lllll) The Guise family was the family in charge of most of the French
government at the time. After the family started to realize what was happening, they became to kill
hundreds of conspirators. Trying to ease all of this hostility, Catherine de Medici issued a doctrine
known as the Edict of Tolerance in 1562. This

French Algerian War Research Paper
French Algerian War The Algerian War occurred in 1954 to 1962 in an attempt to gain Algerian
independence from France. The National Liberation Front (FLN) fought against France, wanting
diplomatic recognition at the UN, with the vision to be established as an independent Algerian state.
The FLN performed a number of violent attacks which was known as "the Battle of Algiers".
Eventually, the French regained power through brutal measures. Regardless of the French terrorist
acts, an agreement was signed and Algeria was named independent. However, the 1950s presented a
great amount of struggle for Algeria as they fought the French government for this independence,
after being treated like second class citizens. This introduced a great rivalry ... Show more content
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Such individuals can decide if they want to be associated with the group. This is present in terms of
this rivalry because the Algerians are unaware or confused to which side they belong, in their strive
for independence. Along similar lines, religious identity is the religion that one identifies themselves
with, and this is obvious in the Islamic pride of their religion. They believe that their values and
beliefs are better than any other and feel the importance of spreading their religion to eventually
dominate. In fact, French citizenship was not defined by religion or ethnicity but instead by
acceptance of French language and values. Through the tactics of violence, the FLN separated the
Europeans and the Muslims based on ethnicity and religion. On a different note, the American
army's presence in Iraq and Afghanistan has proved that military retribution in terms of terrorism
only results in a greater population separation in terms of ethnicity and religion. Overall, it is clear
that the reasons that the FLN opposed the French was in an expectation to receive independence.
They used many tactics including terrorism which lead to a number of differences between the
Algerians and the French. The main conditions that led to the development of the FIS in the 1990s
was the huge population explosion. Additionally, there are many evident

The Four Phases Of The Thirty Years War
While the Thirty Years War ultimately began in 1618, this was not the beginning of religious tension
and conflict within Europe. In 1555 the Peace of Augsburg was signed stating "Cuius Regno, Eius
Religio" meaning whoever is in ruling gets to dictate the religion of their territory. This became an
issue when a Catholic leader began ruling over a primarily Protestant population. So if the Thirty
Years War was simply a religious war, then why was so much of the political system affected by the
conflict between the Catholics and the Protestants? In this essay, I hope to explore other factors that
influenced the Thirty Years War. During this time in Europe, religion was largely the deciding factor
in politics. There were two reining religions: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Up until this point, the majority of the war had been on a religious basis and all of the fightings had
been contained within the Holy Roman Empire. During this phase, France was working against the
HRE (Holy Roman Empire) and aiding in the funding of Swedish warfare. So, why would a
Catholic country like France be aiding a Protestant country like Sweden? This is where politics
come into to play even more prevalently. The French saw that by assisting Sweden, they could
potentially bring HRE's level of power down. This is referred to as the "Balance of Power" or a way
to ensure all nations have an equal power. Up until now, Sweden had done most of the battling but
after the death of King Gustavus Adolphus, they had decided to retract from the war. This enters us
into the fourth and final phase of the war, the French phase. At this point, France and Sweden switch
positions. France begins fighting more predominantly while Sweden takes on the financial role.
Also, it is important to mention that this began a time of mass hangings and witch hunts among the
Europeans. This time was considered the bloodiest and resulted in an extreme population

Western Society: A Brief History
In chapter sixteen of "Understanding Western Society: A brief History / Volume 2: From the Age of
Exploration to the Present", the reader will be presented with reading material based on Absolutism
and Constitutionalism in Europe between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. In this chapter the
question is presented, "What made the seventeenth century an age of crisis?" It is explained that
Europe experienced economic hardships due to changes in climate, disagreements in religion, and
war. The war which largely contributed to this economic crisis is referred to as the Thirty Years War.
The Thirty Years War was a religious war between the Catholics and the Protestants. Tensions
between Catholics and Protestants date back several centuries. After tensions had reached an all time
high prior to the Thirty Years War, a truce was formed by the Peace of Augsburg in the year 1555,
however the truce did not hold up as time went on. In time, Lutheran princes developed the
Protestant Union in 1608, which influenced Catholics to develop the Catholic League in 1609.
These groups wanted to make sure that the opposing groups made no advancements in religion or
territory. The Catholics had the Spanish Habsburgs on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The war broke out when King of Bohemia Ferdinand the second inflicted Roman Catholic
Absolutism on those that he was in control of. In response to this notion, Protestant nobles rebelled
in Bohemia and Austria. Catholic forces prevailed in 1620 at the Battle of White Mountain when
they defeated the Protestant rebellion. Tensions between the Catholics and Protestants remained
after the Battle of White Mountain. After being elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1619,
Ferdinand shifted his Catholic aims to the lands of Germany where he sought to spread Catholic
influence, which lead up to the second phase of the war, the Danish

Mauritanians Research Paper
Prior to colonization by the French, Mauritania was a land that was inhabited by two populations.
The Moors and the Mauritanians. The Moors descended from the Berbers who came from North
Africa and they speak Hassaniyya Arabic, which is a dialect of Arabic. They are of the Muslim
religion and make up about 70 percent of the population. The other 30 percent of the population
comes from the black Mauritanians.1 The Mauritanians contain sub–groups of people known as the
Soninke, Wolof, Fulani, and Bambara. Although some of these sub–groups are scattered throughout
Africa they are also present, be it in a large percentage or small, in Mauritania. Like the Moors, the
Mauritanians are Muslim as well.
Before French influence in the nation, a nomadic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was religion. Current day Mauritania is known as the Islamic Republic of Mauritania. Almost
100% of the population is Muslim and this number has been increasing since the Arabs first arrived
in the 8th century.4 This growth of Islam has always been steady but really grew with two key
events. One was when the Yemeni Arabs first came to Mauritania and the other was when the
Berbers lost in the Mauritanian Thirty Year War. Due to the fact that almost all of Mauritania shares
one religion, it allows them to stay together despite the ethnic differences and cultural

The Development Of Absolutism During The Nineteenth...
In the course of the seventeenth century, there were many political and religious conflicts within
Europe. These struggles affected countless nations across the continent, but almost none were as
troubled as France due to the years of religious wars fought out within their territories, which caused
widespread chaos in their lands. Both, the upper and lower class citizens were exhausted by these
conflicts and were supportive of a new style of government. In attempt to maintain the integrity and
stability of their country, French kings started to gradually adopt the political ideal of absolutism to
maintain total control over their nation. The final goal of this ideal was to achieve the good of the
state and a higher level of national existence. The development of absolutism in France can be
thoroughly analyzed both in theory and in practice by looking at three kings and their cardinal
advisors who consecutively ruled France leading up too, and in the seventeenth century. This
development of absolutism can be firstly seen through Henry the fourth, followed by Louis the
thirteenth and most prominently in Louis the fourteenth. In the last quarter of the sixteenth century,
France was in the middle of its wars of religion, otherwise known as the Huguenot Wars. These wars
were fought between the reformed Protestants and Catholics which lead to the death of
approximately three million people. In addition to this, these conflicts also caused widespread
disease and starvation

American Revolution Vs French Revolution Research Paper
The French and American revolution were going on during the 18th century and they had some
similarities and differences. The American revolution and the french revolution has some similarities
effects of government, social and economic structure such as fighting in a civil war which gave them
independence, both were under monarchy government, and they were all about money. The
difference between both is that the French wanted to tax people a lot while the american paid the
taxes,the american wanted to be a democracy while the french still wanted to be monarchy, and also
the american didn't care about the person's religion while the french did.
During the american revolution and the french revolution the americans had some differences from
the french. Since Britain ruled over them they had to fight for their independence. Also they had to
pay taxes because Britain forced them too if they wanted to live in the 13 colonies. The americans
got tired of all the monarchy government going on in Britain so they moved to the new world and
settle there and then they made a new government which was a democracy. Also they made laws
that would allow their citizens to worship any religion they wanted to. Since they didn't want to be
like ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instead of paying taxes like the americans the french force people to pay taxes and taxes went way
up during the Seven Years War. The people in france had to pay taxes for the government instead of
paying taxes to another country. French people wanted everybody to worship one religion and that
was christianity and the popes are one of the highest leaders under the king of course. Americans
didn't care what the citizens worship but the french people were very strict about their religion. Also
the French people back then was ruled under a king so they were a monarchy government unlike the
american people wanting to get out of a monarchy

Relationship Between French And English Colonists
Both France and England sent colonists to the Americas to profit their homeland, but when France
and England colonies fought against each other in the seven years' war most of the native Americans
chose to ally with France. But what made the French so popular with the natives? There was a huge
difference in how the French colonists treated the natives and how the English treated the natives.
The French were nonintrusive and friendly, while the British were more violent. The French
colonists treated the Natives well, unlike the English who had no respect for them and saw them as
savages. The relationship between the natives and French was close, so close in fact that there were
more intermarriages between the two than any other European

Source Analysis : Diplomacy And Religion
Source Analysis – Diplomacy and Religion Daniel Rogers's discourse on the political, commercial
and religious environment of Denmark–Norway, Jean Hotman's musings on the ideal diplomat and
Francois Dubois's representation of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre appear disparate and
unrelated; however, their wider significance as a vignette of the evolving diplomatic and religious
landscape of Western Europe in the latter half of the sixteenth century is extremely noteworthy.
Rogers wrote the 'discourse touching ye present estate and the kingdomes of Denmarke and
Norwegen,' shortly after his second official mission to Denmark; it is remarkable as an archetype of
the relazioni or 'relation,' a useful and comprehensive account of a foreign ... Show more content on
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Rogers, as an adept diplomat educated himself well on the subject and his work showed heavy
mercantile concern, in part, no doubt, due to his previous association with the Company of Merchant
Adventurers. He notes that 'all the shippes that come out of Europe must paie tole,' at the Sound and
was assiduous in noting fines, rules and mercantile practice as well as things of larger political and
economic importance to his principal such as that the volume of shipping in the Baltic is such that
the 'custom' yields Christian IV that which 'golde and silver mines do yeild other princes.' This was
the most ostensible service to an ascendant mercantile nation such as sixteenth century England, but
due to this discourse's destination, Roger seems over–concerned with enumerating his other services
and successes, often to the point of exaggeration. However, these, alongside concerns about
payment are a recurring theme in diplomatic reports of the seventeenth century. Rogers, no different,
extolled his successes preventing Danes sailing under Spain as it was 'against the leagues and
intercourses' as well as minor services like freeing English customs–avoiders from captivity. When
evaluating his discourse, one must remember that Rogers' primary duty abroad was enacting English
foreign policy; this is something he managed ably. The text demonstrates intimacy with both
William the Silent of the United Provinces and Elector

How Did The Renaissance Contributed To The Rise Of The...
In the 16th century Europe flourished with new innovations and ideas. These created a large impact
whether it be reward or consequence on the power of the church, knowledge of the people, and
France in general. This was mostly in part due to the discovery of the new world, a renaissance that
was widely promoted by the French kings, the invention of the printing press by Johannes
Gutenberg, and the rise of the Protestant Reformation, promoted by Martin Luther and Jean Calvin.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus' discovery of the western hemisphere led to the introduction to food
and medicine in Europe. It is said that the European diet was said to be boring, and not nutritious.
The Europeans were introduced to corn, squash, and peppers. The reward to this was that they could
now produce much more food compared to the smaller numbers of wheat that was produced. Food
prices also dropped due to the surplus, and there was a gain in health due to new vitamins being
implemented into their diet, and disease resistance increased in Europe as well. Unfortunately, many
of the natives died due to the Europeans bringing in new diseases, ... Show more content on
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In the beginning, the clerics mainly had control of what books were to be published, which were
mainly theological and handcopied by monks. With the invention of the printing press, more secular
and humanistic works were produced. This was a time where the middle class dared to study more
secular works including human anatomy, astronomy, and humanism. The Protestant Reformists also
used the printing press to their advantage as well, soon Martin Luther's 95 theses were shared
around Europe, followed by Calvin's doctrines as well. With that, the French unity under one
religion broke apart, leading to a problem with the French

The Battle Of Religion During The 16th And 17th Centuries
During the 16th and 17th centuries a series of religious wars raged throughout Europe. In the fight to
gain religious tolerance it created a split between the Catholics and the Protestants. The Dutch
Revolt in the Spanish Netherlands was part of the series of religious wars in Europe. For ten years, a
civil war raged in the Netherlands between the Catholics and the Protestants. Religion and politics
were at the center of this revolt. Calvinism was spreading rapidly and became popular among the
lower classes, lesser nobles, and town leaders. However, the strong Catholic King, Philip II desired
to eliminate Calvinism within his territories. Philip II believed if he tackled Calvinism, then it would
enhance his power in his monarchy. Therefore, politics were at the heart of this revolt since Philip II
desired to impose Catholicism in an attempt to centralize his power in the Spanish Netherlands.
Furthermore, politics and religion were also at the center of the French Wars of Religion. The
religious differences between the two religious sects, the Huguenots and Roman Catholics, reveal
that religion was also responsible for these series of wars in France. Therefore, politics and religion
were both at the heart of the French Wars of Religion because it created fractional rivalries between
the major families in France, members of the Royal Family made several attempts to sustain their
power within the estate, and caused several religious battles between the Huguenots and the Roman

Cardinal Richelieu Response To Poor Dbq Essay
Life in Europe during the 1500's and 1600's was full of reformation, wars of religion, and
exploration of new places and ideas. The poor were greatly affected during this time. They were part
of the church reformation when Martin Luther separated from Catholic Christendom and created his
own church. In religious wars, like the Thirty Years' War, the poor were usually the people fighting
which had a tremendous impact on their lives and families. With the growth of exploration, the poor
moved around which affected their community. The attitudes and responses towards the poor in
Europe between 1450 and 1700 included that they were undeserving and lazy; they needed help,
should be put to work, and should be given help.
Many people had an attitude ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When Cardinal Richelieu was serving as a royal councilor he said that the poor who able to work
should be employed on public works (Doc. 2). Essentially, he is saying that the poor that are able
bodied should work in the community. The poor shouldn't just be left sitting on the streets begging,
they should be working to earn their nourishment, if they are permitted to do so. A town council in
Rouen, France has very similar ideas to that of Richelieu. They say that beggars unwilling to work
should be kicked out, but those who can't find a job should be put to work in the city (Doc. 4).
Furthermore, they are conveying the fact that the poor should be working in order to create a better
thriving community. There are plenty of opportunities for work in the city, so those unwilling to
work should be exiled. In a painting by Rembrandt van Rijn, it shows a family with all their
belongings collecting money from a man in his house (Doc. 5). His painting is showing how poor
should be given alms. He creates sympathy for the poor by having children and the family carrying
all their belongings in the picture. The response shown by this painting is that you need to give help
to the poor. These examples show that the responses towards the poor were to make them work or to
assist

Place De Vega
Gaspar de Vega, "councilor in architecture and artistic matters" for Phillip the II of Spain, visited
Paris in May of 1556 while searching Europe for architectural inspiration (p. 45). The report on his
single day in the city was brief: "I didn't remark a single notable building and the only interesting
thing about the city is its size" (p. 45). In 987, Paris became the capital of France and the residence
of the royal family (p. 6). However, the city was plagued by violence and war for centuries(p. 6).
The city that Henri IV adopted was dually thus: "the largest west of Constantinople" and "acres and
acres of undeveloped terrain" – synonymous with the Gaspar de Vega's description of Paris (p. 6,
214). During the 17th century, the great builder ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Place de Vosges was radically different than earlier city squares like "the Classical forum or the
Renaissance piazza," which were usually rectangular shape and used to showcase a religious or civic
monument (49). The Place de Vosges was just a square open space, seventy–two toises by seventy–
two toises (four hundred and fifty feet a side) (49). It paid homage not to a religious or civic leader
but to great architecture and to the common Parisian (49). Above all, the space was to be used – a
radical idea by itself (48). Specifically, the Place de Vosges would be used "to adorn the city, to
provide a setting for public ceremonies, and to give Parisian a recreational space" (48). On April 5,6,
and 7, 1612, the Place de Vosges was first open to the public with one of the "grandest public parties
that Paris had ever known" (50). This date was chosen to celebrate the engagement of two of Henri
IV's oldest children to the two offspring of Phillip III (50). Estimates of the festivities vary from
"50,000 to 80,000" – a quarter of Paris's total population (51). On the second day, the party had
erupted onto the streets of Paris (52). On this occasion the Royal family led a procession down the
rue Saint–Antoine and over the still–new Pont Neuf, meanwhile commoners lit lanterns in their
windows to illuminate the route (52). Glamorous ceremonies held at the Place de Vosges were not
the only way it connected diverse Parisans (53). On a daily basis "men and women, adults and
children, nobles and bourgeois" used the space recreationally, "peddlers roam the streets; a few
aristocrats on horseback practice their martial arts," but all enjoy their leisure time together

The Wars of Religion Essay
Politics and religion in the world of today aren't subjects that generally go hand in hand in our own
society. This was not always the case however; in Europe the two were synonymous up until
relatively recently, (recently meant in the loosest sense of the word,) and are still closely tied in
foreign parts of the world, the most obvious example being the Middle East. The duos intimate
relationship was exemplified during the late sixteenth century, extending into the seventeenth
century, during a series of wars which would later on come to be called "the wars of religion." But is
this title completely appropriate? For wars claiming to be centered on religion, they seem to carry an
awfully heavy load of political baggage. In fact, one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She simply made alliances with the less threatening of the enemies (the Huguenots, and the Guises)
whenever it suited her, disregarding her Catholic religion at times to escape a heavily Guise
influenced monarchy, as well as risking the aforementioned when the protestants seemed to be
gaining major influence. These alliances were purely political, and were angled towards getting rid
of the largest threat of the moment. Originally, honoring her alliances with the Huguenots, Catherine
enacted the Edict of January which allowed the Huguenots to worship in private outside of towns.
This; however, was quickly disregarded when the Duke of Guise slaughtered a congregation of
worshiping Calvinists in a permitted area. This was brick that broke the camel's back, marking the
official start of the French War of Religion. Subsequently, the bloodiest and most violent of conflicts
followed as well as the assassination of the duke of Guise, paving the way for the Peace of Saint–
Germain–en Laye and ending the brutal fighting. Following these events, the Huguenots began to
steadily gain influence, entertaining the notice of Catherine. Unhappy about the situation, Catherine
set to convincing her son, Charles, that the Huguenots were planning a coup. Fearful of losing the
crown, Catherine, with the help of the Guises, hastily ordered the Saint Bartholomew's Day
Massacre, causing the death of twenty thousand Protestants

How Did French Imperialism Affect Algeria
Algeria, which is taken up mostly by the Sahara desert, was apart of the Ottoman Empire lead by
Hussein Dey until France launched war due to a disagreement between a French consul and their
leader. And also because of their desire to expand their empire. They seized Algiers in 1830 and
came to have an intense impact on the area and its populations. Quickly France took control over the
coastal communities, Dey went into exile and the Algerians were resistant up until about the 1840s
and by 1847 Algeria was made a department of France. French colonization continued to spread
southwards in Africa. The effect France's imperialism had over Algeria during this time had to do
with modernizing their agricultural and commercial economy–Involved the use of slavery. The
French had an advantage now ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They began to create industries, banks, schools, shops, and services like those in France. There was
even a change in family structure, being that liberation was more encouraged for the Algerian
women by the French. The movement made the young women more responsible for the future of
their country, causing them to prioritize in such a way where becoming a wife was not the only thing
of importance. When France attempted to erase Algeria's Islamic religion, It caused for many
revolts. This did though, introduce the religion of Christianity to Algeria. In 1872 the French
stopped the revolt and began to lessen rights of Algerians increasingly. And so, in absence of full
rights, the citizens of Algeria had tried to keep their traditional ways without being able to carry
firearms, hold public meetings or leave their hometowns without being permitted by the French

The St. Bartholomew 's Day Massacre
On August 24th, 1572 approximately 7,000 protestants were murdered in France. This horrific event
was named the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Marguerite de Valois, Queen Catherine de Medicis
daughter was arranged to marry Henry of Navarre on August 18th. Marguerite and the rest of the
Valois family were extremely Catholic while Henry was a Huguenot (Calvinist Protestants). This
marriage was an attempt the break the religious tension and join together the religions in peace, or
so they thought. The wedding was held in Paris, France and many Huguenot nobility attended.
However, what seemed to be a happy and memorable occasion quickly resulted in a gruesome, and
barbaric massacre that would be remembered forever.
Catherine de Medici was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When Catherine de Medicis sons were younger she had control over what happened in France
however as they became older they could speak their mind and make their own decisions. However,
having listened to their mother their entire life their decisions were usually persuaded by their
mother's opinions quietly and forcefully. According to Williamson and Josephs book "Catherine de
Medici" Charles IX was inclined to insane murderous anger and attempted to exorcise murderous
fantasies. According to Knechts book "The French wars of religion 1559–1598" the St
Bartholomew's Day Massacre can be interpreted as the "cumulation of popular disturbances in
Paris." On August 22nd Admiral Coligny was shot and wounded, Huguenots rushed to his side in
worry and fear. In fear that the Huguenots would retaliate the assassination of the Huguenots was
ordered. On the night of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre Charles was overwhelmed and lashing
out. Charles felt betrayed and his mother was attempting to control his decisions. In the midst of his
panic he exclaimed "Kill the admiral if you wish; but you must also kill all of the Huguenots so that
not one is left to reproach me Kill them all!" (Williamson and Joseph, "Catherine de Medici")
Catherine would have been satisfied with killing only the main leaders of the Huguenots, however
she was overjoyed with her son's

French War Religion
Religion has impacted the world since the beginning of time. For many years, religion controlled
how the world was run. Countries were led by the churches, and the citizens followed that religion
and that religion alone. Many wars have been fought throughout history simply because of religious
beliefs. One event that had a tremendous religious impact on the world was the French Wars of
Religion that occurred from 1562–1598. At the time, France was at a civil war between the Catholic
monarchy and the Protestant citizens. The events of the French Wars of Religion changed not only
France but the entire worlds' thinking on religious views.
The French War of Religion began in 1562 after the death of King Henry II led to Catherine de'
Medici taking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The peace between the two sides did not last long, this led to the events of the Saint Bartholomew's
Day Massacre. The Massacre occurred because Charles IX felt that those gathering for the wedding
of Henry of Navarre was just a plot against the monarchy. Charles IX ordered his army to attack the
Protestant group; which led to the massacre. "The murder of the Huguenot leaders and the defection
of thousands of terror–stricken followers thinned the ranks of the French Protestantism"
(Diefendorf, 1985, p. 1067). This massacre lasted for six days and was one of the bloodiest of the
French Wars of Religion. The massacre did not solve any of the tension between the Catholics and

French Culture Essay
The French are all about preserving their culture and being individualized. They often take great
pride in the French products and the French style, and believe in keeping the French culture "pure"
so they also limit the amount of foreign goods that are being imported. But during the World Wars
the French began to allow foreigners to immigrate into France to take jobs due to an increase in job
shortages. The immigration from the World Wars added to the diversity of the French culture. Ever
since the 1850's there has been a steady flow of immigration into France, and now nine percent of
the French population is made up of immigrants (Gofen 62). The break down of the cultures in
France is eighty–five percent of the French population is Roman ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
But, France did allow foreigners to immigrate into France after the World Wars, but this is of coarse
is going to add to the diversity of culture in France. When the French needed foreigners, they did not
mind that they came into their country, knowing that it would create diversity of religion. But now,
they are not allowing religious symbols in schools because the French want to "preserve their
language and culture." So, it seems a bit ironic don't you think?
Currently, the French want to ban the wearing of religious symbols in public schools so that there is
no social tension, and to keep the main religion in France (Roman Catholicism) 'pure' (Gofen 63).
But even though the French say they want to keep their culture pure, in reality since the world wars,
religions such as Islam and Judaism have in fact become a part of their culture. Once again, the
French let in other cultures knowingly, and once the cultural diversity begins, all the religions are
apart of a country's culture. An example of a religious symbol that the French are considering to ban
is the Burka. A Burka is an outfit worn by Muslim females that cover them head to toe. Some, who
want to ban the burka say that it is disrespectful to women and can be degrading. But, 64 million
people in France are Muslim. By wearing a Burka they are just following their religion and are also
following tradition (French). One other big controversy regarding religious symbols is the banning
of

Society In Europe : The French Society Of The 14th Century
The French society of the 14th Century was very hierarchical, with a strict social structure of people
at the top, the Royal House of Capet/ Valois, and the peasants at the bottom, this is called Feudalism
and much of Europe was structured this way. At this time France was not unified as it is today,
Dukes and the younger sons of the kings ruled different areas and English Lords, under the English
king controlled the western cost . The danger that came with this was that area could have more
loyalty to their local lord rather than the king, and some areas such as Burgundy became an
independent power at this time . Religion was a large part of society in 14th Century Europe and
really until the French Revolution, France was a very strong Catholic nation. Religion was the
centre of people's lives and the Church was a big influence on people's attitudes. "The 14th Century
was a time of turmoil, diminished expectations, loss of confidence in institutions, and feelings of
helplessness at forces beyond human control" This is how the 14th century is described, this is due
to the amount of changes the whole of Europe went through, from changing borders, natural
disasters, and social unrest. The Black death played a dramatic part in French society during the late
14th Century. The Black Death, or Bubonic Plague, is described by Gottfried as being the "Greatest
natural disaster in European history." Philip Daileader estimates 45%–50% of the population of
Europe dead while Ole

Napoleon Bonaparte: Betrayer Of The French Revolution
Judging what is good or bad is a different case for everyone. Views can differ depending on one's
class, religion, gender and many other factors. At the time of 1789, the French Revolution was
started, and the fight for the third estate's rights had begun. The war had spilled much bloodshed,
and over one million people had died. Yet, in the midst of the battles, one Napoleon Bonaparte rose
to aid the people. He came to their aid and started to grow in power. Eventually, he became the
emperor of France. Nevertheless, Napoleon is one of the most controversial figures today, with
many believing that he had saved the revolution, while others thought that he was a betrayer of it.
The goals, however, of the French Revolution are told in these three ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Even when Napoleon got in power the war continued. When one war ended more began, and this
was called the Napoleonic Wars. The problem was that Napoleon was often held responsible for the
wars. If these wars were not inevitable, why would he try to make it happen, after a war a nation is
weaker and needs to wait. He didn't care about that, his avarice rose and all he cared about was to
get more land and power, not about the people who were the ones fighting for him. Next, after he
caused these wars he himself went out and fought in them. They called him the prince of peace and
the god of war. He never stopped fighting in the wars. Instead of trying to cease the chaos, he
welcomed it and fought. He could have worked to end the wars except when went out when he
fought when he still had a perfectly good military. Another problem Napoleon made that hurt the
relationship between him and his people was what he said about them. He believed that " The
ignorant class will no longer exercise their influence on making laws or on government"(Packet
pg.3). Instead of trying to be amiable, he called some of his people ignorant, which not something
he should have done if he wants the people to like him and accept him as their leader or be
differential to him. Since it breaks down the

Napoleon Bonaparte Outline
Intro
Historic Background:
Before 1789, the french government were ran by an absolute monarch, the rest of the people were
separated into the first second and third estates. With the third estate being treated most unfairly and
new knowledge for the enlightenment, they decided to fight back. In the midst of the battles, one
Napoleon Bonaparte rose as a hero of the revolution and eventually ruled France.
Transition to theses:
One of the most controversial figures in history,
French revolution was about "Liberty,Equality, and Fraternity
Thesis:
Napoleon Bonaparte was a betrayer of the French Revolution because he did not follow the ideas of
Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.
Body Paragraph#1:
Napoleon, did not follow the idea of Liberty from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bonaparte is also frequently held responsible for the " Napoleonic" wars and seen as the prime cause
of them.(Packet)
If these wars were not inevitable, why would he go out to fight it. He was trying to spread his own
empire, but he didn't think or care about the lives of the citizens who would die for him.
2. He was the prince of peace but the God of war and he never ceased being a soldier(Movie)
He spent his time ruling France and fighting with it. Instead of putting most of his time trying to
cease the war between Europe, he went and took his time fighting it, while he still had an army.
3. "The ignorant class will no longer exercise their influence on making laws or on government."
By him calling some of his people ignorant, it breaks down the brotherhood and connection he
makes with them. He is outright insulting them.
Conclusion
Restate Theses: Napoleon was a betrayer of the revolution by not sticking with the standards of
Liberty,Equality,and Fraternity.
Summarize topics: He didn't have all religious tolerance, and he eliminated freedom of speech, he
could arrest people without trial and he crowned himself emperor, and lastly he kept the was
prolonged instead of trying to end

Rulers That Followed the Prince by Machiavelli
Niccolò Machiavelli suggested in The Prince that a ruler should behave as both a fox and a lion,
being both loved and feared. There are clever rulers who were strategic, courageous rulers who were
effective, and successful rulers who possessed both qualities. Elizabeth I of England and Henery IV
of France were two great rulers from Europe that were able to personify Machiavelli 's advice.
Elizabeth I of England was able to act as a "fox" by preventing England from being torn apart over
matters of religion. By repealing The Catholic Legislation of Mary Tudor 's reign, she was able to
make the New Act of Supremacy which dsignated her as the supreme govenor of spritual and
temporal affairs. Also she restored the church service of the Book ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Elizabeth showed much leadership and strength in defeating the Spanish. She heeded Machiavelli 's
advice and was able to drive England towards a prosporous Golden Age of wealth and power. Henry
IV of France was able to act as a "fox" by evaluating what mattered more to him. When Henry
converted to Catholosism out of being a Hugenot during the Saint Bartholomew 's Day Massacre, it
was clear that he valued his own life over religion. Even when he coverted back to Calvinism
afterwards, he soon relized his valued of being in power over religion would cause him to convert,
once again, back into Catholism. "Paris is worth a Mass," he said as he gave into the Roman
Catholic Church for the leadership of France. This value of state over religion made him a politique,
believing that no religious truth was worth the ravages of cicil war. He kept France from futher civil
war by issuing the Edict of Nantes which acknowledged Catholicism as th official religion of France
but guaranteed the Hugenots the rights to worship. He was wise to recognize that tolerance can help
establish peace in his nation and also to convert to Cathalosism because of their bigger population in
France. Along with being able to weigh out which decisions would help maintain a peaceful France,
he was also able to roll in more power for himself. Appionting The Duke of Sully as his finance
minister was a major step in

Causes of the Wars of Religion.
The political causes of the wars of religion.
Throughout history in contemporary Spain before the civil war, violence against persons associated
with the Catholic Church, the symbols of their religion or their interests, has been known for its
recurrent and prolonged in time as one of the salient dimensioned Spanish anticlericalism, which
emerged in the liberal political ideology, then it would be taken up by more radical republican
currents and the movement of the workers. were five killings in the 1822–1823 biennium, the killing
of priests in Madrid in 1834 and then for the other episodes Wars or the Tragic Week in Barcelona in
1909 are the most significant examples of violence before the establishment period of the Second
Republic, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Chancellor addressed the judiciary and also was the custodian of the great seal to authenticate
government decrees. The sixteenth century had seen a decline in the power of the councilor
commissions that had led to the execution of real politics. This is now done by departments such as
the Department of Justice, Department of Finance, etc. The Chancellor addressed the judiciary and
also was the custodian of the great seal to authenticate government decrees. The seventeenth century
was a time of war and growth in Europe. The century saw everything from the burning of witches to
the expansion into the new world. The war between Britain and Spain came and went and the
Catholic Church began radically changing in an attempt to keep power. The protestant movement
was in full swing with enough momentum to be an unstoppable force in Europe and beyond. The
17th century was full of religious, political, social, and cultural conflicts that led to wars across
Europe and the new world. With the rise of protestant beliefs the catholic started to lose power and,
with the rise of humanism kings were losing power to people run parliaments. The social structure
began to change with the humanism as well, with the rise of personal power the peasants began to
feel equal to the nobles in self–worth if not yet in a monitory sense. This led to further conflict in the
Catholic Church as they became more radical in the search for heretics

How Did French Colonize Indochina
he French wanted to counter the British and the Dutch influence in southeast china, so they invaded
Indochina. Theywanted to counter their sphere of influence. The French also wanted Indochina for
its resources, Salt and rice alcohol. By the 20th century, rubber was exported to France which led
growing in industry. Later, factories began to be built in Indochina, which allowed it to industrialize
itself and begin in producing cigarettes, textile and beer. They had some language and their
population was about 20 million. In 1945,they fell because of an agreement and some countries road
to independence. The British not only had countries in SothernAsia, but also the Dutch had some
countries/lands. In 1800 the British moved to the mainland and began in colonizing lands. By the
1890, India. Australia, Burma and some parts of Singapore were owned by the British industry. In
the other hand, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The 6.8million francs was a currency of taxes and trading with nearby empires. Opium, Salt and rice
alcohol were the main source that were traded. Spices were the main reason for Europeans countries
to colonize the southern part of Asia. In the 20th century when rubber was important, Indochina
offered it to France and also offered textiles. Indochina had a lot of languages, religions, generals
and one type of government. As for the languages obviously French was the main language, but they
couldn't leave their original language of Vietnamese and the Khmer language. For religions, because
it was near China and japan Buddhism spread out. And of course Roman Catholicism was there
because the French were influenced by the romans, so they transported the religion to Indochina. In
1930 as the front government was installed, economic problems became worse, the bottom layer of
the people collapsed and the suppression of the Vietnamese

What Role Did Religion Play In The Colonization Of Africa
Religion played an important factor in the colonization of Africa. For both England and France, they
used religion in order to foster new partnerships with local leaders or to rid of former religions that
was considered barbaric. At the same time, the influence of Christianity and the work of churches
and missionaries had a powerful affect on Africans in the British and French colonies in many
different ways. For the most part, it led to many of them turning from their previous faiths and
practices, and converting to Christianity. It also led them to adopt many different customs from this
new religious influence. During the 19th century, there was a period of expansion and conquest by
the French. They had established colonies in places such as Senegal, Mauritania, Tunis, Morocco
and Algeria. As France was taking these areas, and recognized a strong Islamic influence, the French
believed the best policy would be to not force Christianity upon them, but as David Robinson points
out, "they would have to establish institutions of control." This means that even though they did not
like Islam, they did not want to take Muslims' identity from them. They would ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was due to the concept of social Darwinism and the fact that since the faith itself "had a written
culture, was considered midway between barbarism and progress. In the context of the Maghreb,
what was emphasized and denounced above all was the perception that Islam blocked progress." It
was considered backwards when viewed alongside Western industrial countries. However, when
viewed from the other side, it was as progressive and considered as a tool to help civilize West
Africa. This would not last, due to World War I igniting new fears and conspiracies against Islam. It
would not be until the end of World War I and recognition of Muslims who served bravely for the
French, that there would be less fear about the Islamic

Weaknesses Of The French Crown
Importance of the Weaknesses of the French Crown in Explaining the Outbreak of the French Wars
of Religion in 1562
Previously France had been ruled by Henry II, a strong experienced ruler. It was, however, an
unfortunate jousting accident lead to the swift decline of the French monarchy. Henry's successor,
Francis II, was only fifteen years old on his accession to the throne in 1559. He was inexperienced
and easily manipulated. Charles IX, a ten year old who relied upon the help of Catherine de Medici,
his regent, then succeeded him. It was this new weak monarchy that acted as a catalyst for the many
underlying problems that had been previously controlled. The weaknesses of the monarchy allowed
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Francis Duke of Guise quickly assumed control of the army, church and foreign affairs. The
Montmorency family had been stripped of office. The sudden shift of power towards the Guise
family heightened tensions between the aristocratic factions.
The monarchy in France operated through a clientage system. The King was at the apex and he
would give money and protection to the clientage beneath him, who, in return would offer the king
loyalty. Those beneath him included large aristocratic families and below these families were the
nobility, and further down still, the lesser nobility. The three aristocratic families were therefore
reliant on the nobility below them in the system for support. In return they would give offices and
jobs to their clients. Due to a weak monarchy this clientage system broke down. The clientage
system was a good way of exercising control over the major aristocratic families. However, in order
for such a system to function there needed to be a strong monarch and a large sum of money, neither
of which were available in 1559. After the vast amount of money spent in the Hapsburg – Valios
wars the royal treasury was drained of resources. The monarchy not only lacked a strong ruler but
was also economically weak. It meant that the King could no longer keep the aristocratic families
under control by the means of the clientage system. The Guise's, who had

Catherine de Medici and Obsession Over Power Essay
Catherine de Medici and Obsession Over Power "An execrable woman whose memory will remain
in bloody crepe until the end of time[1]". For nearly 400 years this assessment of Catherine de
Medici held true. In the popular imagination she is a Machiavellian schemer using poison on those
who hindered her in her quest to gain and maintain power at court, a view of Catherine reinforced in
recent years by the film La Reine Margot, based on the book by Dumas. Most traditionalist
historians take their information on Catherine from pamphlets such as Discours Merveilleuse de la
Vie, Actions et Deportment de Catherine de Medicis, Royne Mere[2]. Claiming to be a strictly
factual account of Catherine de ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main revisionist historian to write in English is NM Sutherland. Her works are a clear attempt to
rehabilitate Catherine and remove the stigma the Black Legend has left associated with Catherine's
name. She suggests that far from Catherine being triumphant at her own political dexterity when
assuming the regency for Charles IX upon the death of Francis II, she 'viewed the future with
apprehension'[6]. Other revisionist historians include Dame Francis Yates who interprets Catherine's
many volte–face as being less and example of Machiavellian scheming and more of an example of
how Catherine was, in reality a politique who put the well–being of the state before personal
religious convictions. This position meant Catherine was unable to comprehend the religious
fanaticism which swept France during the era in which she was regent and thus made the solving of
the problem significantly more difficult. Other revisionists concentrate on her maternalism with
Heritier[7] substantiating this opinion with references to the proportion of Catherine's letters that are
addressed to Jean d'HumiÃ¨re, the royal children's governess. The revisionist view generally sees
Catherine as being someone who desired peace and stability for her sons' kingdom. The blame for
the failure of the crown to solve the religious–political problems in this

The Importance of the Tumult of Amboise in Bringing About...
The Importance of the Tumult of Amboise in Bringing About Conflict Between Catholics and
Protestants by 1562 The Tumult of Amboise in 1560 was caused by factionalism, religious rivalry
and a threat to the Crown's authority. The atmosphere the Tumult of Amboise caused may have gave
way to the conflict between Catholics and Protestants in 1562. Although the conspiracy did not
achieve its aims it was still important as it was a threat to the crown, and they where prepared to
challenge the kings authority, although the conspirators did claim that the threat was never against
the king but against the Guise, as an anti–Guise campaign. However the Tumult of Amboise was
still an important factor in causing the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many people at this time did not like the stronghold the Guise had on the young Francis II and
wished Francis to be freed of their influence. Prince Code decided to free the King from the
stronghold of the Guise as he was in rivalry with the Guise at court, so in August 1559 there where
discussions about a possible palace revolt. However this does not mean that Prince Code is doing
this for the kings good, but because he wants the Bourbon family to have influence at court. There is
a great amount of factionalism at court due to the Guise stronghold over the king. However the
Bourbons where very cautious of the Guise after the treason of Constable Bourbon in 1523, and they
resented the Guise as they believed they where the rightful people to be the kings advisers. The
principal conspirators along with Prince Code where Jean du Barry and Lord Renaudie, a Calvinist
nobleman. Renaudie loathed the Guise as he believed they where responsible for the execution of a
relative, he gained 500 plotters for the conspiracy, all members of the old word–nobility, who
wanted 'to return the government of the kingdom to its ancient and legitimate form.' However he
used forged letters of support supposedly coming form John Calvin. The supporters of the
conspiracy were encouraged to help capture the king. This shows a great amount of prejudice
towards the Guise and a great amount of

Dien Bien Phu: A Turning Point In The Vietnamese Revolution
Despite how the Vietnamese revolution knocked down and rebuilt the economy, Vietnam has rebuilt
and refurbished the lives and communities of many. However, there are still places in Vietnam that
are ever so poor and sad. The history of Vietnam is very interesting. The Battle of Dien Bien Phu
really started the revolution. The Vietnam war was a tremendously big turning point in its history.
Religion also plays a key point in the Vietnamese revolution, because they had to choose what
religion most people will follow.
Today's Vietnam is quite different from from 40 years before the war. Vietnam or The Socialist
Republic of Vietnam, is the easternmost country in Southeast Asia. With a population of 94.6
million people in 2016 is the world's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There was North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and South Vietnam (or more
commonly known as Republic of Vietnam). South Vietnam was a dictatorship, ruled by a man
named Ngo Dinh Diem; however, he was killed by his troops, with the CIA's approval. Only a
couple days after the murder of the U.S. president John F. Kennedy. However, North Vietnam before
the war was known as a Democracy, under the eyes of Ho Chi Minh. The Battle of Dien Bien Phu
was a turning point after the first Indochina War (1946–54). After French troops used the Dien Bien
Phu valley in late 1953, Viet Minh commander Vo Nguyen Giap amassed troops and placed heavy
artillery in caves of the mountains overlooking the French Camp. Boosted by Chinese aid, Giap
mounted assaults on the opposition's strong points beginning on March 1954, eliminating use of the
French airfield. Viet Minh forces overran the base in early May, prompting the French government
to seek an end to the fighting with the signing of the Geneva Accords of 1954. This was the fall of
the French colonist timed.The Vietnam War was a longed, costly, and divisive conflict between the
communist government of North Vietnam and South Vietnam with its ally, the United States. This
war was made worse from the Cold War that was still going on between the United States and the
Soviet Union. Opposition to the war in the United States bitterly divided Americans, even after
President

Catherine De Medici The Main Cause Of The Saint...
Was Catherine de Medici the main cause of The Saint Bartholomew's Massacre? Catherine was an
Italian woman who married a French King, Henry II. They had ten children of which three were
boys: Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III would later rule as king. Catherine enjoyed her role as
Queen and mother and had no involvement with the King's affairs. It wasn't until after the King's
death that she made her presence known. There are a few reason's why The Saint Bartholomew's
Day Massacre occurred. Could it have began with the Huguenots assuming the Spanish were
planning to destroy them, and decided to attack first. Catherine may not have had any intention on
starting the second war against the Huguenots but her being in the right place with the wrong person
did. It was only because of Catherine's visit to her daughter Queen Elizabeth of Spain while in the
presence of a catholic and military leader, Duke of Alba, did the Huguenots leaders think the
Spanish were plotting an attack against them. The Huguenots attempted and failed to kidnap King
Charles IX, which proved to be a bad decision that started the second war. This action caused
Catherine, as Regent to Charles IX, to drop her policy of tolerating the Huguenots and siding with
the Catholics. She issued an edict withdrawing all freedom of worship for Huguenots and ordered all
Huguenot ministers to leave the country (History). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was according to a Noble French Roman Catholic family. Yet, this was not the reason she
wanted Coligny arrested. His closeness and influence over her son Charles IX didn't sit well with
her. She feared his influence on her son would have France start a war with

Wife Of Martin Guerre Quotes
Societal Influences in 16th Century France
In 16th century France, society was based strongly on the forces of religion and economics. In The
Wife of Martin Guerre by Janet Lewis, Bertrande is married into a secure farming family of
Artigues. She confronts a moral dilemma when her husband leaves for years and is replaced by an
imposter, challenging Bertrande's allegiance to her faith. Bertrande's faith exceeded personal desires,
illustrating religion's intense role in society. Agriculture was another significant force. The success
of the Guerre family was measured by the productivity of their farmland. In the same way, the
French economy was subordinate to agriculture. The Wife of Martin Guerre provides a glimpse into
mid 16th century French ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The European economy was earlier organized under the feudal system, which depended upon
agriculture. The Hundred Years' War had a negative effect on the French farmlands, which were
ravaged and ruined. Conversely, the Black Death decreased Europe's immense population so that
agriculture did not have to support as many people. The high mortality rate of the Black Death
"produced a fall in production, shortages of good, and a general rise in prices"(McKay 330). A
shortage of laborers resulted in the economy relying more on available workers, who could demand
and expect higher working standards and conditions (Mackay). In the Wife of Martin Guerre,
Artigues' isolation, prevented the farmland from being harmed by these religious wars: "Artigues
enjoyed its isolation...and actual gold accumulated in the coffers of its more prosperous families"
like the Guerre family (Lewis 12). Families in Artigues were unique because unlike the typical
feudal system, they did not work under a dominant noble, so they prospered from their own farms.
The Guerre family's lives and income revolved around their farm. In Artigues, the feudal system
permeated deeper into the family units itself, with the heads of families, like Monsieur Guerre,
maintaining control over the household and farm. The economy in France required a large
interdependency among the farm workers and

The Historical Context Of The Saint Bartholomew's Day...
In a private correspondence from George Washington to Irish politician Edward Newenham, the
president responded to Newenham's description of the violence between Catholics and Protestants in
1792 by stating that, "Of all the animosities which have existed among mankind, those which are
caused by a difference of sentiments in religion appear to be the most inveterate and distressing, and
ought most to be deprecated." Two hundred and twenty–two years before Washington penned those
words, those deep–rooted and disturbing resentments between Catholics and Protestants brought
about a massacre of thousands of Protestant victims in the Paris, its neighboring urban centers, as
well as in the countryside on 24 August 1572. The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre was one of
the bloodiest events in early modern French History, and initiated an intensified and bloodier period
in the War of Religion. This paper will analyze testimonies from Catholic and Huguenot viewpoints
by looking at the massacre's historical context, the massacre itself, as well as its importance to the
Reformation. By presenting information from primary and secondary sources, this paper looks to
examine the massacre and the Catholic Church's culpability, and whether the leaders within the
Church could have prevented the slaying of thousands of innocents or simply nurtured longstanding
resentments in order to eliminate their religious opposition. To fully comprehend the enormity of the
violence that

French Wars of Religion Summary and Impacts

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French Wars of Religion Summary and Impacts