2. Macro Economics
Macroeconomics is a branch of economics field that studies
how the aggregate economy behaves.
In macroeconomics, a variety of economy-wide phenomena
is thoroughly examined such as, inflation, price levels, rate
of growth, national income, gross domestic product and
changes in unemployment
Useful to estimate National Income and Per Capita Income
3. National Income (N.I.)
N.I. Is the aggregate money value of goods and services
produced in a country during a particular year
It is the money value of all economic activities of a nation in
a given year
Economy is in equilibrium when income = output =
expenditure
4. National Income (N.I.)
Economic Activities in National Income
Production
Exchange
Consumption
Distribution
Above Decisions are based on Economic Agents
Households
Firm
5. National Income (N.I.)
Household
Owners of Factors of Production
Receive Income by supplying Services of Factors to Firms
Firms
Businesses who decide what, where, how and for whom to
produce to goods and services
Receive Income by selling their output to household
6. Aspects of Circular Flow of N.I.
Real Flow Money Flow
Movement of Factor
services from household
to firms
Movement of Goods &
Services from firms to
Households
Movement of money as
payment for factor
services from firms to
households
Movement of money as
payment for goods &
services from household
to firms
7. Circular Flow of N.I.
Closed Economy
Two Sector Economy (Without Savings)
Two Sector Economy (With Savings)
Three Sector Economy
Four Sector Economy / Open Economy
8. Closed Economy – Without Savings
Assumptions
2 Sectors only – Household and Firms
Household owns Factors of Production
Household receives payment for service of factors of production
Production Activities take place in Firms Only
Both Household and Firms have ZERO Savings
No Govt Operations or International Trade
10. Closed Economy – With Savings
Assumptions
2 Sectors only – Household and Firms
Household owns Factors of Production
Household receives payment for service of factors of production
Production Activities take place in Firms Only
No Govt Operations or International Trade
12. Closed Economy – With Savings
Savings are leakage from the circular flow of economy
Households save a part of their income in form of Bank Deposits
or financial investments etc.
Firms borrow money from banks or financial institutions thus
converting household savings into real investments
Thus savings is injected back in economy in the form of
investment
When savings are made circular flow of income is disturbed due
to leakage but is restored as real investments are made on
account of injection
15. Four Sector Model (Firms, Household,
Govt & External Sector)
Savings, Taxes, Imports are leakages and Investment, Govt
expenditure and exports are injections
Circular Flow of Economic Activities among 4 sector shows
that there will be equilibrium in all sectors when
Savings = Investments
Govt Expenditure = Taxes
Exports = Imports
16. Four Sector Model (Firms, Household,
Govt & External Sector)
To measure Circular Flow in various economies there are
various stages as follows
Production Stage – Measured by Value of Output
Income Stage – Measured by Earned Factor Income
Spending Stage – Measured by Extent of total expenditure
17. Importance of Circular Flow of Income
Gives Clear Picture of Economy
Smooth Functioning of Economy
Guidance in Restoration of Equilibrium
Helps to Find Leakages
Highlights importance of Policies (Fiscal & Monetary
Policies for equality in income & expenditure)
Comprehensive Study of Economy’s Performance
18. Questions
Analyze Circular Flow of Income in Closed Economy
Elucidate Circular Flow of Income in Open Economy
Explain Circular Flow of Income in 3 Sector Economy
Importance of Circular Flow of Income in Economy
Editor's Notes
Per Capita Income - Per capita income or average income measures the average income earned per person in a given area (city, region, country, etc.) in a specified year. It is calculated by dividing the area's total income by its total population
Transfer Payment - One-way payment of money for which no money, good, or service is received in exchange. Governments use such payments as means of income redistribution by giving out money under social welfare programs such as social security, old age or disability pensions, student grants, unemployment compensation, etc