For All Medical & Non Medical Students

1. INTEGRATION
OF
METABOLISM
By
N. Santhosh Kumar
Asst. Professor
Department Of Biochemistry
SIMS & RH
Tumkur

2. The various anabolic & catabolic pathways for
energy supply and biosynthesis of compounds are
closely coordinated - Integration of Metabolisms
All organisms possess their variable energy
demands; hence the supply is also equally variable

3. All Chemical transformations
fall under 6 types of enzymes
Fate of monomers
(Amino acids, Fatty acids, Glucose)
Construction of macro
molecules
Understand specific dynamic
action of foods
Supply of suitable fuel for all
tissues
Protein sparing action of CH’s
(Carbohydrates → protein)
Maintain constant blood
Glucose levels
Regulate the intermediate
metabolites
Significance of Integrated Metabolisms

4. Purpose
of
Metabolism
N. Santhosh Kumar / Asst. Professor / Biochem/ SIMS&RH

5. ATPs
Fatty Acids
Amino Acids
Glucose
Conversion of food to energy to run cellular processes
ATP servers as the energy currency of the cells

6. Formation of ATPs
Muscle contraction &
active transport
Reducing power
(NADPH)
Biosynthesis of FAs
& Cholesterol
PEP to Glucose
Building blocks for
biosynthesis Ribose 5 P to NTPs
Succinyl CoA to Heme
one ‘C’unit transfers
& trans methylation
reactions
Formation of THF
& SAM
Glycerol to TG
N. Santhosh Kumar / Asst. Professor / Biochem/ SIMS&RH

7. Metabolic regulations

8. Compartmentalization
of
Different Pathways
It allows the separation of
processes that occurs in opposite
directions, so they do not
interfere with each other
N. Santhosh Kumar / Asst. Professor / Biochem/ SIMS&RH

9. Major metabolic pathways
- Glycolysis
- Glycogen metabolism
- Gluconeogenesis
- Fatty acid metabolism
- Amino acid metabolism
- Citric acid cycle
- Oxidative phosphorylation
only the liver can carry out all of the
reaction the major pathways.

10. Glycogen Glucose
Glycogen metabolism
Regulated Through
Covalent modification

11. Hormonal / Covalent modification of enzymes in
lipid metabolisms
N. Santhosh Kumar / Asst. Professor / Biochem/ SIMS&RH

12. Key Junction Points between
Pathways

13. 13
Glycogenesis
Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis
HMP
shunt
Glycogenolysis 1
2
3
4a
4b

14. Gly, Ala, val, Pro, Ser, Asp, Arg ,
Glu, Cys, Thr, His, Met , Gln, Asp
Glucose
Cori cycle
Acetaldehyde
Ethanol
TCA
Cycle
1
2 3
4
5
6
7
N. Santhosh Kumar / Asst. Professor / Biochem/ SIMS&RH

15. Acetyl CoA
Synthesis of
Cholesterol
Acetylation reactions
(Detoxification)
Synthesis of Melatonin
Formation of Acetylcholine
Formation of
Ketone Bodies
Oxidation of TCA cycle
Denovo synthesis of FA
HMG -CoA
PYRUVATE
Acetylation of amino-
sugars ,glycoprotein
Ketogenic
a.a’s
β-Oxidation
of FA
Cytoplasmic
Synthase &
Reductase
Mitochondrial
Synthase &
lyase

16. N. Santhosh Kumar / Asst. Professor / Biochem/ SIMS&RH

17. 17
Metabolic Profile
Of

18. -Muscles can use glucose, fatty acids and ketone bodies
for fuel.
- muscles have stores of glycogen.
Metabolic Profile of Muscles

19. During vigorous exercise
90% of O2 consumed
after a period of intense muscular activity,
Heavy breathing occurs for some time
Because of more oxygen is used for oxidative phosphorylation
To restore ATPs & phosphocreatine levels
Liver requires ATP to convert lactate back into glucose
N. Santhosh Kumar / Asst. Professor / Biochem/ SIMS&RH

20. SKELETAL
MUSCLE
-Creatine-Phosphate.
-Energy requirement in the skeletal muscle changes
depending on whether the muscle is resting or contracting.
-Phosphocreatine is used to rapidly regenerate ATP from
ADP using PCK

21. In the resting state, the major source
of fuel for the muscles is FAs.
During fasting (or) excessive activity
of muscle tissue is degraded into
amino acids & the carbon skeletons
are used for fuel.
Muscle tissues lack the enzymes to
convert ammonia into urea.
Instead ALT transfer the amino group
to pyruvate to form alanine. Deamination

22. s
Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac muscle is unique because, it is
constantly active, undergoes aerobic oxidation
Does not contain any stores as glycogen
or TGs
Glucose, FFAs , ketone bodies & Lactate
may also be the fuel for heart tissue
N. Santhosh Kumar / Asst. Professor / Biochem/ SIMS&RH

23. 23
To synthesize, Store
triacylglycerol & release
fatty acids as needed.
Adipocyte tissue

24. 24
The Kidney
To produce urine,
which is a vehicle for excreting water soluble waste
products
Filtered Blood plasma
(Water & glucose reabsorbed)
During starvation
Kidneys becomes an important site of gluconeogenesis and
may produce up to half of the blood’s glucose
N. Santhosh Kumar / Asst. Professor / Biochem/ SIMS&RH

25. Metabolic Profile
of
Liver

26. 26
Fate of Glucose
in the Liver
Maintain
BGL
&
Uptake the
tissues

27. 27
Fate of Amino
Acids
in the liver

28. 28
Fate of Fatty Acids
in the Liver

29. 29

30. Dreams Don’t’ work,
Unless YOU DO
N. Santhosh Kumar / Asst. Professor / Biochem/ SIMS&RH