Draft

1. MODULE 1 STARTING POINTS FOR
THE UNDERSTANDING OF
CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
The learners are able to:
1. Articulate observations on human cultural variation, social
differences, social change, and political identities.(UCSP11/12SPU-
Ia-1)
2. Demonstrate curiosity and an openness to explore the origins and
dynamics of culture and society, and political identities
(UCSP11/12SPU-Ia-2)
3. Analyze social, political, and cultural change (UCSP11/12SPUIb-3)
4. Recognize the common concerns or intersections of
anthropology, sociology, and political science with respect to the
phenomenon of change (UCSP11/12SPUIb-4)
5. Identify the subjects of inquiry and goals of Anthropology,
Political Science, and Sociology UCSP11/12SPU-Ib-5

2. LESSON 1: SIGNIFICANCE OF
STUDYING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND
POLITICS

3.  Social interaction is the foundation of
society.
 It is more than simply acting but a
communication of information that is
either simple or complex between
and among individuals.
 Sociologists use the term social
interaction to refer to the behavior
between two or more people that
corresponds to a meaning that is
given by them, whether it is based in
harmony or conflict, social
interactions later results to
developing a culture that is commonly
shared by a group of people.
SOCIAL INTERACTION

4. PIN POINT!
Using the picture above, identify the concepts you can
associate with culture, society and politics.
From your answer give your own definitions of culture
society and politics.

5.  Human society is defined as a system
of social interaction that includes
both culture and social organization
(Anderson and Taylor: 2017).
 Individual members of the society
maintain ties of interaction by
performing and conforming to the
general way of life that is recognized
by the whole society also known as
culture.
SOCIETY

6.  It refers to the total lifestyle of a people,
including all of the ideas, values,
knowledge, behaviors and material
objects that every members share,
everyone then is both encouraged and
mandated to conform(Suvillian:1995).
 It is that complex whole which
encompasses beliefs, practices, values,
attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols,
knowledge and everything that a person
learns and shares as a member of a
society. (Based on E.B. Tylor’s definition).
 It is all that is learned by an individual in
his society.
CULTURE

7.  Politics refers to the use of power to
determine whose values will predominate,
how rewards and resources will be allocated
and the manner in which conflicting interest
in society will be resolved.
 Politics can also be define as the set of
activities that are associated with making
decisions in groups, or other forms of power
relations among individuals, such as the
distribution of resources or status.
POLITICS
In this society, the individual members will be
directed to conform what is tolerable or
approved behavioral patterns thus preventing
deviations from what is acceptable. By means of
social control also known as laws, cohesiveness
of the group shall be maintained; the objective of
which is to secure harmony and cooperation
within the society.

8. Direction: Choose an issue or problem about culture, society or
politics as your topic. Include your actions or solutions to the
problem.
SAY CULSOPO!
SOCIETY
POLITICS
CULTURE

9. LESSON 2: HUMAN CULTURAL VARIATION,
SOCIAL DIFFERENCES AND POLITICAL
IDENTITIES

10.  Human cultural variation refers to the differences in social
behaviors that different cultures exhibit around the world.
 What may be considered good etiquette in one culture may
be considered bad etiquette in another.
HUMAN CULTURAL VARIATION

11. Nationality
Human Cultural variation
Religion
Ethnicity

12. Nationality
• Nationality is the identity a person
tied to being a part of a nation or a
country.
• It is a group of people who share the
same history, traditions, custom, belief
and language and who occupies a
particular territory within a political
boarder and controlled by a
government.
• Nationality can be acquired by being
born in a country or by the process of
legal applications called naturalization.

13.  Ethnicity is one’s identification with social
group that shares specific cultural traditions,
languages, social experiences, or ancestry.
 It is the expression of the set of cultural ideas
held by a distinct ethnic or indigenous group.
 In the Philippines there are about 180
indigenous ethnic groups and more than 100
tribal groups who mostly inhabit ancestral
domains in the lowland, upland and coastal
areas. Base on the 2000 census of National
Statistic Office (NSO) there are 8 major ethno-
linguistic groups in the Philippines. These are:
Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Bisaya/Binisaya,
Ilonggo, Hiligaynon, Bikol and Waray.
Ethnicity

14.  Religion can be explained
as a set of beliefs
concerning the cause,
nature, and purpose of the
universe, especially when
considered as the creation
of a superhuman agency or
agencies, usually involving
devotional and ritual
observances, and often
containing a moral code
governing the conduct of
human affairs.
Religion

15.  Social differences refer to
dissimilarities among the
individuals that are based on their
social characteristics and qualities
Social Differences
 All individuals are different in terms of:
 Biological characteristics
 Personality
 Attitudes
 experiences
• Gender
• Socio economic class/status
• Exceptionality
• Political Identity

16. Gender
 Gender refers to the characteristics of
women, men, girls and boys that are
socially constructed.
 This includes norms, behaviors and
roles associated with being a woman,
man, girl or boy, as well as
relationships with each other.
 As a social construct, gender varies
from society to society and can
change over time.
- (WHO)

17. Gender is different from sex.
Sex refers to the biological characteristics of human such as female or
male.
Gender categories are more varied such as lesbian, gay, bisexual,
transgender, queer and intersex.
In some gender becomes the basis of one’s identity, as social norms allow
for their acceptance or neglect in the society

18.  Socio economic class/status refers to
the category of persons who have
more or less the same socioeconomic
privileges in a society.
 These privileges are due to inherited
wealth, occupational status of the
breadwinner in the household and/or
those who are from rags-to-riches.
Socio economic class

19.  1. Upper class consists of elite/rich/famous families, very successful in their
field of interest and endeavor. They are considered the most productive in
terms of resource generation and they are very successful in their respective
fields of interest or endeavors. It can be in agriculture, industry, business,
professions and government. There are two types of elites: the new rich
who have humble beginnings and often experiences rag-to-riches while the
traditional upper class is made through inheriting the fortunes or wealth of
their ancestors.
 2. Middle class composed mostly of small business owners and managers,
professionals, office workers and farm workers with income sufficient
enough to provide a comfortable and decent living, head of the families are
employed, can provide the basic needs of the members.
 3. Lower class-farm employees, skilled and unskilled artisans, service
workers and people who are unemployed or underemployed with a
subsistence lifestyle of: could hardly eat three decent meals a day, the daily
income of breadwinner can hardly feed the entire family and the
breadwinner does not have a permanent job.
Types of Social Classes

20.  Exceptionality is the state of being
intellectually gifted and/or having
physically or mentally challenged
conditions concerning
personality/behavior, communication
and intellect , physical appearance or a
combination of more than one specific
exceptionality or disability.
 Non-exceptionality tends to be the
average capacity of an individual.
Exceptionality

21.  Political identity is always associated with a group affiliation and
describes the ways in being a member of a particular group that
expresses specific political opinion and attitudes.
 As a social category it refers to the sets of attitudes and practices
that an individual adheres to in relation to the political systems and
actors within the society. (Examples are being a member of Ang
Ladlad, a party that negotiates for the welfare of the LGBTQi
community and Kabataan, a party that promotes youth
empowerment.)
Political Identity

22. LESSON 3: FOUNDATIONS OF ANTHROPOLOGY,
POLITICAL SCIENCE AND SOCIOLOGY
Social Science is the discipline under which identity, culture,
society and politics are studied.
These discipline comprised of a wide array of disciplines that
studies the overall function of a society as well as the
interactions among individual members of an institution.
Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science are few of the
areas of the study.

23.  Anthropology is the field of studying humans.
 Unlike other disciplines of social science, it promotes
a holistic study of humans.
 It derived from two Greek words antropos (humans)
and logos (study), anthropology seeks to answer this
primary question: What does it mean to be human?
Anthropology

24. Anthropology

25.  Archaeology examines the remains of ancient and historical
human population to promote an understanding of how
humans have adapted to their human population to promote
an understanding of how humans have adapted to their
environment and developed.
 Cultural anthropology promotes the study of a society’s
culture through their belief systems, practices and possessions.
 Linguistic anthropology examines the language of a group of
people and it relation to culture.
 Physical anthropology looks into the biological developments
of humans and their contemporary variation.
 Applied anthropology attempts to solve contemporary
problems through the application of theories and approaches
of the discipline.
These points of inquiry are addressed by the five sub
disciplines of anthropology:

26.  1) Modern Anthropology was pioneered by: Lewis Morgan, Edward Tylor
and Herbert Spencer (Unilineal Evolution - a theory implying that cultures
evolve from simple to complex forms). Most of the early anthropologist
were armchair theorist (adopted a common sense theme of an evolutionary
view of humanity and human behavior).
 ✓ Lewis Morgan – he wrote a book entitled Ancient Society, or Researches
in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to
Civilization (Stages of Cultural Evolution).
 ✓ Edward Tylor – believed that all of our cultural innovations, not only
firearms, but also science, mathematics, and even religion, evolved.
 ▪ outlines all his ideas, as well as giving what’s considered to be the first real
definition of culture as: “that complex whole which includes knowledge,
belief, art, law, morals, custom and any other capabilities and habits
acquired by man as a member of society.”
 ✓ Herbert Spencer – proposed that war promoted evolution, stating that
those societies that conducted more warfare were the most evolved. He
also coined the phrase “survival of the fittest” and advocated for allowing
societies to compete, thereby allowing the most fit in society to survive.
Proponents

27.  2) Later, a higher level of research began using careful and
thorough gathering of data about individual cultures. This new
approach was adopted by Franz Boas and Alfred Kroeber. They
were followed by Bronislaw Malinowski, A.R. Radcliffe-Brown,
Ralph Linton, etc.
 ▪ Franz Boas (Father of American Anthropology) – “theory of
cultural relativism”. saying that people think of other cultures based
on the only culture they know, which is their own culture. His
research demonstrated the many similarities between people of
different races and ethnicities.
 3) In 1914, Anthropology was elevated as an academic discipline at
the University of the Philippines by H. Otley Beyer. First, it was
offered as one of the courses in the Department of History and later
on merged with Sociology
Proponents

28.  Sociology is the scientific study of society, including patterns of
social relationships, social interaction and culture.
 It studies societies to promote social change, create new
theories and document human behavior.
 The origin, evolution, characteristics and functions, dimensions
and basic social functions are studied in sociology.
 The word Sociology was derived from two terms; “logos”,
which means study or science; and “socius”, which means
group or partners.
Sociology

29.  Social organization includes the study of social institutions, social inequality,
social mobility, religious groups, and bureaucracy.
 Social psychology focuses on the study of human nature and its emphasis on
social processes as they affect individual or responses which are called
“social stimuli”.
 Applied sociology is concerned with the specific intent of yielding practical
applications for human behavior and organizations. The goal of Applied
Sociology is to assist in resolving social problems through the use of
sociological research.
 Population studies include size, growth, demographic characteristics,
composition, migration, changes, and quality vis-à-vis economic, political,
and social systems.
 Human ecology pertains to the study of the effects of various social
organizations (religious organizations, political institutions and etc.) to the
population’s behavior.
 Sociological theory and research focuses on the discovery of theoretical
tools, methods, and techniques to scientifically explain a particular
sociological issue
BRANCHES SOCIOLOGY

30. Proponents

31.  Political Science is a field of study characterized by a search for
political understanding of good political life, significant empirical
method and wise political and policy judgments.
 It deals with the study of politics or government. it also deals with
the foundations of state and the principles of government. In
Political science, the way people govern themselves; the various
forms of government, their structures and their relationship to other
institution
 Political Science comes from two Greek words: Polis and Scire. Polis
refers to the city-state in ancient Greece. The political activities within
polis are later termed as Politikus(Latin). Scire means “to know”.
Combining the two meanings, political science aims to know the
activities in within the state. Such activities include the following:
human interaction and conflict, human and state relations and power
distribution.
Political Science

32.  1. Political Theory examines the contemporary application of political
concepts such as human rights, equality, peace and justice
 2. Comparative Politics aims to provide context to the differences in
government and political systems.
 3. International Relations the study of state-to-state relations and the wider
margin of the impacts of globalization and climate change such as
terrorism, piracy, and democratization of non-Western territories.
 4. Political Behavior covers the attitudes, knowledge, and actions of an
individual in response to political variables such as policies created by the
government, behavior of politicians, and general political environment.
 5. Public Policy inquires on the types of governmental policies and the
underlying motivations for their enactment and implementation.
 6. Public Administration examines the various administrative schemes
implemented by the government officials.
SUB DISCIPLINES OF POLITICAL
SCIENCE

33.  Proponents:
 1) Plato – used the term “polis” (427–347 BC)
 2) Aristotle – Father of Political Science (384–322 BC)
 3) Niccolo Machiavelli – Father of Modern Political Science
(16th century)
 4) Jean Bodin (1530 – 1596)- a French political philosopher
coined the term “Political Science” , who articulate the theory
of sovereignty which viewed that state is a ultimate source of
law in a given territory.
Proponents

34. Directions: Write the following information about yourself.
1. Gender/Sex:
2. Socio-economic Status
3. Ethnicity
4. Nationality
WHO AM I!

35. 1. Goals of Anthropology
• Look at one’s own culture more objectively
like an outsider.
• Discover what makes people different from
one another to understand and preserve
diversity.
• Discover what people have in common
• Produce new knowledge and new theories
about humankind and human behavior.
2. Goals of Sociology
• Obtain theories and principles about the
society and aspects of human life.
• Study the nature of humanity which leads to
examining our roles in the society.
• Appreciate that all things are interdependent
with other.
• Expose our minds on the perspectives in
attaining the truth.
3. Goals of Political Science
• Education for citizenship to make people
better citizens
• Essential parts of liberal education
• Knowledge and understanding of
government.
• keep social order and harmony among
groups of people
• protect the rights of an individual
• avoid conflict and promote cooperation
Goals of Anthropology, Sociology
and Political Science

36.  Directions: Examine the pictures. What can you say about the
issues presented? In what particular field or discipline are they
appropriate to discuss? Explain
Photo Analysis

37.  Change is an essential aspect of
culture hence dynamic and never
static. Not even one culture
escapes the occurrence of change
for it is inevitable and outright
expected.
 Change is the state of becoming
different from the status quo.
LESSON 4: SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND
CULTURAL CHANGE

38.  Social change is any significant alteration, modification, or
transformation in the way social activities and relationships
are organized (Ferrante 2015:343). It includes permutation of
the patterns manifested in social institutions, organizations
and structures of a society.
 Social change may not only be regarded as a process but also
as a means, an end or even as a social movement, a condition
involving a program, an ideology and a problem. As long as
there are evident differences from the social and cultural
components previously upheld by the people in the society,
change exist
SOCIAL CHANGE

39.  Cultural Change, according to renowned sociologists Horton and Hunt,
is the changes in the culture of the society. David Dressler and Donald
Caens, also remarkable sociologists, defined cultural change as the
modification or discontinuance of existing "tried" and "tested"
procedures transmitted to us from the culture of the past, as well as the
introduction of new procedures. Moreover, it delineates the "alterations
affecting new traits or trait complexes and to changes in a culture
content and structure" (Palispis & Sampa 2015:278).
 To note, cultural change is broader in scope than social change. All social
changes can be considered cultural changes but not all cultural changes
are social changes. A new style of writing songs and a trendy gadget are
cultural changes but not social changes. Social change involves an
existing pattern of interactions or social relationships among members
of the society. Social and Cultural change HOWEVER can be treated as
THE SAME for some sociologists like Dawson and Gettys in which
according to them, "cultural change is social change, since all culture is
social in its origin, meaning and usage"
CULTURAL CHANGE

40.  Political change is the modification or establishment of a new
leadership or policies brought about by any significant disruption in
a government (Nowaczyk 2013: Political Change). It includes
formation, reformation and transformation of operations in
government to satisfy the call of change voiced by sufficient
number of people deemed significant. The usual outcomes of the
society whenever political change occurs are a change in policies
and a change in leadership hence the importance of active
participation among citizens or members of the society since
government controls many different aspects of people's lives.
 Having been defined the social, cultural and political change
with their distinct characteristics, one must understand that these
concepts are interconnected since all of which tackle the inherent
aspects of culture.
POLITICAL CHANGE

41. Thank you!!!!!!