National African American History Year

National African American History Year
Every year, February is to be known as the Black History Month, or formally known as National
African American History Month. It is an annual commemoration of achievements by African
Americans and a time for recognizing the central role of African Americans in United States history.
Black History Month had its origins in 1915 when Dr. Cater G. Woodson and his colleagues
founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History ("African American History
Month," 2014). This organization is now known as the Association for the Study of African
American Life and History. Through this organization, Dr. Cater G. Woodson played the greatest
role in helping all Americans know the Black past by initiating "Negro History Week" in
Washington, D.C. in February 1926 (Bunch, 2012). Dr. Woodson selected the week in February that
included the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass due to the fact they were key
figures in the history of African Americans ("African American History Month," 2014). According
to Bunch (2012), Woodson believed that "the black experience was too important simply to be left
to a small group of academics." Dr. Cater G. Woodson, a son of a slave, was born in New Canton,
Virginia on December 19, 1875 (Bellis, n.d.). Although he did not enter high school until the age of
20, he continued to study at Berea College, the University of Chicago, the Sorbonne, and Harvard
University, where he earned a PhD in 1912 (Bellis, n.d.). During this time,
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Essay On Black African History
I chose this class because I wanted to know more about Black/African history. As we all know
society seem to lack in that department when it comes to teaching about it. Black humanities
sounded like a great class to farther increase my knowledge about African and Black people. I really
don't know what my expectation was to be honest. I just tried to go in with an open mind and hope I
found something interesting. Also, I hoped that the history was treated with respect. I have
experience before when Black/African history was brought up (not often of course) some teachers
spoken about the subject with a condescending tones. Anyways, the class was ok. I did feel that the
class was taught in a way to not offend the white people in the room. I felt ... Show more content on
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I was up and down about the class. Some days I loved the class and some days I hated it. What I got
out this class is how vastly talented we are and how rich our history is. You had links for days, and it
had all type of perspectives so you we was sure to find something that we could relate to. Malcolm
X is still number one in my book. I honestly believe if we followed Malcolm X plan we would be
better off. Our problem was not our inability to be around white people but Jim Crow. Jim Crow
was installed to deliberately destroy our progress. Malcolm saw that and he was able to separate Jim
Crow from Segregation while others seen them as synonyms. What I disliked the most about the
class including what I said before was how the power points was too opinionated regardless if I
agree with them or not and not fact based. I just wanted to know the information, and I will form my
own opinion once I heard the facts. I was not given that opportunity for most of the power point. I
was just given their interpretations and opinions. If I could rewind time, I would be a lot more vocal.
I was becoming more vocal at the end, but I really felt that I should have provided another side to
the

African American History And Culture
The project will enhance our knowledge of American and African American history and Culture.
Like many other cities in the south, African Americans in Atlanta desperately sought the freedom to
vote, to use public spaces, gain access to public facilities and institutions, and increase housing as
well as economic opportunities. However, what unique about Atlanta history is that the churches,
local businesses, government organizations, and various social, educational, and community
organization of the Sweet Auburn neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia played a vital role in the
development of their black leaders and of the history of Atlanta Georgia during the 20th century.
The 20th century was a period when non–violent resistance movement in America

History Of Slavery In African Americans
African American veneration of elders did not begin in the new world but was transported by slave
ships from Africa during the Middle Passage. Despite the many Africans who chose to acclimate to
slavery to survive in the new world, there were many who held tight to their beliefs and traditions
including ancestor worship. The values that have been passed down from generation to generation
have focused on family, along with the emphasis on both children and elders in the African
American community (Billingsley, 1992). From the onset of slavery in the United States, informal
caregiving included fictive kin and has played a crucial role in the African American community as
a response to racism, according to Sudarkasa (1996). During slavery in the

Segregation In African American History
Segregation, an word that has haunted countless AfricanAmericans for years upon years.
Segregation is the action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things
or being set apart. It has cut AfricanAmericans short from many opportunities, leaving us dumb
founded.
Segregation was formed 1896 when the Supreme Court passed the law of separation of whites and
blacks. This history changing passing of segregation has been the down fall of AfricanAmericans.
Of course, we had noble and courageous abolisher, such as Harriet Tubman, Fredrick Douglas, and
many other run a ways who made it to see a brighter, free day. Though, there was never anything
who was a younger image in African American history. I am talking about the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Many African Americans who attempted to vote lost their homes, their jobs, and sadly, their lives.
SNCC had to live with local families because they lost their houses and their houses would be
firebombed whites who didn't want blacks to vote. The courageous actions of SNCC, CORE, and
SCLC forced the Kennedy Administration to briefly provide federal protection to temporarily abate
mob violence. Local FBI offices were usually staffed by Southern whites (there were no Black FBI
agents at that time) who refused to intervene to protect civil rights workers or local Blacks who
were attempting to register to

African Cover History
In Africa covers can be followed back to well past Paleolithic times. These workmanship items
were, are still made of different materials, included are cowhide, metal, fabric and different sorts of
wood.
African covers are considered amongst the finest manifestations in the workmanship world and are
profoundly looked for after by craftsmanship authorities. A large number of the pieces some
replica's, can be seen in historical centers and craftsmanship exhibitions in numerous parts of the
world. Covering services in Africa have awesome social and conventional criticalness. Most recent
improvements and comprehension of Esthetic standards, religious and stately values, have achieved
a more prominent understanding into the thoughts and good values ... Show more content on
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It can be worn in three diverse ways: vertically covering the face: as protective caps, encasing the
whole head, and as peak, resting upon the head, which was ordinarily, secured by material as a
major aspect of the mask. African veils regularly speak to a soul and it is emphatically trusted that
the soul of the progenitors has the wearer.
By one of the unusual fortuitous events of history, the fifth century BC creates the main artful
culminations in two contradictory styles of model. Almost 2500 years after the fact, these styles turn
out to be intense opponents in the studios of our own time.
An abnormal custom inside African model is the thrown metal work done from about the twelfth
century in what is presently southern Nigeria.
It achieves a pinnacle of flawlessness among the Yoruba individuals of Ife. Between the twelfth and
the fifteenth century life–size heads and veils, and littler full–length figures – all of shocking
authenticity – are thrown in metal and some of the time in immaculate copper (in fact significantly
more troublesome). These figures have an uncommon calm

Essay On Women And African American History
To many people, America's history may appear to be a series of events shaped by the decisions and
actions of white men. However, this perspective fails to recognize the tremendous impacts that
minority groups had, have, and will have in shaping and influencing America's past, present, and
future. The Revolutionary War is an example of how women and African Americans played an
important role in critical events in American history. In the Revolutionary War, Americans fought
for freedom and independence from Britain, leading to the birth of our nation. Without the
contributions of women and African Americans, the Revolutionary War may not have been
successful, and American history may have followed a very different course. During the
Revolutionary War, the Patriot soldiers fighting for freedom needed help in many ways to support
their mission on and beyond the battleground. Women supported the Patriots in unique and
important ways. Document 1 contains an agreement that the Edenton Ladies' Patriotic Guild signed
on October 27, 1774. It states, "The provincial deputies of North Carolina having resolved not to
drink any more tea nor wear any more British cloth, etc." The Edenton Ladies agreement to not buy
or use any British goods offered a form of economic pressure, and strengthened the ability of
America to try to break away from the British rule. Women also supported the ... Show more content
Women publicly boycotted against British goods, took over the jobs of husbands to make sure
colonies could still function productively, and even fought in the war itself. African Americans
risked their lives to join the Continental Army, are credited with firing important shots during the
war, and as a whole, fought bravely. If the women and African Americans had not participated as
they did, the war most definitely would have concluded with a drastically different

African American History: The Great Migration
The great migration is a term used to define a period of flight for many African Americans of the
20th century who initially lived in the south, but due to the harsh conditions they faced, over 6
million relocated to large urban cities in the North, West, and Midwest. This migration compared to
any other one in our past history is extremely different to note, because it was not caused by famine
or genocide, it was a voluntary act made by African Americans in the south ranging from 1916 to
1970. It is very critical to discuss because it was one of the largest migrations in documented human
history, other than the involuntary movement of slavery. The great migration not only spiked a time
of change for African Americans of the south, but for

A Study Of African History
Many people think slavery happened after a group of explores from Portuguese started ring the
coast of West Africa, but little do they know African Americans were trading themselves way before
then. Portuguese explorer Prince Henry, known as the navigator, was the first European to
methodically explore Africa and the oceanic to the Indies.[1] Many Europeans thought that Africa 's
history was not important. They argued that Africans were inferior to Europeans and they used this
to help justify slavery. However, the reality was very different. A study of African history shows that
Africa was by no means inferior to Europe. As you can see below, the people who suffered the most
from the transatlantic slave trade were civilized, organised and technologically advanced peoples,
long before the arrival of European slavers, trying to suggest they were backward peoples.[2]
A major advance was the introduction of the caravel in the mid–15th century, a small ship able to
sail windward more than any other in Europe at the time. Evolved from fishing ships designs, they
were the first that could leave the coastal cabotage navigation and sail safely on the open. For
celestial navigation the Portuguese used the Ephemerides, which experienced a remarkable diffusion
in the 15th century. They were astronomical charts plotting the location of the stars over a distinct
period of time. These charts revolutionized navigation, allowing to calculating latitude. Using the
caravel,

Lynching In African American History
Losing power can take a toll on the mentality of men. American history proves this theory
frequently over time. It's most prominent during the time of reconstruction in the form of lynching.
Lynching is termed as a killing organized and performed by a group or mob of people. Some justify
it as different from murder and get away from it. That is complete ideocracy. Lynching is just a
subcategory or another form of murder but not a different crime in itself in my opinion. It was a
combination of sadism and racism that white used to subjugate African Americans because they
were afraid to be equal. For many years, Americans were at the top of the social caste system and
something was coming to ruin the system that has worked to their benefit and it was called African
American progression. African Americans were making a life for themselves and the white man was
not having it. Out of fear, Americans, usually those that felt like they were close to equal to negro
status and less educated, started to use lynching as a way to instill fear into the heart of the Black
community. This did not mean that white Americans wouldn't participate in these celebrations.
Together Americans lynched countless black people and "nigger lovers" by burning, castrating, and
dismembering ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I don't know where they found the courage to be so brave, but God was on their side. I could go on
about how if I was in such a situation, I would fight back and give them my all. The thing is that it
would be all talk. I could never imagine the pain and horror of what it feels like to be scared to live
my life. Being taught that I am inferior and could never be equal to my brothers because I am a
different pigment. So again, I can't say that would have had the audacity that heroes like Walter
White and Ida B. Wells had. I know I would have been afraid knowing my life was valued at the
same price as an

African American History Museum Analysis
The The National Museum of African American History and Culture opened on september 19, 2016.
The museum has five floors. The first floor theme is slavery which included many exhibits such as a
slave cabin, Emmett Till's casket, and a railcar from the segregation era are just a few of them. The
second floor focuses on reconstruction and the third floor features segregation and beyond. The third
floor shows exhibits such as women and movement which talks about how women helped in the
civil rights movement and also displays exhibits on entertainment which included one on Oprah
which had Oprah Winfrey's couch. Therefore the African American history museum was a good way
to learn about African American history. In the museum, the exhibits are

African American History 12
During the years of 1873–1923 was the worse for African American history. After 1877, blacks'
political rights were taken away through many occasions such as: fraud, intimidation, and murder.
In 1890, legislators in Mississippi called a constitutional convention, implementing poll taxes,
literacy requirements, and banned voting for people convicted of theft, perjury, arson, bribery, and
burglary. Whites thought if they could put a limit to the educational achievements of Negroes, they
could also stop their aspirations for Negro advancement. By the 1900, black children received a
small portion of the state's funds for education although they accounted for over 50 percent of the
school population. Charles Banks influenced Mississippi and ... Show more content on
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Describe the relationship between Charles Banks and Emmett Scott The relationship Charles Banks
and Emmett Scott had to do with them both being members of the NNBL. They both held important
jobs in the NNBL. Banks was vice–president and Scott was secretary of the league. Scott helped
Banks from being kicked out of office by not allowing the Executive Committee get a hold of the
letter Eugene Booze wrote. . Banks trusted Scott like Banks trusted Washington. That is why Banks
asked Scott to give him references for important and outstanding managers and candidates from the
North. They both loved to work on hand on projects. Booker T. Washington died and it had an effect
on both Emmett Scott and Charles Banks. Scott was Banks shining star. He was always there for
Banks helped he stay on his feet and out of harm's way Describe the relationships between Charles
Banks and Booker T. Washington. The relationship Charles Banks had with Booker T. Washington
is that they both worked together in Mound Bayou. Banks entrepreneurship was the main reason
Washington liked him. Washington considered Banks the best banker in Mississippi he really
recognized his work as the best. They had a very close relationship. When Banks went into
depression, Washington paid for 25,000 dollar new line of credit for his friend Banks. Washington
helped

Reflection On African American History
Over the course of this semester, I was introduced to many people, ideas, writings, and discussions
that sparked my interest and enlightened me on African American history. However, I feel like this
was just the beginning of my journey of learning the history of my people, as there is still so much
out there to be brought to the surface. Prior to taking this course, I was always ignorant on the topic
of African American history and simply made the connection to slavery. Additionally, I was unaware
of other black activist, movements, and struggles that I had the chance to witness for the first time in
this class. I came to a realization of how deprived of this information I was, because other historic
events have been deemed more important. A quote that stuck with me throughout the course that
was made by Arthur Schomburg was, "... African history and negro history, are the missing pages of
world history". At the start of this semester we discuss an issue that has poisoned the dynamic of
society in the United States since the beginning, white supremacy. For centuries, members of the
white community have simply used the color of their skin to attain and remain in power. In my
opinion, those that use their white privilege to partake in white supremacy are the only ones who
benefit from this poison. White supremacy continues to be fueled in the United States, and plays just
as big of a factor in today's world as it did many years ago. There is no retaliation for uproars or

African History And Self Hatred
Walker has shown that the remedy for self–hatred is teaching people of African descent to love their
whole black–selves, mind, body and history. In essence if we don't teach African history and self–
love, then western culture will teach Africans European history and to aspire to be European which
will destroy the self love and mental health of any person of African descent who lives in that
society. For what little history is taught about Africans institutionally and publically presently, it
used as a tool to disempower people of African descent. To start present interpretations of African
history denies the feats and accomplishments done by Africans as well as the roots from which all
people come from. Presently history is made for people ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The answer to this question is both yes and no depending on the viewpoint that this question is
being looked at. In relation to white people of power the answer is still both yes and no. This is
because white people are very aware of African–American history and to acknowledge their part in
it would mean to admit fault. By admitting fault they would now become responsible for the state of
African–Americans presently. Which is why it's easier and more economically and politically better
for them to continue funding prisons to incarcerate African–Americans rather than fix the root issues
that stemmed from slavery. I say yes only because if Europeans knew of the impact African history
had on civilization then maybe we wouldn't have a highly racialized society in America intent on the
incarceration of African–Americans. However, from the viewpoint of an African perspective the
answer is most definitely no. It is important for any culture or race to understand their history from a
psychological and developmental standpoint, especially when faced with

African American Television History
A New Era in Television for African–Americans
Television was invented in 1939; and the majority of television shows from 1939 to the 1960's
African–Americans were portrayed as servants, clowns or maids always in a negative light. These
characters begin to change during the 1970's when black sitcoms became reality based. Even though
African–Americans are still portrayed negatively on television, there has been some improvement
from the stereotypical images.
The Jeffersons first aired on CBS in 1975 to 1985. The Jeffersons was a spin–off from All in the
Family which first aired in 1971 to 1976 and was considered to have brought reality television in
prime time, Archie Bunker, who was the main character was a very loud, not conservative, and an ...
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The Jeffersons was not just a sitcom for African–Americans, the show touched on a number of
topics alcoholism, racism, suicide, gun control and adult illiteracy. The show taught America and
African–Americans that through hard work, perseverance anyone can reach and achieve what is
considered the American dream.
Presently The Jeffersons can be seen in syndication on TV land; TV One, Encore Black, and Netflix
just to name a few. This show opened the door for so many other African–American sitcoms in no
particular order Martin, Fresh Prince of Bel–Air, The Cosby Show, Living Single, and A Different
World all of these sitcoms showed African–Americans in a positive way and in different

African American History
In the early 1920s Marcus Garvey captured the interest of many black Americans when he
emphasized black nationalism and black separatism (White et. al. 2012). In 1966, former leader of
the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Stokely Carmichael, echoed Garvey's
philosophy when he coined the term "Black Power" at a rally in Mississippi (Brown 2014).
Introduced as an oratorical tool, black power urged race pride and race unity to inspire militancy
among black Americans. It was founded on the belief that black survival depended on the exercise
of black power to effect economic and political change in black communities. Alongside Malcolm
X's rhetoric of empowerment and the aggressiveness of groups such as the Black Panther Party,
Carmichael's vision of black power was not representative of integration – what he believed spoke
to the "problem of blackness" (Carmichael 1966).
Interestingly, affirmative action, a then–new approach to empowering black Americans, undermined
this basic tenant. It gave African Americans preferential treatment in hiring and school admissions,
which effectually assimilated blacks into majorly white institutions. (Affirmative Action 2014)
Thus, affirmative action adopted a more inclusive philosophy. As such, it is easy to conclude that
these two ideologies lie on opposite sides of the race relations spectrum; that despite originating to
bring about societal justice for African Americans, black power advocates sought their freedoms
through

The Development and Recording of Early African History
The development and recording of early African history has always been a difficult task. Historians
have spent a vast amount of time searching for sources. They have had to compile various ideas,
beliefs and traditional accounts of happenings throughout Africa and their struggle was aided by the
lack of written sources. It can be said the archaeology and oral tradition played a very important role
in the reconstruction of early African history. It was a common belief that the history of Africa was
non–existent. The Europeans believed that the African society was backward and considered it to be
"Darkest Africa" because very little was known of the Pre–European Africa. All of the knowledge
about Africa, dating to 1965, suggested that there was no history in Africa. This lead to the
Europeans opinion of African societies to be barbaric and backward. The independence of Ghana in
1957 marked the need to develop an African identity and with it, look into the history of Africa
itself. For the first time African history came to light. The start of this was brought forward by Jan
Vansina, a Belgian historian, who wrote a book "De la Tradition Orale" or "Oral Tradition" in
English. This emphasized that African oral tradition was just as important as written sources because
it could be studied and analyzed to build a larger picture for African history. The idea of using oral
traditions in reconstructing early African history was revolutionary in its own way. All nationalities
have

African Americans And African American History
As African Americans we need to know the history of our ancestors in order to make the next
generation better. African Americans need to know the struggles and hardships that our ancestors
had to go through that pave the way for my generation and the generations after me. It is important
to know how our ancestors had to endure slavery. If the older generation does not continue to pay
homage to the history of our ancestors, the younger generation will lose sight of what our ancestors
have been through (Roberts, 2011). The younger generation is not interested in African American
History. It is about what someone can do for them. The younger generation wants everything handed
to them not to work for it because the younger generation thinks the world owe them something.
The younger generation does not have respect for their elders now. As African Americans we should
not forget the segregation and the hanging and deaths of African Americans because of the color of
their skin. It is also important because racism still exist today (Roberts, 2011). There are still racist
white people that do not want the world to change (Roberts, 2011). There are some white people
that want to go back to slavery because white people think African Americans are not worthy
(Roberts, 2011). White people do not want African Americans to know about their history because
there were intelligent African Americans that were inventors. Some examples of African American
inventors are: Garrett Morgan invented

African Immigration History
The wave of immigration during colonial era (from seventeenth to nineteenth century) had played a
crucial role in the formation and development of the United States – a land of opportunity
(specifically for the poor) yet also a horrible nightmare of indentured servants and African slaves.
These opposite experiences when coming to the New World was rewound in three historical
documents through the eyes of three authors from three different backgrounds: "The Passage of
Indentured Servants (1750)" (Gottlieb Mittelberger, an indentured servant), "The Middle Passage
(1788)" (Olaudah Equiano, a black slave), and "What Is an American? (1782)" (J. Hector St. John
Crèvecoeur, a quiet farmer). The first document, "The Passage of Indentured Servants", was a
warning of the horrific and unfortunate journeys from Old ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
He was one of the German group looking for new life on the ship to Philadelphia as a bonded
servant, yet fortunate to settle as an organist and teacher. During his servitude, he witnessed all the
distress and hardships that other indentured servants had experienced. After four years of serving, he
found the land of opportunity afflictive regardless of its meaning and returned to Germany in 1754,
then wrote down all the experiences he had been through about being an indentured servant.
Looking up the history, the former indentured servants were brought to Colonial America in the
development of the Virginia Company during the seventeenth century. The growth of tobacco
plantation economy led to an increasingly high need for labor in Southern English America. Hence,
the Virginia Company introduced the "headright system" as a solution of human resources' problem,
which awarded fifty acres of land to any colonist who paid for his own passage. Along with
Virginia, in 1681, William Penn, a wealthy Quaker and a friend of King Charles II, was given a
large land in the west of Delaware River (now Pennsylvania) and founded Philadelphia

The History Of The Segregation Of African Americans
African American still faced an equal world of segregation in various forms. As far as Jim crow
laws which at a local and state level barred African American from classrooms black and whites had
separate classrooms they didn't share bathrooms nothing it was an invisible line in between the two
like in the poem "Big Boy Lives Home" if they cross that line they will be punished .They were
separate because of their skin color. All these African American people wanted was to be equal and
freedom to use the same facilities as whites. "On July 26, 1948, President Harry Truman issued two
executive orders. One instituted fair employment practices in the civilian agencies of the federal
government;" (African American Odyssey, President Harry Truman

The History Of Police And African Americans Essay
African Americans in modern America have bound together in unity against inequality to help end
the unnecessary murders and unjust police beatings. However, where did these tensions between
police and African Americans begin? This question can be answered by looking at the history of
police in America and why they were originally established. Police first came on to the scene in
1704 when Carolina established the nation's first slave patrol that would turn into what we know
today as the modern police. The slave patrol had the duty of searching for runaway slaves and
returning them to their masters. Therefore, the original reason the police force was established was
to deal with black slaves and it seems as if some officers today still hold that as their job title.
However, this was just the beginning to the negative police encounters that many African Americans
would have to endure. With the ratification of the 13th amendment and the freeing of the slaves the
slave patrol became what is known as modern day police. During reconstruction the police began a
war to create a new form of slavery, this form of slavery was known as convict leasing. Although,
the 13th amendment legalized the enslavement of anyone convicted of a crime it seemed as if it was
only used against African Americans. This new method of enslavement sky rocketed the rate of
African American arrests and created new laws in the south such as the pig laws which sentenced
anyone who stole a pig to 5 years in

The History Of Oppression Of African Americans
In 1992 a black man by the name of Rodney King was beaten extensively by police for speeding.
The officers did not serve time in jail, which was the straw that broke the camel's back. Many blacks
living in Los Angeles at this time took part in violent riots to show the US they would not take the
abuse anymore. Year after year, uprising after uprising, African Americans are promised to be seen
as equal to whites, given equal opportunities and be provided equal rights. However, things have
still yet to change. African Americans have been victims of oppression and have suffered immensely
for nothing other than existing. They are disregarded as being last on the social pyramid by the
police, schools, and employers.
Police officers in Ferguson

African American History For The Past Century
The African–American History from the Late 19th Century through the Present course was very
informative and educational. This course offered a broader view at looking and analyzing the history
of African–American in the United States. Though, I have read extensively and possessed a small
collection of books on the subject, this course has affirmed what I have already knew as well as
elevating my knowledge on the subject. The course also opened up new ways to look and
understand certain facts about African–American's experiences since Reconstruction.
There could not be a better textbook for this course than Freedom on My Mind. As I stated in a
previous assignment, the textbook is a mini reference encyclopedia of African–American history for
the past century. The supporting documents throughout the textbook support the authors' arguments
as well as providing the foundation for many unanswered questions that academics and intellectuals
should seek find answers from the government and people in leadership positions.
Parallel conclusions can be drawn to events involving African–Americans in the late 19th century
and throughout the 20th century to current events with the exception that a few cases many end up
in the court. Discriminatory practices are wide spread in every sector of the American society. The
fights for school desegregation may have been won in the courtroom but segregationists found a
way to underfunded black schools. Affirmative Action may have provided a

African American History Research Paper
African American History Research Paper The history of West Africa has its inhabitant traces is
almost 6000 years ancient, but the earliest human beings who came here first were almost 12000
BCE. The enhancement in the farming took place after the arrival of a modern ancestor in the fifth
millennium. After making connections with other civilizations like Mediterranean ones, the
development of iron industry took place in every use of daily life. The common or traditional
business of trade for them consisted of cotton, leather, metals, gold against horses, clothes, copper,
salt, etc. They were modifying their lifestyles and politics as more as they were coming closer to
other communities of the world (Ajayi, 1970).
The Sahelian kingdoms ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the beginning, the slaves brought to England were regarded as the housekeepers or obligated
workers. Africans were captured by foreigners and locals like they were not humans and were
brought to the outside world for trade. Here they were sold to perform different jobs as their master
may require. They were sold to work in the fields of cocoa, coffee, tobacco, sugar, rice and were
also forced to do work for industries and mines. But in about 17th century all this has gone worse
than the past as masters hardened the slaves and the children of their slaves were also slaves to them
legally. They could be sold like goods to anyone at any time.
To break the chains of slavery Africans were trying hard and many foreigners were with them in
bringing many revolutions in this regard. In England 1741, Negro Election Day started which was
one of those steps of African toward freedom. The reason behind this day was the participation of
black representative in a local election and their traditional costumes, dances, food, and parades
were made on this day. They had the right to vote, which was not given in the past. Same like this
was the Pinkster Day celebrated as a religious festival by the locals, but the Africans use it as a
holiday to catch up with families and friends and have rest from tiring work routine.
African Americas were not allowed to join Armed Forces but after the proclamation made by
President Lincoln in 1862; blacks can also become the part of the army.

African American History Essay
African American History During my early years of school, I remember being taught white
accomplishments and wondering if blacks and other people of color had made any significant
contributions to today's world. I noticed that television consist of all white people. Throughout my
research paper I hope to cover certain aspects of African American heritage. Aspects such as blacks
making up the largest minority group in the United States, although Mexican–Americans are rapidly
changing that. The contributions blacks have provided to our country are immeasurable.
Unfortunately though rather than recognizing these contributions, white America would rather focus
on oppressing and degrading these people. As a consequence American ... Show more content on
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Individuality was not stressed but rather the importance of the extended family. I believe that
African Americans suffering through the hardships of slavery strengthened the idea of kinship even
further. The unity of the African culture became strong due to a series of trials and tribulations. The
majority of the slaves were employed in agricultural areas in the South. By the mid–19th century, a
large number of slaves worked in urban areas as well, and about 5% worked in more industrial
occupations. The hours of the slave workers were long. The average life expectancy of African
slaves was at least 12% lower than whit Americans in 1850 and the infant mortality rate was 25%
higher for slaves. Oftentimes slave marriages and families dissolved due to separation. This concept
is horrible when you take under consideration that family was the entire basis of African culture.
Although frequent separation occurred slaves were very careful to pass on the surnames of their
black family of origin to their children. Kinship again is an importance in African society. Although
the first steps towards in improvements for African–American culture began in the North, social and
economic conditions didn't improve much at all. The racial attitudes of whites were still obvious
among the white society. Laws banning interracial marriage and voting among free blacks
accompanied every northern state emancipation. These laws were supposedly designed to

Lynching: The History Of African Americans
The history of the African American people in the United States has been riddled with injustice and
the abominations of white supremacists. African Americans have had to face vast deals of trials and
tribulations. Aside from slavery, lynching was the worst thing that ever happened to African
Americans. The horrors of the lynching are presently similarly in Lockett's and Williams's articles in
reference to style, content, and accuracy. Shortly after the Civil War and the issue of the
Emancipation Proclamation, the white supremacist of the South found ways to terrorize the newly
freed Negros of the south, in the form of lynching. Often called the 'Negro Holocaust' and 'Black
Era of the United States' by historians, involved the hanging and shooting

African American History : African Americans Essay
African–American history originates before the development of the United States as an autonomous
nation, and African–American writing has correspondingly profound roots. The African–American
writers kept the subject of southern slavery at the top and wrote about their experiences in 18th
century America. The slave accounts were vital to African–American writing. Exactly 6,000
previous slaves from North America and the Caribbean composed records of their lives, with about
150 of these distributed as independent books or handouts. Slave stories might be extensively
ordered into three different structures: stories of religious reclamation, stories to move the
abolitionist battle, and stories of advancement. The stories kept in touch with motivate the
abolitionist battle are the most celebrated on the grounds that they have a tendency to have a solid
self–portraying theme. A considerable lot of them are currently perceived as the most scholarly of
all nineteenth century works by African Americans. After slave narratives came the spiritual
narratives which enhanced the literature of the 19th century U.S. African–American ladies who
composed otherworldly stories needed to arrange the unsafe positions of being dark and ladies in
early America. Ladies guaranteed their power to lecture and compose profound stories by referring
to the Epistle of James, frequently calling themselves practitioners of the saying. Ladies who
composed these accounts had a reasonable learning of abstract

Museum Of African American History Summary
The Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History is an institution that authentically
depicts the journey of not only Black Americans, but the United States as a whole. From ancient
beginnings in Nabta Playa to today's influential Black innovators, this museum provides realistic
recreations of both the plights and triumphs of African Americans through their "And Still We Rise"
exhibit. Following the initial summaries of pre–colonial African history, the cruel realities of the
African Slave Trade was represented by a pair of shackles and a yoke, both used to prevent escape
by captives. Next to the artifacts was a life–like setting of a slave roped to a tree, forcing one to
think about brutal realities of slavery. Further in the exhibit,

The History of African American Slavery
The History of African American Slavery Tongela Vaughan Axia College of University of Phoenix
The History of African American Slavery A slave is someone who is owned by another human. They
do as they are told to do by their owners. African Americans had an unfair start in America, by being
captured and brought over from Africa to be slaves. Do you know how slaves were treated? The
conditions and treatment of slaves were different fromthe average American. Do you know how
slavery came to an end? The slaves receivedtheir freedom in different types of ways. Before long,
slavery was ended and they were set free to live their lives according to their own choice. For the
African Americans brought to America as indentured servants, ... Show more content on
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Once they saved enough money, they were able to buy their freedom Finally, slaves were able to see
the light at the other end of the long tunnel of harsh treatment on the plantations. Slavery ultimately
ended in the United States following Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of 1863, which
freed slaves that were rebelling against the federal government. In 1865, slavery was abolished.
Thanks to President Abraham Lincoln, the slaves were finally a free race. There was one thing that
helped to keep the slaves believing that they would receive their freedom,and that they will see
better days ahead. That was there firm belief in god. They would hold church, or what they would
call religious revivals, out in a field. Having that belief kept them strong and held the families
together that was not traded or auctioned off. Slave owners initially resisted evangelicals preaching
to their bond people, but as the revival movement spread, a few came to consider it their Christian
duty to teach their slaves about the bible. Converting their original religions to Christianity became
part of accepting America as home. {draw:frame} This article advertises the trading or selling of
African Americans who have been transported by boat to America. The name of the boat that
transported the African Americans was named the Ship Bance. {draw:frame} This picture

African American Oral History Summary
Barbara Cooper argues that the gap between African historians and the general field of historians is
derived from the many debates surrounding the legitimacy of oral sources as a tool of understanding
the evolution and development of Africa and its past. As a result of this, the exciting developments
occurring within African history have been "...rendered unintelligible to academic historians in
general" (Cooper 211) as the methodological research that Africanists put into acquiring and using
oral sources are overlooked and ignored. She encourages other historians to utilize this research and
for African history scholars to do their part as well by participating in conversations with other
historians and debates to bring their work to light. All in the hopes that African history becomes
relevant and exciting to a larger audience including historians outside the African field of work, as
this history is too important to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Oral history is described by Cooper, as "personal reminiscence" (Cooper 192) that is gathered by the
researcher through an interview format. It can focus on the life; specific events or memories of the
person being interviewed or specific moments that the interviewer wants to focus on. Secondly, oral
tradition is seen as "stories about the past that local populations produce and reproduce through oral
performative transmissions, as a means of preserving their history and consolidating or contesting a
sense of belonging and identity" (Cooper 192). Cooper highlights two different critiques of oral
traditions, the first one being the structuralist critique. Structuralists argue that oral traditions are
more symbolic and universal than historical and literal (Cooper 195). On the other hand, the
presentist critique argues that oral traditions only function to reproduce existing structures which
only tells us about the present, not the

The Class Of African American History
Color You walk into the classroom and it's the most awkward thing ever. You regret the day you
signed up for this class...African American history. But why? Why did everyone inelegantly stare?
Why does your skin color make matters this problematic? It's essential that a class like African
American history becomes more diverse. Most assume that this class is aiming for an African
American audience. This assumption is completely misleading, but most fall the underdog to. The
homogeneity society amongst the students is bare and should be altered.
I'm currently enrolled in African American history. I've noticed there aren't any people outside of the
African American race in the class. The teacher has noticed out of all 9 years he's been teaching the
class, he's had maybe 8 people that weren't African American. I feel there is no imagined
community within this learning space. In Pratt's essay she tells how Benedict Anderson refers to an
imagined community. Anderson's idea of an imagined community is "communities exist as imagined
entities in which people will never know most of their fellow–members, meet them or even hear of
them, yet in the minds of each other lives the image of their communication"(327). All classes are
expected to be diverse and full of divergence. But yet, we're all in some way in which most think is
by race, already in deep relation. The absence of nonconformity leaves a toll on the class, whereas
we are interested in how people from different races feel

Reflection On African American History
I've always believed that I knew most African American history from my high school curriculum. In
reality, my knowledge only revealed a fraction of African American's contributions. During the
summer of my 9th grade year, I was invited by my parent to visit the Muhammad Ali Museum in
Kentucky. I remember feeling excited to visit a museum in honor of Muhammad Ali. However, I
had this notion in my head that I wouldn't learn anything new because I had already learned about
him through my history teacher. I was gravely mistaken. Arriving at the museum, we were
immediately introduced to our tour guide. He had this uncanny cheer to his voice that captured the
audience attention. After he explained what we are going to learn through the tour, he asked

African American Culture And History Of African-American Hair
African–American Hair
The African–American culture includes many things such as clothing and music. However, the
highest beauty standard for black people is hair. Kinky, curly in other words "nappy", is an
important aspect of the culture. It is as if it tells a story about where we came from and the troubles
our ancestors faced on a day to day basis. Their hair is multicultural, meaning that there are several
types varying from straight to extremely tight curls.
A significant difference between African American hair and Caucasian hair is the curl pattern or
bond of the hair follicles. Other than that, they both have the same identical makeup. A single hair
follicle possesses some complex structures such as a cuticle and root. It contains three layers;
epidermis, dermis, and the subcutaneous layer. These are the outer, middle, and inner layer of the
follicle. It is composed of certain connective tissue like adipose or fat found in the subcutaneous
layer. The strand has cells like keratin and melanophore that provides the hair with the many shades
of hair color. The smaller hairs around the perimeter, also known as "baby hairs" develop within the
first trimester of conception. They often grow out as a person gets older, but with some people, it
remains. There are several different types of curl patterns that people may have. It varies from soft
waves to tight coils. This depends on the type of bond a hair follicle has. The tighter the bond, the
tighter the curl and

Stirring The Pot : A History Of African Cuisine
James McCann's book, Stirring the Pot: A History of African Cuisine, analyzed the procedures of
crafting African cuisines derived from various parts of Africa. McCann wants to illustrate to his
audience what African people have consumed over time and examine how their food patterns
changed with their geographical location, the seasons, and historical interactions. McCann used a
multidisciplinary methodological approach in writing the book. McCann employed a variety of
sources including anthropological studies, sociological studies, cookbooks about African dishes,
European accounts of African food making, and historical accounts by African observers. McCann
used sub–altern as his theoretical approach for the majority of the book. McCann discussed
techniques that were similar to a reading against the grain approach while observing recipes when
trying to figure out the origin of a dish. McCann divided his book into four sections. The first
section was titled, Basic Ingredients. In this first section McCann discussed the staple crops and
spices that exist within Africa. Also McCann analyzed the seasons, wet and dry, and how they affect
African cuisines during their respective time periods. Stirring the National Stew: Food and National
identity in Ethiopia, was the second section of the book. In the second section McCann analyzed a
feast in 1887 that was created by the Ethiopian rulers. McCann also examined the history and
transitions of Ethiopian cuisines. The third

African-American History
Although each of the objects found within the image represents some of the struggles that were
encountered by African–Americans, everyone that is included within the image helps us understand
the perspective of those who dealt with the issue of slavery. The figure on the left is a depiction of
an Irish–American who lived in New York during the 1860's. Although the man lived in New York,
he was an immigrant and therefore couldn't make much money. This fact helps explain why he is
depicted as wearing clothes that were commonly associated with the working–class. During this
time, there was also a stigma against Irish–Catholics throughout the United States due to the fact
that vast amounts of them immigrated to the United States following the ... Show more content on
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Analysts point out the fact that "[t]he 'Five Points' was part of the old Sixth Ward of the 19th
Century New York (The New Yorker). It was the worst slum area habited by Irish immigrants and,
later joined by freed Blacks fleeing the segregated South" (Harpweek). Ultimately, the depiction of
the Irishman within the illustration is an amalgamation of all the stereotypes and stigmas that were
commonly held against Irish Catholics, especially those in New York.
The figure in the middle can be identified by his initials "NBF" which are located atop his hat.
These initials stand for Nathan Bedford Forrest. Forrest was a former infantry General in the
Confederate army and was mainly known for the execution of African–American prisoners of war at
Fort Pillow. Forrest is also credited as one of the first leaders of the Ku Klux Klan, which is an
extremist organization that targets minorities throughout the United States. Forrest was included
within the image to represent the powerful influence of the former Confederates in the Democratic
party. Although Congress was responsible for passing and subsequently enacting the Thirteenth
Amendment, post–war Democrats actively protested any action to grant African–Americans the
right to vote. Nast depicts Forrest in his full military uniform which symbolizes his tenure in the
Confederate

African History : African American History
The history of Africa is very complex. Europeans invaded Africa and stripped them of their culture
and denied future generations their history. Despite the focus on the time of enslavement in modern
history, African history expands far beyond that. African history has been consistently whitewashed
and many historians have attempted to put our history in a box. In order to understand and study the
African experience, one must realize that the history of Africa extends far beyond the times of
enslavement and colonialism.
Critical Review of Scholarship:
I think it is important to understand that African people have been present on this Earth for a very
long time, long before white people decided to rip them from their homes. Many people of America
don't know the true history of Africa and that Africans are the true creators of civilization. Because
of this lack of knowledge about our history, I think many people don't know the greatness that black
people are capable of. We come from a long legacy of kings and queens, but many people think of
us as thugs and felons and unfortunately some of our people perpetuate this myth. The study of the
African experience is important because it is necessary to know where we come from in order to
understand where we can go. Reading is the best way to learn more about our history. This semester
one of the books that we are reading is Something Torn and New by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong 'o and he
talks about the disembodiment of the African people.

African American Education History
The Declaration of Independence declared that all men were created equally. So why were people
not treated like it? We can conclude that they were not treated the same because African Americans
faced slavery, segregation, and other things that proved they were treated differently from
Caucasians. We had the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendment put into place to make the
life of an African American easier. However, just because there were amendments to help them,
does not mean people listened. In 1909 the National Association for the Advancement of Colored
people was founded. This was one of the biggest organizations made to help African Americans.
The people working for the organization tried fighting laws to protect African Americans. ... Show
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What if it never went to the courts? What if they voted against it again and again? The world would
be a much different place today. African Americans and whites would still probably be separated.
No one would know any better to not put them together. There would most likely be a lot more
fighting in the world than there is today. And you would not see caucasians and African Americans
being friends like they are today. It is weird to imagine what the world would be like without this
court case happening. But because of it, the world has become a much better place, and it helped
people become a lot more friendly. Because of this court case, African Americans were able to get
the same education as whites. Thus increasing their knowledge. Before Brown v. Board of
Education, one and forty African Americans would get a college degree. Now, one in five African
Americans will graduate college. Not only did schools become unsegregated, but so did the work
place. Both African Americans and caucasians had the equal opportunity to work wherever the
pleased, no matter what color skin tone they were. However, even with all the better things in the
world, there are still problems with equality. According to reports, whites are finishing college at a
much faster rate than African Americans. And because of this, median income for African American
families still remains only about three – fifths that for whites. This is not much better than it was

African American Voting History
In the early 1890s. the former Confederate South began to unravel the works of northern abolitionist
and the Fifteenth Amendment (Conway 108). The state legislature passed disenfranchising
Constitutions and laws that limited or revoked the rights for Black Americans to vote. The 15th
amendment was intended to protect the suffrage of Black Americans after the American Civil War.
In the Constitution, the Fifteenth Amendment clearly states that the "Right of citizens of the United
States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of
race, color, or previous condition of servitude"("15th Amendment to the Constitution"). This
ultimately means that a person may not be striped of ther rights to vote based ... Show more content
In the deep south, many Anglo American Males assaulted myriads of black voters who went to cast
in their votes. Black men who tried to vote were often beaten and threaten, and on many occasions,
killed. (Brooker) They threatened to hurt their family, and burn down their houses. They also fired
them from their work places if their boss discovered that they were voting. While Other supremacist
used harshed tactics to disenfranchise black Americans, Others used the tactics of all white primary
elections ("Direct Disenfranchisement"). In these elections, The primary elections are the first
elections to occur where the republicans run against the Republicans and the democrats run against
the Democrats. The winner of the groups then run against each other, and the winner of that would
be elected. The Democratic Party usually won while the republicans never one. In the Democratic
Party, black peoples were not allowed to vote in their only election that helped their cause. This
prevented black Americans from voting for anti–slavery abolitionist in the government. ("Direct
Disenfranchisement")Lastly, white supremacist performed poll purges at the elections. Men who
were in charge of the election could easily remove the registered names from the list (Brooker). This
tactic mainly pertain the black Americans because white supremacists promoted the

Racism In African American History
Unfortunately, racism had existed throughout human history. Both Native and African American
have a complicated history of racism that continues to be unresolved to this day. It is regularly
defined as the oppression or discrimination against a minority group by a dominant group based on
skin color, place of birth, and more. However, these arguments are based on the illusion of race; in
fact, some contemporary scientists could argue that the classification of races used today is
inadequate and that there are more meticulous and proper ways of categorizing humans (Pounder, et
al., 2003). What may seem to be considerable "racial" differences to some people, such as skin
color, hair, and facial shape, are not of much scientific significance. It

National African American History Year

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National African American History Year