Urban Local Bodies Case Study

Urban Local Bodies Case Study
Factors Affecting Outcome of Construction Projects by Urban Local Bodies
R. Saravanan (CE07M007)
Project Guide: Prof. K. N. Satyanarayana
Building Technology and Construction Management Division Department of Civil Engineering f Ci
il i i
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Outline
Background Need for study Objectives & Scope Methodology Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)
Questionnaire data analysis Interview data analysis Case study analysis Measures to ensure project
success Conclusions
Background
Rapid urbanization – multi fold increase in urban population. Need for civic infrastructure 74th
Constitutional Amendment Act (CAA) – Decentralization of governance Jawaharlal Nehru National
Urban ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Literature Review – Overview
Project Procurement Seng and Yusof (2006) compared design and build contract with g ( ) p g
traditional contracting method and found that the characteristics of design and build procurement
method make it different from other procurement systems and are advantageous. advantageous
Robinson (1987) compared different tendering procedures and contractual arrangements and found
that the cost and time overruns were almost g negligible in projects executed by design and
construct method.
Data Collection – Overview
Questionnaire survey of representatives from various agencies involved in projects by urban local
bodies on factors affecting outcome. outcome Interviews with Government officials on
administrative p processes involved in ULB projects. p j Interviews with contractors and consultants
doing/having done government projects on personal experiences and opinions on factors affecting
outcome. i i f t ff ti t Case study of projects executed by ULBs, on issues in execution and

administration and project planning and control Information about contractual provisions used in
such p j projects were also collected
Data Collection – Overview
Sampling Method – Snowball sampling More than 68 visits were made Geographical Spread –
Avadi Municipality in the west to Maraimalai Nagar Municipality in the south
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Assignment 1: Case Analysis Of Schmidtco (A)?
Communication For Managers
Individual Case Based Written Assignment 1
Case Analysis Report on
'SchmidtCo (A)'
Submitted By:
Name: Komal Chetwani
Roll No: 151424
Section: D
Batch: MBA – FT (2015–2017)
Submitted To: Prof. Harismita Trivedi
Institute of Management, Nirma University
Date of Submission: 21st August 2015
Executive Summary
SchmidtCo is a family owned, Philadelphia based firm in the business of import and distribution of
Automobile replacement parts. John Schmidt is the protagonist in this case.
The inventory management system is inadequate to handle the current operation complexity and
needs. And in the implementation of new system there is cost and time overrun. So the objective
would be successful implementation of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, one fundamental problem being the Project cost and time overrun.
Project cost and time overrun: This is fundamental problem here. SchmidtCo had already incurred
$600,000, presently it had budget overrun of $500,000 with 3 months delay. How he can stop further
budget and time overrun was the primary decision had to take. Was implementing ERP right choice
or he could have continue with old system? Should he abandon the conversion project?
Change of ERP vendor: At this juncture project implementation, whether he should change the
vendor. Cost–benefit analysis with new vendor. Risk with the change and mitigation plan. What
would be additional delay with the change?
Change in Leadership: John was not able to devote time and he had to leave for executive program.
Whether he should hand over the management to David Goldberg or hire another manager.
Goldberg was much more experienced as he had worked in IT process involvement and
manufacturing for quite some time. He also had a well understanding about the problems with the
new implemented

Intern
Burj Khalifa
Turner Construction Company
Executive Summary
Turner's business philosophy is to work very closely with customers on all its projects. It strives to
share the most up to date and accurate information with them.
Thus, making customers a partner in the business risk and rewards. It also empowers its employees
to record accurate information by decoupling individual bonuses from project performance and
tying it to overall corporate performance.
It has a well–structured management control system through Indicated Outcome
Reports which help Turner to identify and manage not only the risks but also ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Indicated Outcome Reports (IORs) are the basis for other management control outputs.
Belief Systems
Heavy cross–training and promotions from with–in
Through both of these measures, Turner's managers have a deep level of comfort with its way of
working and reporting the numbers. Majority of the senior project team has worked at one point in
the IOR department and have learned a real respect for the cost side of the business.
Performance evaluation
It is a very subjective process at Turner. The bonus is not tied to individual project profitability and
this discourages managers to report wrong numbers.
Bonuses throughout the company are tied to corporate performance and subjective evaluation. This
further inculcates management's strong belief in reporting accurate numbers into the employees.
Boundary Systems
Contingency holds in IORs
Turner uses E–holds and C–holds to make sure that it doesn't have to dip into its project earnings to

make up for unforeseen risks. The project executives and managers are under strict instructions to
protect earnings under any circumstances. They are highly encouraged to report any risks at the
earliest so that they can be taken up with the owners.
Interactive Control Systems
IOR Cover Letter discussions
The cover letter gives

Economics and My Daily Life
Airbus Defence and Space
PARTNERING WITH PRICE® TO USE THE INNOVATIONS OF TRUEPLANNING® FOR
MORE COMPETITIVE BIDDING ON ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROJECTS
Challenge: Verify cost estimates to ensure bids are priced to win but are accurate and profitable for
each stakeholder in a project's supply chain.
Solution: Create a Cost Estimation Framework (CEF) that uses TruePlanning® top–down,
parametric estimating to set cost targets with TrueMapper® feature to cross–check estimators'
bottom–up estimates in Excel based on Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). Improve knowledge
capture by creating an historical data repository of cost models to source information for future
projects.
CASE STUDY
"PRICE provides us with more than your typical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a long–time user of PRICE for estimates of hardware components – just part of entire system
bids – it was easy to discuss his broader vision with PRICE® Systems International. "PRICE
provides us with more than your typical vendor/customer relationship; we work closely together in a
real partnership," says Manuel. "When we wanted to verify cost estimates for all bid processes that
go into proposals, they listened, understood and collaborated with us on precisely what we wanted
to achieve with an integrated Cost Estimation Framework." Manuel's vision for the CEF was to not
disrupt bid processes that were already familiar and comfortable to estimation teams, but rather to
add better direction at the early stages of a project, improve data sharing, and verify bottom–up
estimates against pre–defined top–down cost targets. The CEF introduces tools and methods for
Airbus' existing estimation specialists without changing their processes. Integrating Parametric and
Bottom–Up Estimating Tools Across a project's life cycle, the CEF in effect synthesizes three
costing methods: analytic, similarity and parametric. Key tools include ProMo+ from IAES
Company for database management; QDV from Quotalys Ltd for managing analytical estimates and
versioning; and TruePlanning® from PRICE® Systems to set cost targets, map topdown parametric
estimates of Cost Element Structure to bottom–up WBS estimates in Excel, and share information
contained in

Investigating The Correlation Between The Primary Variable...
7. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1 Summary of Results
This section summarizes the results of all the statistical tests that have been performed by this study.
The correlation analysis was performed between the primary variable of FEP Cost % and the Cost
Performance, Schedule Performance, Change Cost % and Schedule Change %. The results show
that there was a positive correlation between the effort allocated to Front–End Planning and the cost
performance of the project in DB system, Complex projects and Renovation projects. The schedule
performance was affected positively by the FEP effort only in projects delivered using CMR system.
In general, there was an observable trend of negative correlation between the FEP effort and the
change costs that occurred in a project. For this test, the statistical evidence was more significant in
the case of DB system, both Simple and Complex projects and New projects. Increase in FEP effort
reduced the schedule changes in projects only in the case of Renovation.
The following table summarized the results of the correlation analysis with the corresponding p–
values. A positive value for Spearman's ρ suggests positive correlation and a negative value suggests
the inverse correlation. P–values that are less than 0.05 are considered significant at the 95%
confidence level
Table 2: Spearman 's Rho & P–Values Summary of Correlation Analysis
FEP
Correlation Analysis Cost Performance Schedule
Performance Change
Cost % Schedule Change % ρ p

Project Earnings Essay
Project Earnings Manipulation: An Ethics Case Based on Agency Theory
ABSTRACT: The impact of accounting information on ethical behavior has been extensively
documented. Additionally, agency theory is a widely accepted behavioral perspective. Despite this,
there is an absence of instructional material in the accounting education literature that ties ethical
issues to an agency–theory context. The primary objective of this case is to highlight control system
ethical issues using an agency–theory context. Students explore their own reactions to a prohibited
but unmonitored cost allocation action. Thus, this case is positioned to fill this void in any
accounting course that covers agency theory or management control systems.
S
ue ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each project was unique, depending on specific water conditions as well as local environmental,
sociopolitical, and economic issues. Too frequently for the Group Vice President (VP), the unique
nature of each project had led to cost overruns, sometimes causing significant project losses. Senior
management looked very unfavorably on these substantial losses. Worse yet, the Group VP was
often surprised about these cost overruns, because the company had a very poor costinformation
system. Costs were only accumulated at the completion of construction, and only then did these
overruns get reported. To make matters worse, little detail was provided that could identify these
cost overruns in the cost reports. An expensive and lengthy search was required to obtain
information on which part(s) of the project has cost overruns. In short, top management had very
little information and was poorly informed about the operation of the Membrane group.
Consequently, the Group VP was reluctant to waste time on what was already "water under the
bridge," believing his time was better spent on current projects and preventing future overruns.
Much discussion had taken place about how to avoid these surprises, and, as a consequence, systems
analysts were scheduled to implement a better cost–tracking system. The new system could not be
applied to current projects, including K(3) and the two recently started projects, but all new projects

Proj 592
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
After setting the entire project to 40% complete on Oct 1, 2008 we can see that the project is behind
schedule. The schedule variance of the entire project is $ (736,599) and Schedule performance index
is at 0.68, which indicates that for every $1.00 spent in the project we are only getting $0.68 worth
of work done. Since we do not have actual cost data, the MS Project calculates the budget is under
budget by a negligible $80.
Performance Analysis (Cost)
Table 1
Task Name
Cost Variance
CPI
Estimate at Completion
Baseline Cost
Theme Park Project
80
1.00
4,449,920
4,449,920
Site Layout & Side Grading
–
1.00
10,000
10,000
Footings & Foundations
–
1.00
103,600
103,600
Masonry
–
1.00
281,200
281,200
Frames, Columns & Beams ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Our first issue was Joists and Roof Deck that is late by ($78,873.67) and is 48% behind in schedule.

Rough Carpentry is late by ($60,583.15) at 48% behind the schedule and Interior Drywall is late by
$(12,200.00) and is 40% behind schedule. Next we need to look at Elevator and we will see that it is
($34,973.67) behind schedule by 48%. Plumbing is late by ($23,401.25) at 24%, HVAC is late by
($14,633.33) at 19%, and Electrical is late by ($13,609.00) at 17%. The main concern right now for
our project being behind schedule is the Attraction install and training because it is late by
($327,030.00) at 89% .
The critical activities are not behind schedule and the task the critical tasks are dependent on "Slab
on Grade" is complete. Since the critical tasks are not behind schedule it is not safe to assume that
the project will complete on time.
Let's look at the Task "Attraction Install and Training", the Schedule performance index is very low
at 0.16 which indicates that each $1.00 spent on that task & sub–tasks are getting $0.16 worth of
work compete.
Estimate at Completion
As we saw in the earlier section the critical path activities are not delayed. But some of the tasks that
are delayed are mentioned in the table below. The table below shows the free slack and the total
slacks of the tasks that are delayed.
Task
% Complete
Duration
Start Date
Finish Date
Late Start
Late Finish
Free Slack
Total Slack
SPI
Theme Park Project

Cost Estimation and Budgeting
Chapter 8 Cost Estimation and Budgeting 8.1 True/False 1) Direct costs are those clearly assigned to
the aspect of the project that generated the cost. Answer TRUE 2) Material is an example of a cost
that is recurring, variable and direct. Answer TRUE 3) An expedited cost is one that does not vary
with respect to their usage. Answer FALSE 4) An order of magnitude estimate is usually more
accurate than a ballpark estimate. Answer FALSE 5) Comparative estimates are more accurate than
definitive estimates when applied to the same project. Answer TRUE 6) A learning rate of 90 means
that for every doubling of output, the time required by the activity falls by 10. Answer FALSE 7)
There is a tendency for different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Her employer uses an overhead multiplier of 60 and does not factor in personal time. Her total direct
labor cost that should be billed at A) 2,000. B) 3,200. C) 1,250. D) 4,500. 7) Workers paid
15.00 per hour with an overhead charge of 1.45 and a personal time allowance of 1.15, have what
total direct labor cost for an 8–hour work day A) 151.30 B) 174.00 C) 200.10 D) 236.80 8)
Which of these is typically a recurring cost A) preliminary market analysis B) personnel training
C) outplacement services D) logistics 9) Which of these is typically a nonrecurring cost A) site
study B) labor C) material D) sales 10) The charge that is most likely a fixed cost is for A)
materials. B) equipment rental. C) direct labor. D) utilities. 11) You are probably looking at a bill
for a variable cost when you are paying for A) leased capital equipment. B) salaries. C) materials.
D) health insurance. 12) A normal cost is incurred when A) overtime is used more than originally
planned. B) shipments are expedited. C) additional temporary workers are brought on site. D) the
aggressive baseline plan is adhered to. 13) Unplanned costs incurred when steps are taken to speed
up projects completion are called A) expedited costs. B) accelerated costs. C) pass–through costs.
D) normal costs . 14) A key for developing project cost estimates is to A) cost the project while
considering the total package. B) cost

Exammyydj Essay examples
2013
PMGT589 – Project Risk Management Assignment 2 – Group 5
PMGT5891 Project Risk Management
Assignment 2 – Group 5
Name: Felipe Arcila Eric Jonathan Ernst Bodamer Xintao Hou Minjie Shi Vagi William Student ID:
420160957 420177232 420149985 309108152 430154654
0
PMGT589 – Project Risk Management 6/15/2013
Table of Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Activity 1 – PERT Model
..................................................................................................... 2 Activity 2 – Monte Carlo Model
......................................................................................... 4 Activity 3 – Decision Tree Model ... Show
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From this it is advised to consider a new estimate of 118 days. Using the normal distribution
function in Excel the probability of the project being achieved in 2 standard deviations from the
mean for both the normal and alternative PERT durations is 97.7%.
3
2. Activity 2 – Monte Carlo Model
In activity 2, the Monte Carlo method is used to simulate the data generation process and provide a
prediction of the expected budget for the GLE case. In order to make sure we will have the most
accurate results through this simulation, we have iterated for 100, 1000 and 5000 times for this part.
The reason for increased iteration is because the law of large numbers. According to Durrett (2010),
the more iteration you have in sample generation, the less deviation between this sample mean and

the population mean. In order to conduct this simulation, we will use the "rand()" function in excel.
A detailed step–bystep method is provided below. 1. For each of the cost item, we firstly identify the
range of this cost based on the minimum and maximum estimation. 2. The number in our simulation
is generated though using the difference between the maximum number and minimum number times
the "rand()" function and then add the minimum number. Thus, a number within the range will be
randomly generated. 3. Lastly, we use the

Delays Affecting The Construction Schedule
1 Concurrent Delays
Concurrent delays can be used in both the offensive as well as defensive ways. Contractor uses
concurrency as a shield to defend himself against fiscal damages by the employer. On the other hand
employer uses it to ward off the contractor 's pursuits for delay costs. Therefore, this topic has been
going through a lot of research. United States Court of Federal Claims described the notion of
concurrent delay in R.P. Wallace, Inc. v. U.S. 63 Fed. Cl. 402 (2004). ). There are many players in
construction affecting the construction schedule; but, following are the three major examples of the
concurrent delays:
1. Owner and Contractor caused delays
2. Owner and Naturally caused delays
3. Contractor and Naturally caused delays
There are various possible situations arising in case of delays in construction:
1. In case of a Concurrent delay, caused by both the owner and general contractor; the contractor
may get a time extension, but no additional compensation.
2. In case of an Inexcusable delay, the contractor isn't entitled to receive an extension or any
additional compensation; and, rather, the owner may be entitled for the compensation of liquidated
damages or actual damages.
3. In case of Compensable delay, contractor is entitled to both a time extension and an additional
compensation.
4. In case of Excusable delay, the contractor gets a time extension but no additional compensation.
The above conditions depend on the contractual terms, general practices

Risks Associated With Construction Project And Different...
Construction projects are characterized as very complex projects, where uncertainty comes from
various sources. This paper deals with the identification of risk by different methods, types of risks
associated with construction project and different risk mitigation techniques. In the construction
industry, risk is often referred to as the presence of potential or actual threats or opportunities that
influence the objectives of a project during construction, commissioning, or at time of use. Risk is
also defined as the exposure to the chance of occurrences of events adversely or favorably affecting
project objectives as a consequence of uncertainty. Pure risk in which there is the possibility of
financial loss but no possibility of financial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This risk may be considerable, since exchange rates are particularly unstable in many developing
countries or countries whose economies are in transition. In addition to exchange rate fluctuations,
the project company may face the risk that foreign exchange control or lowering reserves of foreign
exchange may limit the availability in the local market of foreign currency needed by the project
company to service its debt or repay the original investment. Interest rate risk forces the project to
bear additional financing costs. This risk may be significant in infrastructure projects given the
usually large sums borrowed and the long duration of projects, with some loans extending over a
period of several years. The project company and the lenders also face the risk that the project
execution may be negatively affected by acts of the contracting authority (Government), another
agency of the government or the host country's legislature. Such risks are often referred to as
political risks. Political risk faced by firms can be defined as "the risk of a strategic, financial, or
personnel loss for a firm because of such nonmarket factors as macroeconomic and social policies.
Political risk includes risk such as change in law, payment failure by government, increase in taxes
and change in government. Legal risks is the risk of non–compliance with legal or regulatory
requirements.

Sample Resume At Los International Airport
5:00 pm – 6:00 pm: Make sure you are packed up with all of the essentials to have a good time in
panama! Eat a light dinner and make sure everything is ready to go!
6:00 pm – 6:45 pm: Pack up the car and will my sister Sarah drive us to bart (200 Ygnacio Valley
Rd, Walnut Creek, CA 94596). Gather our luggage, say goodbye to Sarah, and pay for 3 tickets to
ride the bart train.
Total cost for 3 round trip tickets: $48
7:00 pm – 8:00 pm: Get on the train that leaves at 7:00 pm and get off when you reach the last stop,
San Francisco International Airport (Should take about 1 hour)
8:00 pm – 8:45 pm: Check into the airport, check our luggage, go through security, and find the
correct terminal.
9:15 pm – 6:30 am (Panama time): We will board our plane at 9:15 pm. The flight is nonstop and we
will be flying for approximately 7 hours and 15 minutes. Make sure to sleep on the plane, we have a
busy day ahead of us! We will land in Panama City, Panama around 6:30 local time.
Total cost of tickets: $2,367.00 (For 2 adults and one child in economy)
6:30 am – 7:30 am: Go through immigration/customs at the airport (Should take about 1 hour)
7:30 am – 8:30 am: Outside the airport, get a taxi to drive you to Plaza Paitilla Inn Hotel (Av Italia,
Panama City, Panama)
Total cost of taxi: $20
Cost of hotel: $80 a night
Plaza Paitilla Inn is a beachfront hotel that overlooks Panama Bay. It is close to many of Panama's
attractions such as the Panama Canal. The room are comfortable

Great Public Relation ( Pr )
Great public relation (PR) is likewise an imperative undertaking which need to be fulfilled by PM.
Mainly if task is open subsidized. Great advertising require solid personality, solid objectives and
arranged system. So PM ought to be cordial and positive. Additionally, he or she can have the
capacity to set up a presentation.PM ought to give high significance to PR as well.PM must know
association venture association and targets altogether and secure the relative significance of every
open gathering besides distinguish high–chance regions. How about we take a case of Advanced
Rapid Transit System in Canada (1996).At that period, neighborhood government power persuaded
individuals around there for the specific task. It was including light driverless autos, attractive
exchanges and fiber optic based correspondence. Figures were produced and showed publically to
demonstrate that an expected expense is practical contrasted and comparative frameworks
assembled there. This segment gave development encounter that time. While keeping whatever is
left of development proceed. All homes inside the zone of development were kept educated of the
advancement. These techniques attempted to finish the venture at the early stage of the plan and to
the elite level. The expense of PR exertion added up to more or less 0.6% of an aggregate venture
(Widman, 1990, p.14) Political environment Field of venture administration is one that contains
political methodology for a few extraordinary

Canary Wharf
Valuing Developable Land at Canary Wharf
In valuing the developable land at Canary Wharf, there are several factors to take into account.
Namely, it is crucial to decide on an appropriate rate at which to discount the projected cash flows
for the property. The developable properties of Canary Wharf come with considerable risk. For
example, the London office market downturn, as well as significant market hits for the large
financial services tenants of Canary Wharf, presents serious tenant lease up and lease covenant
negotiation risks. How long will it take to attract quality tenants to the buildings, especially as
financial services tenants are currently stressed? Additionally, the requirement for further planning
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is assumed that construction for all properties lasts 18 months, same as the estimated construction
for Churchill Place. For each building, 25% of infrastructure costs and 75% of shell and core costs
are assumed to be incurred in the first year. 25% of shell and core costs, 25% of full fit out costs,
and 75% of all infrastructure costs are incurred in the final 6 months of construction. For the
purpose of conservatism, infrastructure costs include an additional contingency of ₤30 m for
potential additional Crossrail payments. Construction for Churchill, Riverside South, North Quay,
and Heron Quay commences on 1/1/05, 1/1/08, 1/1/10, and 1/1/11, respectively. (North Quay is
assumed to be requisitioned for a period of 2.5 years due to its use as a staging facility for Crossrail
construction; therefore, North Quay does not begin its lease up until 1/1/14.) Principal and interest
payments on the debt are assumed to be rolling; to that extent, funds are drawn down as construction
occurs, but each time a building is sold, the collateral goes away, and the loan amount allocated
toward that building is paid off.
Projected Cash Flow Timeline
In total, it is reasonable to assume that the entirety of developable land at Canary Wharf can be
constructed, leased up, occupied, and sold off at the end of 10 years (by the end of December 2014).
On average, therefore, a realistic period of 2.5 years per developable property has been allotted.

The Issue Of Legal Issues
Legal Issues
There are far more opportunities for the decrease of legal issues with this conflict implementation
plan. With tiered meeting being conducted on a daily basis, the project status is addressed and issues
with schedule, cost, scope and quality can be brought to the forefront and addressed. If negative
issues were not addressed in this matter, negative impacts on the project would likely occur – such
as:
(a). Teams making unethical decisions
(b). Adversarial contractual relationships
(c). Decrease in productivity, quality and efficiency
(d). Wrongful representation and contractual agreements not met
Ultimately, if not addressed the effected parties may claim relief through the legal system (Wallace,
1999). This can be detrimental to project success and the organization future business and
reputation.
Ethical Dilemma
Looking at the trends within the American organizations that have conducted unethical behavior
there could be a relationship between how the leadership conduct themselves and how the
employees act. The culture within the organization can shape how employees think and act (Taylor,
et al., 2014). Business Leaders must establish the culture through clear guidelines and setting the
example to foster ethical performance. Take for instance, the culture within Tyco International ,
which former CEO Dennis Kozlowski created one that was all about numbers. He had told
BusinessWeek "the sky is the limit" (Jennings, 2012). In addition, research has shown that

Advanced Project Management
Telestar International (Chapter 7 – Page 312)
1. Who do you believe is at fault in this situation?
I believe that the Project Manager is at fault in this situation. The structures manager strongly
advised the project manager not to stop the activities in this department before testing the plant's
high–pressure pneumatic and electrical systems. The structures manager warned the project manager
and even mentioned that the test was scheduled for the next month. I think it would have been more
important to consider this risk and prevent this from happening, alone from a safety perspective. The
project manager also mentioned that his boss expects him to finish this project without a cost
overrun. However, maybe it would have been of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is typically used when there is a scope of services, but it is not well defined or when there are too
many uncertainties for the seller to use a fixed price contract.
I probably would try to approach the customer with my problems in hopes of relief. Also, it would
only be fair to the customer to be informed, since it's not a fixed–price contract and additional work
would require additional fees to be paid.
4. If you were the customer of this cost–plus program, what would your response be for additional
funds for the bathtub period, assuming cost overrun?
Since this is not a fixed–price contract, it's quite common that cost overruns occur due to the scope
of services not being well defined. I would consider my options and try to make a decision
considering the most effective and efficient way to complete the project. If additional funds and cost
overruns are inevitable, I would try to determine if it would be worth it to crash the project and
reduce costs in another way. It even depends on the kind of cost–plus contract. A CPF contract for
example would actually give the seller an incentive to overspend because the higher the cost the
higher the profit. So I would be more than glad to be involved considering the circumstances.
5. Would your previous answer chang if the program had the money available as a result of an
underrun?
As I mentioned in my previous answer, since the scope is not as well

Cmgt 410
Project Controls
CMGT 410
ANALYSIS AND REPORTING OF UNPLANNED CHANGES: If any unexpected modifications
occur, in the training assignment, regardless of whether before or during the training session, will
need to be informed instantly to the
stakeholders concerned, administrators, and CEO, for authorization. This will be a compulsory
measure, before any other will be taken. Unexpected modifications will always be that which are
unpredicted. Some of these might include modifications which exceed budget limitations initially
included in the estimations. One of the methods we are going to avoid cost overruns will be to
provide passes to the students. The passes will have affixed lanyards and they should be put on all
the time. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To ensure danger is dealt with, all through the assignment, methods might have to be used to make
sure all problems are addressed on time. The following listing consists of methods to offset control
and manage modification problems:
1. Applying Scope Reduction – applying an overall performance assessment upon
the scope to find out exactly where any reductions in time may be handled. 2. Fast Tracking –
applying several actions, concurrently, to ensure that time might be reduced within the scope, or
allocated time. 3. Additional Resources – assigning more resources, such as time, cash, or
individuals, to ensure that danger administration can happen.
4. Adopting higher risk – sometimes an assignment should take a higher risk to get
a higher result. If an assignment is sliding below its overall performance targets, a higher risk should
be maintained to achieve its objective. COMMUNICATION OF PROJECT POTENTIAL: Listed
here are important aspects which will be under purview of the assignment and will be transposed to
the stakeholders for evaluation, when the present position of the assignment modifies: Quality – the
venture will be monitored for any quality modifications in performance. Any requirements which
were set in the basic estimations will be followed all through the assignment. If those requirements
fail to be fulfilled, notices will be sent instantly. Cost – the stakeholders have got the

Nt1330 Unit 6 Project
Understandably, theirs is no single answer to this question because every project is unique and have
different influences that cause overruns and schedule overages. Project changes can perhaps be the
principal contributor to projects going over budget and exceeding schedule targets. But, if you have
proper controls and methodologies in place this should not be an issue.
During project planning, if you have inaccurate and low estimations this will obviously put you over
budget. Some Pollyannaish PMs tend to write exaggeratedly enthusiastic estimates. The PM must
rely on documenting and qualifying their figures and believe in the importance of pertinent
historical data.
Project execution can have a serious effect on both cost overruns and schedule overages. ... Show
Next, we made a scope statement which defined the limits of project.
Step 5. We drafted the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), this classified the tasks and activities
needed for the doing project work.
Step 6. Next, we made the project schedule that broke down the resource assignments and identified
who would do each task.
Step 7. Once the tasks and schedule were set up, we created a budget. These estimates were
discussed with the Department of State who was funding the project.
Step 8. We assigned job responsibilities founded in the Project Initiation Documentation (PID).
Step 9. We made a communication plan, this involved cell phones, Skype, MS Chat, email, Project
Professional and other tools for team communication and collaboration.
Step 10. Finally, we created the general project management plan.
At this milestone of the project, I could have pushed the issue of the major change proposed by the
Philippine Army, this new problem affected; project scope management, project time management,
project time management, project human resources management, project risk management and
project stakeholder management. However, the "Internal Customer" would have been upset and
made life difficult on

County Administrator Of Facilities Management Essay
Four district facilities' managers or superintendents shall be reporting to the county administrator of
facilities management. This means that the structure to be adopted is a divided one in which each
location shall be prioritizing projects as well as competing for funding on basis of individual
location needs (Devaney, 2016). Each district location essentially has its own wish list instead of
embarking on the creation of a prioritized and comprehensive assessment of needs as well as
funding on basis of the needs of the county. Through the decentralized facilities management model,
facilities services are to be offered in a clustered manner by making sure that they all provide
various operations, sometimes with or without consistency in the level of services offered, or
standard operating procedures from one district and/or location to another. The decentralized
structure is anticipated to work well after it has been implemented, and if appropriately carried out it
can result to an effectively functioning model. However, considering the extent of the county's
growth over the recent past, it is apparently clear that the proposed decentralization of high quality
shops from a remodeling of an existing are need to be improved in order to ensure that communities
living in the districts where the project is to be implemented receive effective, consistent, as well as
efficient services (Alkhafaji, 2013; Larson & Gray, 2011).
Consequently, considering that this project involves a

Accounting
Campbellsville University
School of Business and Economics
SYLLABUS
Course Title: ACC 601 Managerial Accounting
Semester/Dates: Graduate Term 1: August 29, 2011 – October 23, 2011 (Traditional MBA)
Meetings: Thursday (6:00 PM – 10:00 PM), AD 25
Faculty: Dr. Sunny Onyiri Office: AD 29–b Phone: (502) 365 4424 Email:
soonyiri@campbellsville.edu Office Hours: Posted
Required Materials: Textbook: Noreen/Brewer/Garrison. Managerial Accounting for Managers,
With Connect ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Course Overview: A manager needs a general understanding of accounting which is the process of
recording, classifying, reporting and interpreting the financial data of an organization. Discussion,
case examples and analysis of double–entry bookkeeping techniques lead to a foundation for
analysis of basic financial statements. Managerial accounting concepts then provide the analytical
tools necessary for day–to–day management of the business enterprise. Ideally, the student will learn
how to evaluate current accounting information and how to make the accounting system a better
contributor to the management process.
A continuation of Accounting Principles I & II, Managerial Accounting concentrates on the
development and analysis of accounting information for managerial planning and control. Looking
at the accounting information needs inside a company, this course covers the concepts of cost
accumulation, cost behavior patterns, cost–volume–profit relationships, profit planning, budgeting,
pricing decisions and capital decisions. Students completing this course are expected to be able to
differentiate between financial and managerial accounting and apply managerial accounting
concepts to internal financial decision making scenarios. In addition to learning about accounting
information, students will be expected to perfect their learning, thinking, communication and
teamwork skills.
KEY MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING TOPICS

Cost Performance on Project S Often Poor, What Are the...
''Cost performance on project s often poor, what are the possible causes of this and how can it be
improved?''
Introduction
The cost planning is one of important phases for project management. It will goes through whole
project's life cycle. It is foundation of project and it will tell the project are measured, reported and
controlled in every process. Estimating is the process of forecasting or approximating the time and
cost of completing project deliverables.
A successful project management will include time control and cost planning. Accompany with
these two important features, and then bring out the best quality project.
Causes of poor cost performance
According to many decades' records, Morris et al. (1989) has researched more ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In project management, contract almost related with every level of project, such as material buying,
price negotiation, customer service and payments. Supplier is another important role in project
management. If contractor could give a appropriate contact to supplier, it will helps on build stable
relationship, with supplier, even more, it could bargain with price of materials. However, if contract
not finish at each single phases of project, it will increase negotiation time, which means definitely
time delay and cost overruns. With decent contract management of project, it will simply to avoid
such fundamental problems. Another explanation for contract error is worker. Human resource is
also important for basic project proceeding, and it has been included in contract management as
well. Similarly, all potential possibilities need considered by manager. "careful consideration need to
be finished when forming the initial contract, for about what might occur during its operation, this
will guarantee that things are included in the contract documents that enable effective contract
management"(OGC 2010)
Mega project management
Complexity could another reason for bad cost performance. The most of mega project, such as
project Comanche, could be defined as complexity. When estimating mega project, it always will be
affected by some errors, for instance inflation, exchange rates, change

Roof Coatinging Case Study
Extending the service life
If your roof coatings objective is based on increasing the service life, then your best roof coating
candidates should have a sound existing roof with proper attachment of all system components,
flashings and trim. If you select roof areas with existing defects in construction, detailing and
terminations, correcting deficiencies prior to installation of a new coating system. In insulated
assemblies, the insulation should be dry, without a history of leaks and presence of trapped moisture.
Verify roof areas have positive 1/4" + slope to drain. Note: dead flat areas that pond water, even
when the coating may be tolerant of standing water, ponded areas collect debris and silt that increase
heat cycling and can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When faced with system alternatives, the facility manager should verify the scope of work is similar,
materials specifications, preparation steps, installation QA, detailing, to maintain the anticipated
service life. A price reduction with a service life reduction can increase the annual costs per year.
When asked, facility managers can defend a coating project from a lower cost alternative with
documentation from the roof coating selection process. Unfortunately, without the project
documents to show the comparison, coating suppliers and bids look very similar to a buyer. The
example below gives a quick comparison of how a lower cost alternative can increase your annual
cost.
The project for roof recoating costs X to purchase (capital) and ongoing maintenance (expense) is
added until the roof has reached its service life. Example: Coating Roof Section: 17,000 s/f Capital
Purchase $24,000, life time expenses $ 4,000.00. Final life time cost $ 28,000.00, service life 14
years the is $2,000.00 per year. If you take a lower bid of $21,000.00 even when life time expenses
remain at $ 4,000.00, if the alternate service life is reduced to 10 years your annual cost increases to
$ 2,500.00
*This simple calculation excludes the cost of capital, tax benefits and other business considerations.

Case Study : New Software Development Project
A) i) For the Project ASU, the major part is new Software development project. In order to be
successful with customers it is essential for ASU to have significant hit rate driven by capturing
customer value. Customer value is driven by Desired Customer Outcomes. There is need to
understand what customer needs and what will make customer successful. Based on that develop
Business strategies, requirements for the new Software Development. Figure out a way to extract
technology strategy, develop action plans and Implementation procedure. Sometimes the customers
may not know what they really need, but they could describe what will make them successful.
Listen to customers for developing something new to customers. As Dr. Shunk mentioned about ...
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The Systems Engineering Team need to watch out for the problems that will prevent meeting
customer requirements such as requirement creep, changing needs, schedule pressure, excessive
secondary innovation etc (2). ii) The value A in the Effort equation represent calibration factor
which is a constant value that is based on historical projects considering expertise, knowledge and
size of the company factors. The value of A could be arrived considering the project to be handled
by mix of experienced and also less experienced technical people com paring with the standard.
Normally it is less than 1. To validate the calibration factor, it is essential to know the requirements
such as skillset needed for this COSYSMO, adopting the model and reusing the model, risk
involved in cost estimation as most of the time we consider past projects, size drivers with rating,
viewpoints, operational scenarios, schedules efforts, life cycle etc. It is also highly dependent on
cost drivers, size drivers and Effort Multipliers (3).
B. i) According to the cost data given, it is to be inferred that enough work is done at the moth 5
with expenditure of $8 million. Therefore, the Schedule Variance is –$2million and Schedule
Performance Index is 0.8, Cost Performance Index is 1.33. The Estimate at Completion is $18
million saving $ 6million at the

Feb 2013Lesson 21 Financial Management Cost
Feb 2013
Lesson 2.1: Financial Management: Cost Estimation
Budget Terms
Each of these terms has an official definition in budget execution.
TERM
DEFINITION
Budget Authority
"Budget Authority" is the authority granted by appropriations law to enter into obligations that will
result in immediate or future outlays.
Commitment
A "commitment" is the administrative reservation of funds, usually by the local comptroller, in
anticipation of a future obligation. A commitment is the response to a request for a spending action.
It ensures that funds are available in the amount requested, in the correct fiscal year, and in the
proper appropriation.
Obligation
An "obligation" is the legal reservation of funds to make a future payment of money. ... Show more
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1. Analogy: Subjectively compares the new system with one or more existing similar system for
which there is accurate cost and technical data.
Strengths
●
●
●
Quick
Inexpensive
Easy to change

Weaknesses
●
●
Subjective
Not as precise
2. Parametric: Sometimes known as the statistical method, this technique:
● Generates an estimate based on system performance or design characteristics.
● Uses a database of elements from similar systems.
● Differs from Analogy in that:
● Uses multiple systems.
● Makes statistical inferences about the cost estimating relationships (CER).
Strengths
●
●
●
Uses cost estimating relationships Easy to do "what–if drills"
Inexpensive
Weaknesses
●
●
Moderately subjective
Precision only as good as the data base
3. Engineering: "Bottom–up" method of cost analysis that is the most detailed of all the techniques
and the most costly to implement. Each WBS element must be costed to build the cost estimate for
the entire program.
Strengths
●
●
Very accurate in later stages of System
Development &
Demonstration
Limited subjectivity
Weaknesses
●
●

●
Very expensive
Very time–consuming
Difficult to do "what–if drills"
4
Feb 2013
4. Actual Costs: Extrapolation from actual costs that were contracted for or actually incurred on that
same system during an earlier period.
Strengths
●
●
Little subjectivity
Very accurate
Weaknesses
●
●
Little applicability
Budget may

A Study By Anastasopoulos Et Al
In a study by Anastasopoulos et al. (2010), the authors found that the frequency of the CO was
directly influenced by the size of the projects. The authors also found that the relation between the
project size and the frequency of CO was significant. According to the project type, resurfacing and
traffic maintenance projects were found to have less CO. The reason they provided for this was
these types of projects were not subjected to uncertain conditions like earthwork and subsoil
treatments. The authors found that the longer the project duration, the number of CO would be also
more. For the contract with no CO showed that as the duration of the contract increases, the
probability of having no CO decreases. Unlike other studies, this study focused on the contractual
aberrations investigating the frequency of the CO associated with project characteristics, contract
features and bidding outcomes in the highway projects.
According to Alnuaimi et al. (2010), the CO were mainly due to the political reasons and errors in
designs. The authors figured out that clients were the number one cause of the CO in the public
projects in Oman. The delay in completion date was the main effect of the CO and the second most
noticed effect was the 'the claims and disputes.' The survey showed that most benefiting party was
the contractor. However, the authors believed that the most benefiting party was consultant because
of the reason that it would get paid for any kind of time extension or

Cost Overruns
Cost Overruns
Delicia Brice
PM3320
Professor Johnson
September 16, 2014 Abstract
Project management is to forecast and track costs to avoid cost overruns. Poor management leads to
rising cost. Effective project management identifies such possible sources of cost overruns early and
mitigates their effect. This paper explains the underlying causes of project cost overruns and
provides some cost estimating methods used to avoid the overruns in the project.
Cost Overruns
Cost can be described as one of the most important issues of a project success. A cost overrun is the
amount by which the actual cost exceeds the budgeted, estimated, original, or target cost. Society
sees cost overruns as the norm. They are a built–in part of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Specifications changes often voids the initial cost estimates. The project progresses according to a
plan that assigns durations to project tasks. The Sponsor makes small changes in the plan that
necessitates other changes which lead to still more changes ... and so on. Because estimates are
predictions of future costs, there is always the potential for error, and cost overruns are more the
norm than the exception. Consequently, additional allowances are needed to act as a buffer, so that
the funds actually allocated to the project will be sufficient. This allowance is known as contingency
Lack of Scope leads to the creation of projects that have no clear purpose. Changes in the scope of
supply within a project frequently cause cost overruns. These changes result from new requirements
that the owners introduce and fixes for functions that don't work as specified. As project manager,
you must confirm a comprehensive project plan is in place; all activities and their sequence required
for project completion have been identified, and all major purchase orders have been submitted
based on known prices and availabilities of materials and equipment. Given that definitive estimates
are developed further down the project life cycle with more accurate information and fewer project
uncertainties, these estimates provide a much more accurate expected cost of the project at
completion, with a ±5 percent margin of error.

Software Project Failure Essay
Failure of Software Project : There are many reasons for the failure of the project here are the few
reasons how there is a failure accourance for the software projects. ⦁ The first reason is no proper
planning for the project. ⦁ No sufficent time ⦁ No sufficient budget ⦁ No good communication. ⦁ No
proper testing ⦁ Not reaching to industry standards. No Sufficent time : The deadline for the project
is decided before the project starts. As the deadline is given we start assuming that the sooner we
start coding the sooner we will finish. This kind of apporach is always wrong. It is very importatnt
to spend time for creating a good design for the product with out a proper design that leads for
continious changes for the project. So when this happens there is no sufficient time because lot of
time gets wasted. No Sufficient Budget : Many of the projects have low budgets based on their own
requirments. When this happens everything slows down eventually and the quality suffers. No Good
Communication : There should always be a good communication with development team ,the users
and the customers. This one of the important thing for the success of the project. No proper Testing :
When the product to be delivered in the moment the only thing that suffers is testing. All the testing
is left pending untill the coding is done from the development team.So, this results the product with
lot of bugs and custmer feel unhappy. Not reaching to industry standards : Conforming to industry

A Large Investment Projects
Megaprojects are very large investment projects. The US Federal Highway Administration describes
megaprojects as major infrastructure projects that cost more than US$1 billion, or projects of a
significant cost that attract a high level of public attention or political interest because of substantial
direct and indirect impacts on the community, environment, and budgets. Some megaprojects, like
Boston 's Big Dig at $15 billion or the Channel tunnel between France and the UK at $10 billion,
cost numerous times this minimum definition of a megaproject. Other projects that cost less than $1
billion are sometimes also called megaprojects, it depends on the context, because $500 million
project in a medium–sized town may be considered "mega," ... Show more content on
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Project procurement management concludes when the contractual aspects of the project are finalized
at the end of the project.
Project procurement management is a series of processes, which are used to "buy" products and
services from an organization other than the one undertaking the project.
Initially, the product and/or service required is identified and quantified.
Then a tendering process is established, tenders are evaluated and a supplier chosen. At this stage a
contract is drawn up, with specifications for performance, standards, timelines, etc. to manage the
relationship between the buyer and seller.
The final part of the procedure is to conclude the buyer / seller relationship by completing and
settling the contract. Any outstanding issues should be resolved at this stage.
Throughout the lifecycle of a project, products and services may be needed from organizations other
than the one actually doing that project. Project procurement management is the total process used
in "procuring" those products and services. It involves decisions as to what is needed, where to get it
from and the administration of contracts for procuring the necessary products, (goods and/or
services).
The buyer is the customer in this relationship. The seller (or provider of the goods/services) should
approach this part of the relationship as a project management exercise of his or her own, as they
will have to meet time milestones and cost targets in

viking role pat olafson Essay
Cbox 473, HCR 33, Spruce Head, ME 04859 reative Consensus, Inc. phone: 207–596–6373 fax:
207–596–0538 email: cci@midcoast.com
VIKING INVESTMENTS (Principals)
Leonard Greenhalgh
Dartmouth College
ROLE FOR PAT OLAFSON
You run Viking Investments, a U.S. corporation that has been primarily involved in real estate
development. Your investments and development projects tend to be concentrated in the area
surrounding Edgewater,
Illinois, an affluent town in a rural area. Viking is one of six major developers in the local area, who
occasionally have to compete with out–of–state developers who are attracted by the affluence and
abundance of acreage at reasonable prices.
The comfortable times for real estate sales have come
to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Creative Consensus, Inc. the other side of town. Your research indicates that, even in good times, the
market is not big enough to support two large condominium complexes.
the (renewable) lease at the end of this month, following the 90–days notice provision in the lease
agreement. The termination seemed amicable: Sandy had found a closer building at a price that is
lower than the $5,000 per month you have been charging for the building.
Second, the real estate market suddenly turned bleak soon after you passed the point of no return (a
large employer in town was shut down by the parent company with no warning).
However, Sandy hasn't paid the last two months rent, and now owes $10,000, and you're wondering
why
Sandy has been withholding rent payments; you know of no problems with the building.
So, with the market softening, it became obvious that your condominium project could be in big
trouble. To gain an advantage over this competitor, you had to finish up your condominium project
well ahead of your rival's, and differentiate the Viking condominium complex as a more appealing
living environment. You knew from local industry gossip that the rival was building his units as

cheaply as possible and taking quality short cuts to keep his profits high. In response, you have been
striving for a quality image for your own complex in order to differentiate your condominiums

Work Study In Construction Essay
1.1 General
Construction labour productivity has become big problem in construction industry. In many
countries, labour cost comprises 30 to 50% of the overall project's cost (Yates and Guhathakurta,
1993), and thus is regarded as a true reflection of the economic success. Because construction is
labour–intensive industry, significance of this effect not only justifies the concern over its labour
productivity, but it can also be argued that labour power is the only productive resource.
There are many challenges that are faced by construction industry in India, but one of the important
challenges is labour productivity in construction. Every project has some difficulty in construction
like material, money, tools and local contractor's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Method study and work measurement is the part of work study. Fig 1.1 shows the two components
of work study. Fig 1.1: Work Study Framework
1.3.1 Method Study
According to British Standards Institution (BS 3138): "Method study is the systematic recording and
critical examination or existing and proposed ways or doing work as a means or developing and
applying easier and more effective methods and reducing cost."
a)Steps or Procedure Involved in Method Study
The detailed procedure for conducting the method study is shown in Fig 1.3.
Fig 1.2: Method Study Procedure Flowchart
b) Considerations for Selection
The job selected for the method study is based upon the following considerations:
1. Economic aspect
2. Technical aspect
3. Human aspect.
c)METHOD STUDY SYMBOLS
Graphical method of recording the observations on the site was originated by Gilberth in order to
present the observations very clearly and to enable to understand them quickly and clearly. It is
useful to use symbols. There are 5 symbols used in method study to record the activities.
Ο OPERATION INSPECTION → TRANSPORTATION D DELAY ∇ STORAGE
d) Recording Techniques

Charts and diagrams are used to record the procedures involved in performing a job. Following are
the list of charts and diagrams used frequently.
a) Charts
1.

The Hidden Obligations Of The Stake Holders ( Developers,...
Abstract
The subject of poor expense execution has been broadly distributed in the standard IT Company. All
things considered, the hidden obligations of the stake holders (developers, testers and project
manager) in dealing with this incessant issue in any IT organization. By performing a top to bottom
examination of the parts and obligations of these key partners, this exploration is proposed to
unravel the industrywide view of expense execution being intensely dependent on the stake holders
(developers, testers and project manager) execution alone. This audit depends on a careful writing
survey and applicable industry inputs. In view of the relative significance measuring strategy on
chose properties, arranging, planning and executing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Introduction
An expense invade, otherwise called an Cost overrun or expense expand or spending plan
overwhelm, includes unforeseen expenses brought about in overabundance of planned sums because
of an underestimation of the real cost amid planning. Expense overwhelm ought to be recognized
from expense acceleration, which is utilized to express a foreseen development in a planned expense
because of components, for example, bad scheduling, inefficient stakeholders etc.
Expense overwhelm is basic in base, building, IT and innovation ventures. For IT anticipates, a 2004
industry study by the Standish Group discovered a normal expense overwhelm of 43 percent; 71
percent of tasks came in over spending plan, surpassed time assesses, and had evaluated excessively
contract a degree; and aggregate waste was assessed at $55 billion every year in the US alone.
Another study revealed that 85% projects in IT industry overrun in their budgets. Numerous real
development activities have caused expense invades because of which projects overrun on their
budget.
What Are Reasons for Cost Overruns in Project Management?
One of the fundamental elements of undertaking administration is to gauge and track expenses to
maintain a strategic distance from expense overwhelms. While poor execution of venture
administration undertakings can prompt expanded expenses, you can connect more subtle
motivations to the

Spinnaker Case Writeup
Element of Strategy Strategic Choice Rationale Target market Software in home educational its
what the public Marketing segment of microcomp. industry. wants (edu. software), atari/commodore
64; Branding growing industry, little competition in edu. software
Distribution direct sales force, sell directly to one of biggest assets, cheaper large retailers than
offering 5% commission
Manufacturing 13 ppl. full time; 140 ppl over very small cost, does Christmas season, $75K cost
overrun only $75k
Financial line of credit of 6mil at prime rate; in 1986 the home comp. indust– limit 80% recievables,
potential ry will take off?, incredible relaxing pt, want 3–5 mil by ... Show more content on
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Why? The bank could possibly be uncertain of lending the money to Spinnaker because, of the
uncertainty this third party development business will bring success wise. However, it does prove
great potential with growing technology.
PART 2
What are Bowman's alternatives? Are they mutually exclusive or can some be done in parallel? *
atari had asked Spinnaker to handle its whole software busioness, including program development,
packaging design, advertising, ans store display * atari would just manufacture it would do it
offshore at a low cost and take care of sales and dist. * proposal from Commodore to develop four
programs for foreign languages for 350,000 and 12 educational products at 1 mil and pay royalty *
proposal from atari to develop 47 products for 8.3 mil * sell part of company to large corporation
For each option you should be prepared to speak to:
What it will take resource–wise to execute on each option 1. go with atari: will need ability to
produce 47 products with limited resources 2. commodore: ability to 4 programs 3. sell part of
company: big loss of equity
What is the time–frame required to make it happen 1. around a year, because will be releasing new
system 2. around a year, becasue will be releasing new system
What is the likelihood of success 1. uncertain, could take off with introduction of new system but
trends and tech are always changing 2. uncertain, educational trends

Construction Management
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Chapter 4
Construction contracts. Author: Paweł Kotas, Polska
Construction as a service activity having many dimensions. Starting from ideas, thru find funds,
investor, design construction, find contractor, phase of construction, meet the requirements which
investment needs to be in use and complete facility.
All these aspects are associated with large amounts of documents, permits.
In this essay will be described various types of contracts between the investor and the contractor.
Contract is an agreement between two or more parties to do something for a consideration
establishes the basis for a contract. Because of business aspects of contracts problems can be solved
in the court.
Then the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Depending on the confidence of the contractor on its own estimates and its propensity on risk, a
contractor can slightly raise the unit prices on the underestimated tasks while lowering the unit
prices on other tasks. If the contractor is correct in its assessment, it can increase its profit
substantially since the payment is made on the actual quantities of tasks; and if the reverse is true, it
can lose on this basis.
Negotiated contracts
An owner can enter into contract with a constructor by negotiating the price and method of
reimbursement. This type can during the contract enter into fixed–price or unit –price contract. *
Cost Plus Fixed Percentage Contract
For certain types of construction involving new technology or extremely pressing needs, the owner
is sometimes forced to assume all risks of cost overruns. The contractor will receive the actual direct
job cost plus a fixed percentage, and have little incentive to reduce job cost. Furthermore, if there
are pressing needs to complete the project, overtime payments to workers are common and will
further increase the job cost. * Cost Plus Fixed Fee/ Variable Percentage Contract
Under this type of contract, the contractor will receive the actual direct job cost plus a fixed fee, and
will have some incentive to complete the job quickly since its fee is fixed regardless

The Failure Of Execution Of Myki Project
MYKI–
A Project FIASCO?
Anuraag Monteiro 789186| ENGM90016 Engineering Investment Strategy|
August 18,2016
Table of Contents
1 Executive Summary 3
2 Introduction 3
3 Analysis of the Issues in this Project 4
3.1 Implementation of Myki 4
3.1.1 Time Frame and Cost in Implementing Myki 5
3.2 Performance Monitoring and Benefit Realization. 7
3.2.1 Complaints with respect to Myki Performance 8
3.2.2 Performance Overview of Myki Performance Parameters 9
4 Governance Issues 10
5 Evidence of Failure with Myki Project 11
6 Recommendation 12
7 References 13
1 Executive Summary
This case study depicts the failure of execution of Myki Project. The operational effectiveness of the
Myki system has been examined and assessments have been done to verify whether the
steps/measures taken for the implementation of this project are successful and whether the desired
outputs have been met. Also a brief case of the failure of this project is explained towards the end
specifying the complete failure of this project by the Victorian government. The report is
summarized by specifying some key recommendations so that the board representative can consider
it to make amendments in the existing project and turn this project from a failed one to a successful
one.
2 Introduction
The Victorian Government Public transportation requires a well–designed and functional ticketing
system for it smooth functioning where

Project Risk Management ( Manisha ) Essay
11. Project Risk Management (Manisha)
As explained in Project Charter, in Oct 2014, the Community Living organisation decided to design
an upgraded version of CLIVE as CLIVE 2.0. The upgraded version of CLIVE ensures more
convenient access to the user community of CLIVE. In order to achieve the goal for CLIVE 2.0, the
team has to manage the risks associated with this project systematically by identifying, analysing
and responding to project risks. It includes maximizing the probability and consequences of positive
events and minimising the probability and consequences of adverse events. This document defines a
plan for how the project team will handle risks to achieve the goal.
1. Risks are on the basis of wide range of deliverables such as any migration and update of existing
data required before implementation of a new system.
2. Availability of experts as and when it is required.
3. Expertise of skilled workers acquisition reduces time and error free to work on Project
deliverables.
Risk Guidelines
1. Risk– An uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs has a positive or negative effect on CLIVE
2.0's objectives. It's measure of the inability to achieve overall objectives within defined
requirements and constraints and has
Probability of occurrence
Risk Impact
The accepted timeline before consequences will occur, if the risk is not mitigated.
If Risk is mitigated : 1. Project schedule must be at deliver on learning time. 2.

The Birds Nest Stadium
1.0 Project Description
The Beijing National Stadium, better known as the Birds Nest Stadium is a sporting facility which
was purposefully built for the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008. This stadium is known for using
tonnes of steel (up to 42,000 tonnes) to produce a stadium that resembles a Birds Nest as shown in
the figure below (Bell,2017). Figure 1– Birds Nest Stadium (Bell,2017)
The stadium could fit up to 91,000 people inside and clever design by the architectural firm Herzog
& de Meuron allowed for this stadium to go down as one of the architectural wonders of the world
(Bell,2017). The project began in October of 2002 with an invitation for bidders opened by the
BDPC which allowed for companies to submit tender prices for the ... Show more content on
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Other inputs to the estimate include Human Resource Plan, Risk Register and Organisational
Process Assets (Peebles,2017). All these inputs that the CITIC consortium used would help
formulate the estimation of cost that would be supplied in the tender process to the BDPC.
2.2 Tools and Techniques
Using the inputs above combined with specialised tools and techniques, the CITIC Consortium
came up with an outputted estimated cost to submit for the tender. These tools are as follows. High
quality personnel were trained for estimates and the company (CITIC Consortium) had a finance
department used for estimating projects (Chinyere,2013). This team was used throughout the whole
project and because of their background in estimating, this meant that they had expert judgement on
what activities could be done and for what price. Other techniques the team used include computer
software which could generate estimates on prices using historical information and previous projects
that the team had done (Chinyere, 2013). In regards to project cost management theory, analogous
estimating and parametric estimating are seen to be better so using these might have given the
company a better estimate on the Birds Nest Stadium project (Hueber, 2015).
2.3 Outputs
Inputs and tools/techniques are used to come up with an

Project Life Cycle Of A Website
A website 'Business Dictionary' states project to be a "Planned set of interrelated task to be executed
over a fixed period and with certain cost and other limitations". While in 1993 Turner said project is
"an endeavour in which human, material and financial resources are organised in a novel way, to
undertake a unique scope of work, of a given specification, within the constraints of cost and time so
as to achieve beneficial change, defined by quantities objectives". It can easily be said that any
project faces three main constraints of Time, Cost and Quality (The Iron Tringle).
A project life cycle can broadly be divided ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Overrunning of a project is one of the common reason for project failure, 50% of construction
projects overrun1. Planning phase of a project involves allocation of resources and dates with
deliverables. A project overrun clearly indicates poor planning in terms of scheduling. During
project execution, project activities are subject to considerable uncertainty, new activities may have
to be incorporated or activities may have to be dropped. A disrupted schedule incurs higher costs
due to missed due dates and deadlines, resource idleness, higher work–in–process inventory and
increased system nervousness due to frequent rescheduling.
Cost:
This is often the most important factor of project. Well, financing of a project starts from concept
phase and cash flow with allocation is done in planning phase, but the execution phase requires
maximum efforts in terms of resources and cost. Approximately 63% of all information systems
projects encounter substantial budget overrun, with overrun values "typically between 40 and 200
percent"2. Changing market conditions, Scope of project, and unbalanced budget allocation can
result in major cost overrun, normally an overrun project is bound to cost more in terms of static
inventory and resource idleness. Erroneous estimates for cost and schedule indicates Lack of
prioritisation and understanding.
Quality:
Quality is the scope or the stander of deliverables required. While the scope of project is defined in

Growing Economy, Scope for Fresh and New Projects, Need...
Challenges Project Management in Bangladesh : Positive Factors: 1. Growing economy, scope for
fresh and new projects, need for infrastructural facilities. 2. Availability of resources. 3. Abundance
of manpower. 4. Urge for development. 5. Adaptability of manpower vis–à–vis technologies.
Negative Factors: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22 23. 24. 25.
26. 27. 28. 29. Poor & very inadequate technical bases. Inadequacy of research & trained manpower.
Serious brain drain. Lack & inadequacy of infra–structural facilities. Corruption (resource utilization
is only 40% effectively). Very poor project planning. Data bank lacking & highly inaccurate. Dearth
of experienced & hardworking and honest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I. Introduction a. Statement of the problem One of the most critical and gigantic problem which
most of the developing countries have been facing is that of poverty and special backwardness.
These countries tend to be very anxious to overcome these problems. During the last two decades
these developing countries have been initiating a number of development programmes and projects
under their development plans aiming at increasing production, adopting technologies for
modernization and social change, optimizing use of scarce resources, and above all raising the
standard of living of the millions of people condemned to poverty, inequality and unemployment.
Thus the public sector growth is one of the natural consequences of planned economy. It is the
public enterprises which constitute the most important Institutional framework for achieving these
objectives. The problem of poverty, inequality and stagnation in the developing countries to be as
daunting as ever in spite of massive programme of modernisation and social change were
undertaken by these countries. This has happened due to unsuccessful implementation of
development projects. Existence of a plan does not by any means ensure its effective
implementation. Effective management is vital for the development of any economy because
development itself is the effect of a series of

Devry Proj 592 Week 3 Quiz – Latest Essay
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Question 1. Question : (TCO B) Good project cost estimations are critical to a successful project.
With that in mind, compare and contrast parametric and reserve analysis as cost estimation
techniques. Please provide an example of each. Question 2. Question : (TCO A) A company intends
to establish a manufacturing facility by buying an existing factory from a company in the same
industry. A state–of–the art manufacturing line with supporting utilities will be established ... Show
Question 3. Question : (TCO E) You are assisting on a project for your organization. An RACI has
been created for your project. Your project manager has asked you to interpret the below RACI.
Project Name: HR software design RACI
Activity PM IT HR Testers Sponsor End User
1.1.1 Code software R, A C
2.1.1 A test code R, A
3.1.1 Incorporate changes A R
4.1.1 Roll out software A R R I C
Question 4. Question : (TCO B) You are the project manager for three projects. You are about to
estimate costs for these three projects. Given the below information on each project, recommend an
appropriate estimation method and justify your answer for each. Project A: This project is new to
your company. You do not feel confident in estimating the project costs using internal resources.
There are other companies that have done this type of work. Yet you still want the most accurate
estimates possible. Project B: The work of this project has not likely been done before by anyone.
You are breaking technological barriers in this project. As such, it is imperative you get accurate cost
estimates. Project C: This project will be a scale–up of a project done last year. All the same
processes will be used. The costs for the material and other resources should be scalable based on
last year's costs.
Question 5. Question : (TCO C) The SuperFlyer Corporation is developing a revolutionary

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