The Indigenous Peoples Of Canada

The Indigenous Peoples Of Canada
The Indigenous Peoples of Canada as a community were violated in numerous ways including
colonization. The prolonged transgression of the Indigenous Peoples has left them in arguably the
worst environmental, educational, social and economic state in the Nation decades after initial
contact (Canadian Population Health Initiative, 2004). As a direct result traditions pertaining to all
aspects of Indigenous life were affected, specifically traditional means of health. In an attempt to
figuratively breathe new life into a wounded community, efforts have been made to bring back the
ways of Aboriginal midwifery in Nunavut, Québec and Ontario. Facilities in said provinces have
been established to provide culturally safe care, putting to use ancestral medicine and qualified First
Nation midwives. The current health statistics and feedback received after introducing these types of
facilities have been positive in improving health care for Aboriginal women, and also positively
bringing about a sense of cultural revival.
Statistical State of the Nation
Health wise the Indigenous population of Canada have been found to have a much higher rate of
major health problems in comparison to the non–Indigenous populations. Rates of cardiovascular
disease, obesity, arthritis and hypertension are all higher than non–Aboriginal Canadian rates (First
Nations and Inuit Reginal Health Survey, 1999). The Indigenous population comprised of 4.3% of
the population in 2011 but accounted for 12.2% of
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Sociology : Sociology Of Indigenous People
Introduction Sociology 214: Sociology of Indigenous people in Canada; has covered the topics of
Indigenous and Sociological Paradigms, Colonialism, Identity, Aboriginal and Treaty Rights, Land
Claims and Self–Government and lastly; Education, Economy and Social Conditions of Indigenous
people. Through questions posted in the mandatory discussion forums each week, dialogue was held
with other students to express opinions on the topic of the week while expanding knowledge of
Indigenous people in Canada, and ones' own personal opinions. These posts took place each week
after reviewing and digesting the readings and videos in relation to the topic of discussion. This
short post will describe how my personal ideas and opinions have changed ... Show more content on
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With a greater knowledge about the Indigenous population of Canada, my thoughts have been
altered and particular views I now held; earn more from a place of empathy rather than anger.
Changed Thoughts As I review my posts from the semester I see an initial change in my thoughts
and perceptions about Indigenous people in Canada from a post on May 7, 2015. The topic of
discussion was Western and Aboriginal ways of knowing; our knowledge and views of the two.
Prior to reading the material I posted about my personal thoughts; in summary, Western Ways of
Knowing were more scientifically based and Aboriginal Ways of Knowing were more holistic. Once
the material for the week had been read, I posted again, here mentioning Dr. Battiste's article,
Indigenous Knowledge: Foundations for First Nations. From this article it is apparent my thoughts
changed, noting that society perceives Indigenous ways of knowing as "old or out of date"; simply
proving that society is uneducated about Indigenous culture and teachings. Furthermore, from Dr.
Battiste's article I quoted "Indigenous knowledge is systemic, covering both what can be observed
and what can be thought. It compromises the rural and the urban, the settled and the nomadic,
original inhabitants and migrants". This statement solely stood as evidence that I was a part of the
population of Canada unaware of the extensive knowledge behind Indigenous knowledge. It is here
in the initial

Aboriginal Women Research Paper
Aboriginal women face disproportionate challenges throughout their incarceration which impacts
their successful community reintegration. Over the last ten years, inmate assaults involving
Aboriginal women have exponentially grown, almost doubling, while use of force incidents have
more than tripled. Rates of self–injury involving incarcerated Aboriginal women are seventeen times
higher than that of non–Aboriginal women. To agree with Baldry, Carlton, and Cunneen, using
Indigenous women as a focus point is beneficial because their "experiences embody and exemplify
the intersections between colonial and neocolonial oppression and the multiple sites of gender and
disadvantage and inequality that stem from patriarchal domination." Cunneen highlights that
Indigenous women actually live in "many prisons"; the prison of misunderstanding; the prison of
misogyny; and the prison of disempowerment. Patricia Monture insists that one way women can
resist oppression and facilitate social change is by telling their own stories. The Task Force for
Federally Sentenced Women developed a report called Creating Choices, which attempted to
relocate the power to make choices in womens' lives out of the hands of prison officials and back to
the women themselves because, according to the findings of the Task Force, it is only when people
are treated with respect and when they are empowered can they take responsibility for their actions
and make meaningful decisions. Monture–Okanee reflects on the irony of the final report ... Show
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We are learning that when genuine 'Indigenous' Justice is hiding under the cloak of Western
paradigms, we continue to see the rising population of Indigenous peoples––especially Indigenous
women––in prisons. Our programs and rehabilitative initiatives remain under Western paradigms,
even when painted with the brush of 'restorative' or 'indigenous'

Knowledge And Traditional Knowledge
1. Introduction
Traditional knowledge
The terms traditional knowledge (TK) also known as indigenous knowledge (IK), and local
knowledge generally refers to knowledge systems embedded in the regional traditions, indigenous
cultures, or local communities.
Traditional knowledge includes knowledge about medicines, technology, weather/climate as well as
agricultural practices. This knowledge has been orally passed for generations from person to person.
Some forms of traditional knowledge find expression in folktales, legends, folklore, rituals, songs,
and even in community laws.
Traditional knowledge (TK) is knowledge, know–how, skills and practices that are developed,
sustained and passed on from generation to generation within a community, often forming part of its
cultural or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In many cases traditional knowledge has been orally passed for generations from one person to
another person. This knowledge is unique to a given culture or society(Handbook of Research on
Theoretical Perspectives on Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Developing Countries)
In general, traditional knowledge adopt a more holistic approach, and do not separate observations
into different disciplines as does Western science (Iaccarino, 2003). Moreover, traditional
knowledge systems do not interpret reality on the basis of a direct cause and effect, but rather as a
world made up of complex web of interactions (Freeman, 1992). The problem is how to study and
analyze traditional knowledge and belief systems.
It is not possible to simply reduce TK to practical knowledge that is exclusively based on experience
as opposed to theoretical knowledge, which is developed through deductive or inductive reasoning.
Some of these TK are based on their religion and even based on super natural incidents as well.
These quantities may not be able to measure or compare or even these may not tangible

The And Its Effects On Indigenous People
"Bioprospecting is aimed to make humans rich, not to conserve forests" (Onaga 2001). Even though
the Convention on Biological Diversity called for more benefit sharing, in most cases
bioprospecting agreements cannot be enforced by source countries, communities, or the convention
(Sandhu 3,4). This makes biopiracy common, since the country that makes a successful commercial
product is likely to want to protect their intellectual property rights and neglect indigenous
contributions (Cluis 1). A local curing plant that was once a free commodity to indigenous people, is
now a marketed one that becomes unaffordable for the ones that discovered its value and used it
before anyone else (Cluis 1). In 1969, a fungus containing 'cyclosporin' was collected in Norway
and brought to Switzerland for screening (Dhillion et al. 492). It happened to be an
immunosuppressant that could treat patients with organ transplantations. This discovery was before
the Convention on Biological Diversity, so Norway got no credit. However, if they would have
received a mere 2% royalty from the profit, they would have gained $24.3 million in 1997 alone,
proving the incredible economic potential bioprospecting has (Dhillion et al. 492). Bioprospecting
can also harm the environment, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has been criticized for
devastating populations of "Maytenus Buchananii," a native Kenyan species with medicinal uses
(Dhillion et al. 492). Lack of legal framework and indigenous

A Case Study Of Bangladesh And Papua New Guinea
Introduction:
The world climate is degrading in different ways to strive with the human need. Standing in this
situation, we are trying to organize the natural resource management through the utilization of
scientific knowledge (research based) as well as other knowledge like local or indigenous
knowledge system. On the other hand, to keep a continuous food supply for every living body along
with a stable climate, are the concerning parts of the natural resource management. When increasing
production of food and stable resource management is not compatible with each other at this
moment, different knowledge systems are promoting for resource management all over the world to
solve this problem. Integrated different knowledge under one umbrella is a challenge because
diverse way gives diverse solution and satisfying local people with the scientific solution is more
difficult where they keep in–depth knowledge about resources in a specific area. A case study of
Bangladesh and Papua New Guinea will present a brief example of the topic. Though it is
problematic to use diverse knowledge in a holistic manner, only government can do this job and we
don 't have any alternative to save ourselves from the wrath of nature.
What is NRM:
At starting, we need to clarify what is NRM. Natural resource management is different in different
area, even among people, but as a scientific explanation, – "Natural resource management is an
interdisciplinary field of study. Mainly reflects the

Traditional Ecological Knowledge Essay
Traditional Ecological Knowledge and the conservation of natural resources Nature as w e know it
means different things to different people. To an economist, natural is often seen as a resource to be
transformed and put in readiness for human use. An alternative view is that humans are stewards
who should care for natural things as well as making use of nature's bounty. Another view is that
nature of animism, which sees nature as a living thing, something to be respected and not controlled.
Some native American's view the earth as a sacred place could be called animist. Another alternative
view is that the entire planet earth is a self correcting system based on a symbiotic relationship
between the earth and the living beings(Peacock, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They do not believe that they kill the animal because of how skilled a hunter they were. In order to
show their gratitude to the land, they make sure that they do not misuse the meat that they derive
from such animal. Who are the indigenous people? Emery and Associates defined indigenous people
as descent of populations that lived in a particular country or geographical regions to which the
country belongs, at the time of colonization or conquest and who irrespective of their legal status
retain some or all of their own cultural, social and political institutions (Emery and Associates,
1997). While most literature on the traditional ecological knowledge focused on North American
indigenous people, there are also indigenous societies in Australia, South America, Asia and Africa,
each with its own version of traditional ecological knowledge. What is traditional ecological
knowledge? Traditional ecological knowledge as defined by Fikret Berkes is the knowledge base
acquired by indigenous and local peoples over thousands of years through direct contact with the
environment(Berkes, 1993). This knowledge includes the spiritual, physical, emotional, and mental
aspects and related components of the earth and universe. Traditional ecological knowledge is often
passed from generations to generations through oral

Stereotypes In Disney Film Pocahontas
Animated films are commonly regarded as innocent and enchanting with little influence on the
ideological beliefs that develop in children. Yet it is evident that this rhetoric is detrimental to the
understanding that children are highly susceptible to influences from film and lack necessary skills
to think critically. Thus, animated films instill ideologies within children that follow them
throughout their lives. The predominant white narrative within the Disney film Pocahontas
misrepresents Indigenous culture by portraying them as savage, bestial, and primitive caricatures
while the falsification of historical events sets to maintain the archetypical white Anglo–Saxon
supremacy, creating hegemonic ideologies that decisively impact how Indigenous people are viewed
negatively within society and internally feel Otherized, causing confusion of personal identity. I will
begin by articulating how films provoke fantasy, fears, and social concerns to garner audiences for
profitability. These provocations are rooted in the ideologies of the dominant culture at the expense
of Indigenous peoples. I will then express how the 'Self' (white men) and the 'Other' (Indigenous
people) are segmented within Pocahontas and the effects this has on the relationship of Indigenous
people to society. Next, I will discuss how the false representation of historical events creates
cultural hegemony and reinforces categorization of Indigenous people. Lastly, I will demonstrate
that the negative and

Effects Of The Conquest Of Mexico
The Conquest of Mexico And Epidemics
The Aztec and Central American (Mesoamerican) indigenous civilizations were onlookers to one of
the worst demographic catastrophes in history seeing citizen deficits of almost ninety percent, down
to one million residents almost one century after conquest (Marr and Kiracoffe 2000). These
demographic disasters were in the form of disease outbreaks of New and Old World commencement
and a consequence of and crucial contributing components to the accomplishment of the Spanish
annihilation of the region. As Spaniards infiltrated the region, introducing new cultural, political and
socioeconomic practices, the indigenous peoples found themselves subordinated and severely
weakened by plagues caused by the growing Spanish population and the unknown climatic factors
of the period and unable to resist to Spanish dominance. The epidemics that ravaged the Mexican
indigenous populations in the sixteenth century ensured the success of the Spanish Conquest forever
altering the face of Mexican history, demography, and culture.
Historically, the epidemics that decimated the indigenous population permanently altered the
trajectory of Mexican society. Pre–Conquest Mexican society was well developed, arguably more so
than Spanish society: Mexico was clean: wastes were hauled away by barge and composted for
fertilizer; a thousand men swept and washed the streets each day...Most of Mexico's streets were
canals, laid out on a grid still followed by the modern

Indigenous People In Canada
Canada
as a nation is known to the world for being loving, courteous, and typically very welcoming
of all ethnicities. Nevertheless, the treatment of Canada's Indigenous population over the past
decades, appears to suggest otherwise. Indigenous people have been tormented and oppressed by the
Canadian society for hundreds of years and remain to live under discrimination resulting in cultural
brutality. This, and more, has caused severe negative cultural consequences, psychological and
sociological effects. The history of the seclusion of Indigenous people has played a prominent aspect
in the development and impact of how Indigenous people are treated and perceived in today's
society. Unfortunately, our history with respect to the treatment of Indigenous communities is not
something in which we should take pride in. The Indian Act of 1876 is an excellent model of how
the behavior of racial and cultural superiority attributed to the destruction of Indigenous culture and
beliefs. The Indian Act established by the Canadian government is a policy of Aboriginal
assimilation which compels Indigenous parents under threat of prosecution to integrate their
children into Residential Schools. As a nation, we are reminded by past actions that has prompted
the weakening of the identity of Indigenous peoples. Residential schools has also contributed to the
annihilation of Indigenous culture which was to kill the Indian in the child by isolating them from
the influence of their parents and

Relationship Between Police And The Indigenous Community
Consider what Blagg (2008) and Cunneen (2007) have said about the relationship between
Aboriginal communities and the police. What are the major sources of concern, in relation to
Aboriginal over–representation in the criminal justice system and what efforts have been made to
reduce this over–representation?
There is a major negative hole in the relationship between police and the indigenous community;
Blagg and Cunneen both convey key relevant statistics that, display relative evidence of a negative
relationship between the two groups. Both authors also state past strategies that have been used to
identify these issues and work to heal the relationship. The authors also state present strategies that
are being used and ideas that could help mend the relationship that has been torn apart between the
two groups.
Cunneens (2007) articles showed relative statistics, showing the negative effects of the relationship
between the two groups, whether it is one groups wrong doing or not, the evidence shows that there
is an issue that needs urgent attention and resolving. "Indigenous people were 17 times more likely
to be held in custody than non–Indigenous people in Australia" this raw fact can be looked at from
two different perspectives; number one the indigenous community are victimised by the police, or
two a major percentage of the indigenous community are being involved in crime. Considering the
indigenous population compared to the non indigenous community is so small, it does

Decolonization Of Indigenous People
For hundreds of years' Indigenous people have been colonized by the British and now Canadian
settlers in Canada. Colonization is defined in Merriam–Webster Dictionary as taking control of an
area and sending people to live there. This is initially what the British did when coming to North
America. However, since then colonization has gained a larger and more sinister meaning.
Colonization was used to undermine and devalue all aspects of Indigenous culture, including
traditional medicine and healing practicesi. It encompasses the attempt at assimilating the
indigenous people into the now western ways by presenting Indigenous people as savages and less
than the European culture. Due to this history of colonization Indigenous people now have ... Show
Decolonization a process that centres on regaining political, cultural, economic and social self–
determination as well as positive identities as individuals, families, communities and nationsii. One
way that this can be achieved is through the integration of indigenous and western health care
practices. This can be done by educating both parties about the differences and similarities between
them. Further when if the two ideologies can be used together it will create an environment where
stereotypes can be dissolved. However, there will still be problems overcoming in the stereotypes
initially, which is why cultural competency training and communication is important. Dialogue must
be created with Indigenous people to learn what is needed to educate about and integrate Indigenous
practices into mainstream healthcare for Indigenous people. Although difficult, modifying the
western biomedical model of health care to integrate the indigenous traditional model will assist the
decolonization of the relationship between Indigenous people and Canada. This is possible because
it will allow Indigenous people to reclaim their traditional culture, redefine themselves as people in
the greater society and reassert their distinct

A Non Indigenous Student
As a non–indigenous student, I want future generations to understand that the fact that you do not
live on a reserve, does not mean you cannot embrace your own Indigeneity, connect to your place
and ancestry, and put effort into learning about your ancestral roots. I was feeling frustrated that I
did not have that connection to my ancestors, that I did not know their struggles, their stories, let
alone their names. For this embodiment project I expanded my knowledge of my own personal
genealogy and developed a deep sense of appreciation for archival records, census forms, and any
record at all, of life in the eighteenth century and beyond. Throughout this ongoing project, the four
R's (Reciprocity, respect, responsibility, and relevance) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was then that all of the discussions that were had in my Indigenous class with Margo Tamez, and
everything I had been taught about Indigenous history came flooding back to me. I knew deep down
that it was possible, but it seemed hard to believe that my chances at finding out more information
about my genealogy were growing more and more slim. The realization that my history has been
impeded on is frustrating, and I know I cannot justify this feeling because I am white. Whiteness is a
state of unconsciousness. Whiteness is often invisible to white people, and this perpetuates a lack of
knowledge or understanding of difference, which, according to bell hooks, is a root cause of
oppression (hooks, 1994). Knowing your genealogy is a human RIGHT. It is not a privilege that I
have luckily been awarded because I am white. It is a complete violation of the rights of Indigenous
peoples and this cannot continue. The biggest issue that I try to unpack in my embodiment project is
in relation to what I am calling 'colonized sources'. I will explain how I came to this terminology in
a moment.
Colonization. Erasure. Settlers. Residential schools.
Around 1840, Euro–American imperialists imposed policies to terminate the passing of knowledge,
language, and culture between generations (desLibris, 2015). Following the rise of residential
schools, Indigenous knowledge was becoming

Learning From Indigenous Knowledge On Education
Learning from indigenous knowledge in education: Indigenuous knowledge has been the foundation
for learning that aboriginal families, communities and nations have always maintained for their
children. It has been our knowledge systems, cultural traditions and values, and ancestral languages
that have affirmed our place within the Canadian context. Indigenous perspectives on learning do
not see indigenous and western knowledge traditions in opposition to one another.
(Battisfe,2002).Indigenous peoples ability to thrive is a testament to the ways they can a
And choose from, changing traditions, including western educational approaches.
"Ways of knowing ": We are interested in how people try to understand themselves, then society ...
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3) The subservience of nature.
4) A commitment to a realistic. QUESTION: DISCUSS THE INFLUENCE SITES OF
LEARNING.....................
Answer: Indigenous technologies and the land began in 1998–99.The time sequences of this story is
spring 1999 to autumn 1995 like the hermit crab running backwards on the intertidal zone in the
dark hours looking for a home a snail shell running forwards sideways in circles the quest is
Indigenous ecological knowing and practices eco–technologies and survivance stories respectful
research practices. We become trespassers on our own land retroactively for a dozen generations.
The newcomer arrived in our territories they have created social–spiritual and environmental cries
for us or survivances and regeneration are threats to mainstream socio–political legitimacy and epis–
etymological supremacy. Sites of learning: Communal experiences become incorporated in the
language of family and community. The mutually reinforcing influence of each of these learning
sites–language family, community and ceremony is like a medicine, wheel always in motion, with
each quadrant drawing from and enriching all the others. Language instruction in elementary,
secondary school, oral history and culture courses the sites of learning extend beyond the family
hearth and the village council of former times. The impact of ceremonies are carried outward from
the traditional camp

The Injustice Of Indigenous Offenders Essay
The Injustice of Indigenous Offenders Throughout the history of Canada, we have acknowledged
Indigenous cultures as being the first people of Canadian land. However, society has not treated
them as equal members of society since the first explorers settled. The Euro–Canadian culture has
impacted the Indigenous people negatively; as a result injustice between the two cultures has
developed and inequality has widened as the two cultures interact more frequently. Lisa Monchalin
(2016), author of the text The Colonial Problem: An Indigenous Perspective on Crime and Injustice
in Canada, noted multiple reasons how Aboriginal people are discriminated against in society, and
how they are over–represented in Canadian correctional system. In society, according to Aylsworth,
L., and Trovato, F. (2012) of The Canadian Encyclopedia, the indigenous population was
approximately 4.3% of the total Canadian population, yet, the 2015–2016 Annual Report of the
Office of the Correctional Investigator noted "an unabated increase in the number of Indigenous
people behind bars, a rate now surpassing 25% of the total federal incarcerated population" (2016,
n.p.). This raised the question as to why there was such a blatant over–representation of Indigenous
people in the criminal justice system. Indigenous history has been speckled with injustices, hardship,
discrimination, racism, and have been on the receiving end of multiple attempts to rid Canada of
Indigenous ways and people. The history of these

Social And Individual Factors Affecting The Level Of Local...
INTRODUCTION:
The purpose of this study was to collect information on how people of a particular culture and
region make use of wild plants. Ethnobotany studies the interactions between people and plants in
nature, with influences of botany and anthropology and can contribute to discussions that link
indigenous human populations to areas of interest for biological preservation. Ethnobotany
medicine, the scientific term for traditional health care, encompasses the knowledge, skills,
methods, practices, and beliefs about health care found among the members of a community. These
approaches take into account the interests of indigenous communities involved in such areas in order
to emphasize the importance of the traditional knowledge of the ... Show more content on
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MATERIALS & METHODES:
In order to document the utilization of indigenous medicinal plants, survey was carried out during
the Spring, summer and autumn of 2012 in the Namarestagh district (Mazandaran province) of Iran.
The survey was spread across the seasons so as to get maximum information. The information on
medicinal uses of the indigenous plants have been described after gathering information from
general local people and experienced aged rural folk. The research population consisted of 674
people, including residents of the five villages. According to the study and collection of data and
characteristics of population, the sample size was determined using the equation Cochran (214 = n).
A total of 214 inhabitants from 5 villages were interviewed. The randomly selected respondents of
different ages from about 40 years and above were interviewed in local language, that is,
Mazandarani. A semi structured questionnaire was used to elicit information from the resource
persons using standard methods Information on local name of the plant, plant parts used for curing
disease their recipes and mode of administration were recorded. Plants collected during the surveys
were identified with the help of flora.Cronbach 's alpha coefficients were calculated for different
parts of the questionnaire that the total value of 0.78 was determined to show the reliability of the
questionnaire.
Analysis of data obtained from questionnaires, using the software

Canada 's Relationship With The Indigenous People
This is a powerful quote, and to each individual, it has its own meaning. When I read this quote,
what I understood was that if one believes they are powerless, then they are. The oppressor cannot
control what is in your head, or your spirit. This quote is relevant because it corresponds to Canada's
relationship with the Indigenous people. My paper will be ranging from the topics of residential
schools in Canada, and the aftershock of them; the positive influence New Zealand could have on
Canada's struggle to decolonization, and looking deeper into how Canada can take New Zealand as
an example and try to incorporate it into our own values and system. Although this paper includes a
broad range of subjects, it will be focused solely on my ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although to most, Residential schools are considered a time of the past, the final residential school
did not actually close until 1986, which means that many of our older generation of today's
Aboriginal communities are residential school survivors. The traumatizing effects of the schools had
not only had a significant effect on the families directly involved, but also for generations to follow.
According to the Manitoba Justice Institute, residential schools laid the foundation for the epidemic
we see today of domestic abuse and violence against Aboriginal women and children.17 The high
rates of domestic violence among Aboriginal families results in a vicious cycle of abuse and
dysfunction over generations. The families directly affected were raised with no love, from there,
the pain was carried down in many other forms and so forth. This brings me to the topic of my first
notion, that education is the root of decolonization. I am certain of this because, from what I
understand nothing is so persistent and forced into society more than education is. I am not
concentrated strictly on schools, but the idea that we are constantly surrounded by many possible
sources of knowledge. A young child first and foremost learns from its surroundings (its parents,
siblings, media, etc...) and then usually put into a school for further education. How a child is
developed mentally plays such a huge role in his or her life choices, and later on

The Value Of Nature Within Our Everyday Lives
In order to further understand the value of nature within our everyday lives both the passages of
Leanne Simpson, David Chambers and Helen Watson address the importance of perspectives and
the ways in which different knowledge is viewed within the world. In Land As Pedagogy:
Nishnaabeg Intelligence and Rebellious Transformation written by Leanne Simpson she highlights
the importance of indigenous traditions and knowledge as a way to obtain decolonization through
sharing Nishnaabeg stories. She allows the reader to understand that indigenous traditions and
knowledge such as the Nishnaabeg intelligence view the land as pedagogy and offer processes such
as "coming to know" (2014, p. 7). For instance, Simpson (2014) explains this process as " ... Show
The river of water from the sea is seen as the Western knowledge and the river of water from the
land is Yolngu knowledge. Through examining this metaphor we are able to understand that the
mediation between each knowledge involves transformation and change. According to Chambers
and Watson (1989) " be that as it may it should not deter us from mediating between different
worlds, after all in contemporary times it is the only hope humankind has. The world is now too well
connected to allow the luxury of alienation within on conceptual system." (Exhibit 1, p. 2). They do
not look at making one knowledge privileged from the other, which raises the question on how can
we change the western attitude to nature and land? Where does this start? Another important
question these authors raised includes through examining both indigenous and western cultures,
what can this teach us?
Since, Leanne Simpson (2014) draws the reader to think about the value of indigenous cultures and
traditions this allows for the reader to be struck with many questions and concerns. Personally, I felt
very emotional after reading this text because the ways in which Simpson explains the values of her
culture is very motivating and provides a deep amount of thought. She explains many important
aspects as mentioned previously with coming to know as well as aspects such as spiritual knowledge
and theory in indigenous perspectives. This allowed for me to continuously

The Ancient Songs, Stories And Art Of Native People
Patty Loew writes "the ancient songs, stories and art of Native people are filled with symbolism and
wisdom. In order to understand the cultural meaning of the people, places, and events that shaped
their lives, we must not only read history, but also listen to it (Loew 11)." When we listen to history,
it can be recognized by means of how the author acknowledges that written accounts of people and
their lives does in fact offer a valuable source of information, but it diminishes in comparison to
what could actually be learned from those who actually come from that history. Additionally, in
order to actually listen to history it's important to read it but it also means that we must be able to
understand it. If we can understand history, we can use our understandings of history to apply it to
history over time. History is important when listening to the past because of the fact that it gives
people an understanding of how people's cultures have evolved over time. This also allows us to
learn from the past and hopefully prevent making the same mistakes again in the future. Passing
stories down is another important component in order to listen to history due to the fact that oral
history has allowed us to construct the past and get more crucial details. Throughout the book there
are several examples of how the author listened to history in order to write her book. From the first
chapter in Indian Nations of Wisconsin, Loew allows us to listen to history by means of discussing

Civil Aspects Of The Indigenous Communities
The Indigenous people throughout Mexico have had a tumultuous history filled with violence and
repression. Their rich cultures have repeatedly been infringed upon by outside cultures, and their
place in the world remains uncertain to this day. This battle to retain their culture began centuries
ago, and envelopes all different types of Indigenous groups, from the old Aztecs to the Zapotecs.
Their society was and remains to be very different from popular culture in Mexico and Spain during
the times of the Conquistadores, and they have therefore been subjected to different persecutions
and maltreatments throughout history. The Indigenous people have had their own customs and social
laws since their inception. These customs are very different than popular Mexican society, and
therefore are the targets of criticism and persecution at the hands of the Mexican government. One
of the most defining civil aspects of the Indigenous communities is the concept of communal land.
The land was owned by the community as a whole, known as Ejido land, and households were given
land to work and live on in exchange for their agreement to follow the social aspects of the society.
The system was a complex and effective web of public–held positions for every aspect of civil
society from police to mayordomos, or the people who tended to the saints for a year. It was a kind
of social obligation, and composed of both a civil and religious hierarchy. This system was an
effective way to maintain

The Impact Of Environmental Degradation On Western North...
Environmental degradation has become a social and cultural norm both within and supported by
Westernized North American life, and the average Canadian and American citizen will likely suffer
an estrangement from our natural world. This separation, backed by centuries of social
constructions, has done much more than alienate us from our original physicality: it has enforced a
culturally justified set of values rationalizing and permitting the devastation of wilderness. A cultural
mindset extending centuries into the past is difficult for the individual to identify and even more
challenging for a society to overcome; however, another culture exists, namely that of the North
American indigenous peoples, who have developed and experienced, through a history of living at
peace with the land, what is known as traditional knowledge. This unique relationship to the land
encompasses a truth that colonial and subsequent Western rule both overlooked and stigmatized in
the face of economic and social "progress". While Western North American culture is beginning to
acknowledge and explore the worldview and methods accrued through traditional knowledge and
employ consultation with the indigenous peoples as a vehicle of sustainability, serious damage has
already been committed and could have been lessened had our past entailed an adoption of
Aboriginal worldviews. The benefits of traditional knowledge can particularly be seen through
analysis of Aboriginal relationships to forestry, which

Ways Of Being By Indigenous People
Ways of Being
Indigenous people believe that they are part of the existing entities and have rights to earned and
bestowed the resources to country, self and others (Martin & Mirraboopa, 2003). They thought that
physical world is co–existed with human world. So that they must protect the physical world as their
guardians (Martin & Mirraboopa, 2003). Their ways of being also change when the relations change
among the people and amongst the entities. The experiences of one is for all and the experiences of
others are also for one; this is learnt each other through "reciprocity, obligation, shared experiences,
coexistence, cooperation and social memory" (Martin & Mirraboopa, 2003, p. 210). Arbon (2008)
also state that being is embodiment, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Discussion
Australian Indigenous epistemology is the communication and interpretation and experiencing of
physical world, human world and scared world with the Indigenous perspectives of knowing, being
and doing. Base on the literature review, the Australian Indigenous epistemology can be described as
the following diagram. First of all, human world received the knowledge from physical world by
experiencing, controlling and organizing their ways of knowing. Then, this knowledge is embodied,
reciprocal and relatedness to apply in the communication and co–existing processes with other
entities, to create ways of being. The ways of being support the emergence of scared world through
sharing and learning processes of Indigenous community. In addition, ways of doing is synthesis and
articulation of Indigenous ways of knowing and ways of being to develop laws, power, culture and
essence to assist the scared world. Likewise, scared world also contributes the ways of doing by
setting up the concept of do no harm approach and co–existence with other entitles to maintain and
guard to become a sustainable physical world. To sum up, Australian indigenous epistemology is a
unique and the steps are link each other as a packed one in its origin.
Conclusion
In conclusion, there are many articles related to Australian Indigenous epistemology, but this article
reflects and review the Indigenous epistemology that develop by Indigenous scholars and all the
resources are

Tourism and Indigenous People
BA (Hons) Tourism Marketing Year 3 1.0 AN INTRODUCTION According to the United Nations
definition of indigenous people, they are "descendants of those who inhabited a country or a
geographical region at the time when people of different cultures or ethnic origins arrived" (United
Nations, 2011a). It is estimated that there are about 370 million indigenous people around the globe
in over 70 different countries. They keep their own political, social, economic and cultural qualities
and also their unique traditions which separate them from other major societies in which they live
(United Nations, 2011a). Nowadays, when tourists interact with indigenous cultures it is seen to be
restricted to a master/servant encounter and sometimes is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
He went on to say that tourism is one of the most "labour intensive industries" left to the modern
world and that it has a very agreeable multiplier effect when planned successfully (Manley, 1974).
According to the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody: National Report (1991) the
potential for tourism development is strong in certain parts of Australia. In rural areas it is one of a
few growth sections for the economy. However, tourism also brings its quandaries regarding
indigenous people, in this case, of aboriginal descent. There are two sides to the coin as at one side
we have one of the very few ways that aboriginal people have in taking positive action in creating
income for themselves through tourism, but tourism can also bring unwanted invasion of people‟s
community spirit and lifestyle and bringing with that little benefit to the people (Commonwealth of
Australia, 1991). 2 6/12/2011 BA (Hons) Tourism Marketing Year 3 Altman & Finlayson (2003)
examined how employment as a form of economic income in the tourism industry (and tourism–
related industries) needs people with good communicational attributes and people who can read and
write, as well as embracing different cultures. This idea can be discouraging for some people of
indigenous ethnic groups. They went on to say how these issues aforementioned result in a boundary
being set around

Contemporary Management Of Traditional Forest
There are over 556 federally recognized tribes in the United States. Over eighteen million acres on
334 tribal reservation in 36 states are forests and woodlands (IFMAT). These forested ecosystems
are vital to tribal communities therefore it is important to address frameworks offered for co–
managing resources. Despite the popular assumption, Indian tribes have managed lands for
thousands of years prior to Euro–American settlement. Tribal communities relied on traditional
knowledge to sustain their livelihoods. Traditional ecological knowledge is passed down through
generations, which include harvesting, use of fire, and sustaining livelihoods through the landscape
and cultural practices. In recent years, traditional knowledge held by local and indigenous
communities has gain international recognition that this knowledge can offer modern society
restoration solutions for multiple ecosystems. There are strong examples of contemporary
management of traditional forest use in multiple tribes throughout the US with a variety of
approaches from conventional westernized approaches to programs rooted in traditional ecological
knowledge (TEK). This paper evaluates three tribes located in the west: the Tulalip Tribe, the Karuk
Tribe, and White Mountain Apache. Academic literature on indigenous forest management and
current plans/programs implementing traditional ecological knowledge were reviewed to address the
following questions: What is Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK)? What

The History Of Residential Schools In Canada
Although Canada's history is rich with admirable qualities that justify great patriotism, it also has a
disturbing past. In particular, this past is centred around the treatment of Canada's Indigenous
population in regards to the tragic residential schools that were implemented. From 1800 until 1990,
residential schools were established to eliminate Indigenous culture in hopes to assimilate them into
a mainstream white society (Statistics Canada, 2004). Reaching their peak in 1930, there were 80
schools in effect (Statistics Canada, 2004). Presently, there is an extensive history of residential
schools, in which the various perspectives and conditions of the schools are outlined. To begin, the
assorted perspectives regarding the usage of these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This need is supported by the often brutal living conditions faced by the students at the schools. For
starters, the physical construction of the schools was of poor quality and build (Neeganagwedgin,
2014, p. 33). Next, the schools were often plagued with illnesses such as tuberculosis, which was
soon recognized as the leading cause of numerous deaths amongst students (Grant, 1996, p. 118).
On top of this, there was poor ventilation throughout the schools as means to save on costs (Grant,
1996, p. 118–119). Ultimately, this contributed to the rampant spreading of such illnesses (Grant,
1996, p. 119). An inspection of the schools in 1907 revealed that schools that had been in effect for
ten years or higher had alarming illness and death rates (Grant, 1996, p. 118). In fact, "...seven
percent of the present or former students were sick or in poor health, and twenty–four percent were
dead" (Grant, 1996, p. 118). To make matters worse, the meals prepared for the students were of
astonishingly poor quality. In an interview with Bette Spence, she confesses that one meal in
particular was "Just bits of lamb floating in this white, off–white gravy..." stating that "...it wasn't
appetizing at all. But, you had to eat something or just go hungry" (Deiter, 1999, p. 41). Often, there
also

Rhetorical Analysis Example
English 131 W
October 7, 2017
Assignment 2:Rhetorical Analysis
From August 30 to September 16, 1995, the global highlightwas China, where thousands of women
gathered to attend two significant events: The 1995 NGO Forum on Women and the U.N. Fourth
World Conference on Women.Approximately 31,000 women from more than 200 countries attended
the nongovernmental organization forum, compelled by the need to join the fast–growing,
worldwide network of women who were determined to achieve equality, development, and peace. In
the NGO Forum, UN fourth World conference on women in Huairou, Beijing, PROC, the primitive
women present had come together to draft a declaration to claim their own rights, so called "Beijing
Declaration of Indigenous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, in the later part of the declaration, when they do their proposals and demands, for
multiple times, they mention their target audience. One of their most important readers, the
"government", is mentioned many times in the article. Like when they say"We demand that the
international community and governments recognize and respect our rights to our territories"
(Beijing Declaration of Indigenous Women, 22), and when they declare "We urge the governments
who are opening up out territories to foreign investors especially to mining corporations, to respect
these rights." (Beijing Declaration of Indigenous Women, 23), they always emphasize the word
"government", which accurately locks their audience with the group related to official departments,
say government, international organizations, the United Nations, and so on. They to some extent
ignore the public, the teenagers, the elders, the people outside the indigenous group and have mere
interest in acknowledging this issue solely to the government. They are not intending to persuade
everybody, only calling the government to take actions to satisfy indigenous peoples' demands.
Secondly, because of the special audience they have, their language style is also distinctive. The
tone of the article is official and serious due to the situation of being present in a worldwide famous
conference in Beijing. The style is best defined by their special rhetorical dictions,

Kinesiologists
IKON is Australia's leading, specialist provider of therapeutic and human services training and is
dedicated to advancing knowledge and understanding in humanistic studies through vocational and
higher education, leadership and practice. The IKON Institute aims to produce graduates who are
enabled to continually develop their own potential, and whose skills, knowledge and therapeutic
client–centred practice contribute to the creation of an international community of people and
practitioners committed to social change, community building and individual healing. At IKON,
you'll gain more than a nationally recognised qualification, you'll gain a rewarding career where you
can make a positive difference in your life and the lives of others. What ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The kinesiology approach examines 'unresolved stress reactions' in a person and provides techniques
intended to help the body's natural healing process. Some of the techniques available to
Kinesiologists include: acupressure lymphatic massage hypertonic muscle release attention to reflex,
trigger and body points nutritional advice remedies, such as flower essences and homeopathics The
Diploma of Kinesiology at IKON The Diploma of Kinesiology will give you the opportunity to gain
skills and work with clients to gain a greater understanding of what their body is trying to tell us.
This course is particularly relevant for people that want to work in health fields where an integrated
mind body medicine approach is useful – such as working with people with long term chronic
conditions, structural and pain related conditions, life change and psychological states, and children
and adults to improve learning. The training explores the relationship between the mind and the
body simultaneously, addressing issues deep within the mind through counselling

Pathos In Rigoberta Menchu
I, Rigoberta Menchú, is the personal narrative of a Guatemalan Quiché indigenous woman and her
experiences as part of a culture and people severely discriminated against. Menchú speaks of life for
a vast majority of the indigenous population in Guatemala. She describes a life of extreme poverty
plagued by violence, starvation, and socio–economic inequality. Her people have been
systematically oppressed since the Spanish conquest of Guatemala and have been forced into a
subservient position to an elite minority who controls the means of production. These elitists are a
portion of a larger group that Menchú refers to as "ladinos." A ladino is any Guatemalan who rejects
his or her indigenous heritage and who views himself or herself as superior to the Maya people. The
death of Menchú's family prompts her to speak on behalf of all indigenous people and dedicate her
life to overthrowing the relation of domination and exclusion that characterizes Guatemalan society.
In order to accomplish this, Menchú acts pragmatically and adopts techniques from ladino culture,
such as the Spanish language and Christianity, to more effectively protect her own culture. Menchú
uses pathos, appealing to her readers' empathy, to gain their support for her human rights efforts by
demonizing ladino culture through horrific examples of violence and the idea that she can only resist
racial discrimination by assimilating to the culture perpetuating it. As Elisabeth Burgos–Debray
states in the

Reflective Paper Response to the Film “Samson and Delilah.”
Reflective Paper Response to the film "Samson and Delilah."
"Samson and Delilah" (2009) explores issues of survival for two disliked teenagers from a remote
indigenous community in Central Australia. Written and directed by Warwick Thornton, this film
follows the gradual partnership of two indigenous teenagers who live in a small–impoverished rural
community outside Alice Springs. It is a film of slow and alarming beauty. The journey of these two
young teenagers has brought to attention a greater awareness and understanding of both Indigenous
art and culture, as well as how issues arising from this film may affect and impact upon wider
understandings and awareness of Indigenous culture.
The first personal connection I made with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mills writes "The street trading harms no one, though perhaps it inconveniences the businesses in
the Alice Springs mall who wish to avoid painting sellers hassling their customers. Many of those
businesses are art galleries, but most have several more zeros after their prices and are, as all
acknowledge, targeting very different markets."[5] This made me reflect upon the scene where
Delilah walked into an Indigenous Art store, helplessly trying to get her work noticed and put up for
sale, only with the owner of the store quickly looking at her and stating "not interested." Mills'
article has made a strong connection with "Samson and Delilah" and made myself more aware of
how real the struggle for Indigenous people can be. As brutal as it may be, Mills' truthful words
explain a feeling I felt through the viewing of the film: "Residents of Alice Springs reject the notion
that their town is rife with racism and violence, but unless they admit there is a problem, nothing
will change."[6] The relationship between Samson and Delilah grew to a point where they really
cared for each other, and it seemed that only them themselves would look after and respect each
other, as opposed to the non–Indigenous people living in Alice Springs to help them with their
struggle.
As only recently leaving my teenage years myself, its sorrowful to know there are younger teenagers
of an Indigenous background who struggle as much as the characters of Samson and Delilah. This
film has begun an

The Potential For Misunderstanding Procedures
1. Discuss the potential for misunderstanding procedures by those participating in research
processes (e.g. non–Indigenous researcher and Indigenous Participants).
Indigenous peoples are utilising corroborated rights to protect inherent cultural identities.
Emancipating Australian Indigenous voices to the forefront, is cultivating respect and recognition of
Indigenous realities, with support from the leading Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS). However, there is great potential for collective principles to be
misunderstood when extrapolating research. Misapprehension can be avoided if research is
respectful towards Indigenous people's rights of self–determination. By respectfully complying with
the fourteen principle guidelines for ethical research in Australia, intangible heritage is recognised
and shared. (Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, 2012, p. 3). By
ensuring that all projects are conducted in accordance with these principles, researchers can actively
contribute to Indigenous people's body of traditional knowledge and maintain relationships with a
greater understanding of cultural practices (Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander Studies, 2012, p. 5).
Contents of the fourteen principles suggests, that from not having structured guidelines in place,
Indigenous customs were not safeguarded from unsolicited publication, and distribution of
disrespectful,

Oral Indigenous Knowledge Systems Different From Written...
Q1. How are oral Indigenous knowledge systems different from written Western science traditions?
Indigenous knowledge comprise of all knowledge pertaining to particular people and its region, with
the nature of knowledge transmission being primarily oral via generations. Knowledge such as
scientific, agricultural, technical as well as ecological knowledge is all part of the Indigenous
knowledge. Indigenous knowledge has some distinct features that are not seen in Western science
traditions. Unlike Western science traditions, where rights to knowledge are commonly owned by an
individual and/or company, indigenous knowledge is owned collectively by the indigenous people
of that region. Another distinct feature is the interdependence ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They are also holistic in their approach, in the sense that land, people, animals, plants and other
objects are all seen together. Senses beyond the observable, such as intuition and 'feeling' are also a
distinguishing feature of Indigenous 'Ways of Knowing'. Inversely, Western Science is characterised
by being religiously agnostic, seeing self as being separate from surroundings, learning through
rational hypothesis testing, seeing objects, and the view that 'now' is for understanding the past and
predicting the future. The Western science traditions are founded on systematic and hierarchical
models, where there is a focus on scientific objectivity, which aims to alleviate any bias in results.
Thus western science traditions aim to be independent of influence from particular perspectives,
value commitments, community bias or personal interests. In summary, indigenous knowledge
systems and traditional western science systems are polarized. Western science is generally
objective and quantitative, as opposed to indigenous systems that are subjective and qualitative. Q2.
Compare and contrast how Indigenous communities classify, identify and name natural resources
with that of how Western scientists undertake these tasks. Western Scientists are process driven in
the method of classifying,

Community Reflection Essay
Since the begging of the course, I struggled to realize where my areas of interest really lie. I learned
a lot about Indigenous knowledge and perspectives that enhanced my personal knowledge and will
aid me in the future when I am working with the Indigenous community. This course helped me
deepen my understanding in the context of Indigenous Culture, based on different histories,
environments, and creative spirits and as to why it is essential to Indigenous peoples identity and
why the understanding of tradition and knowledge is vital to the Indigenous community. As the
course is coming to an end, I realized that my passion lies working with the indigenous community
to help heal the youth because the youth are the key to the future and Indigenous children and youth
have the highest suicide rate, organizations continue to ask for more funding but, does not aid in the
best interest for the youth. I believe reconnecting Indigenous children and youth to their culture and
tradition could aid in their healing process.
Indigenous children and youth in Canada have some of the highest suicide rates in the world.
Historically, suicide was a very rare occurrence amongst Indigenous people (Kirmayer, 2007). It was
only after contact with early European settlers and the subsequent effects of colonialism that suicide
became prevalent. In the 2006 Census, a total of 1,172,790 people in Canada identified themselves
as Indigenous people. A National Household Survey in 2011 showed that 1,400,685 people in
Canada identified themselves as Indigenous persons. This represents 4.3% of the national
population. The 2011 statistics show an Indigenous population increase of 20.1% between 2006 and
2011, compared with 5.2% for the non–Indigenous population (Statistics Canada, 2013). Suicide
and self–inflicted injuries are the leading causes of death for Indigenous children and youth.
Approximately 55% of all Indigenous people are under 25 years of age. The suicide rate for
Indigenous male youth (age 15–24) is 126 per 100,000 compared to 24 per 100,000 for non–
Indigenous male youth. For Indigenous female youth, the suicide rate is 35 per 100,000 compared to
5 per 100,000 for non–Indigenous females (Health Canada, 2010). Suicide rates

A Major Platform Of The Indigenismo Movement
A major platform of the indigenismo movement was anticlericalism. There are three major positions
generally taken when speaking about indigenismo and religion. First is that of the literary critic.
Religion in the works of Lopez y Fuentes and Magdaleno is symbolic of power struggle. Authors
sought to influence the emotions of the public by painting priests as villains. The modern historian
takes a second position, claiming that the Church held too much power over the indigenous peoples.
It was an obstacle to modernization efforts and therefore had to be removed. A third stance focuses
on the religious terminology of national projects. Policy makers rejected the Catholic institution, but
not religious ideologies. All three positions are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Similarly, Joseph Sommers notes that the characters in the works of both Lopez y Fuentes and
Magdaleno are overly simplified to stress the dichotomy between the poor and privileged. Authors
greatly restrict the actions of the Indigenous community within the novel. In "Literatura e Historia:
Las Contradicciones Ideologic as de la Ficcion Indigenista," like Barry, Sommers focuses heavily on
the stereotypical immorality and greed of the religious institutions in the Indigenista novel. He
argues that indigenista writers played on the exploitation of the Indian at the hands of the Church so
to manipulate the reader's emotions. As mentioned in the articles of Mate, Barry, Sommers, and
again in Boyd Carter's "The Mexican Novel at Mid–Century," Lopez y Fuentes portrays the Church
as having orphaned the Indians in their time of need. This left the Indians with a feeling of
hopelessness, as, according to Boyd, they only had heaven to look forward to. Abandonment of the
Church left the Indian population feeling lost without direction. In essence, the Church took away
their ability to hope for a better tomorrow.
Indigenistas used the idea of an oppressive Church system, claim modern scholars, as a ploy to push
forward their own agenda. Indigenistas rejected religion, not necessarily because the Church was
cruel or corrupt in its practices,

The Aboriginal Peoples Of Canada
INTRODUCTION: Concerns of violent victimization and self–destructive tendencies in Aboriginal
communities have become a significant issue in Aboriginal movements worldwide. In Canada, it has
taken the specific form of feminist–inspired campaigns for only those Indigenous females that are
missing and murdered. The highly vocalized 2015 campaign for the 42nd Canadian Federal Election
drew much attention to the fate of missing and murdered Indigenous women. However, the attention
on females suggests that the inherent implication that Indigenous men's attitudes toward Indigenous
women are the problem and that the men are not victims of violence themselves. This essay will first
acknowledge the chronic problem of violence in the place of Indigenous peoples in first world
societies and the continuing social problems that marginalize their position. This paper will then
examine the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, the violence in their communities, and whether or not
Indigenous men and their masculinities have an appropriate place in the national picture regarding
the missing and murdered Indigenous women. I will conclude with a consideration of the extent to
which if men do have an appropriate place in the inquiry and which policy recommendations are
required to address the issues that Aboriginal people confront.
GLOBAL VIOLENCE AMONGST INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS:
Violence has become a chronic problem amongst women in Global Indigenous populations and
communities. The dominant view is

Eve Tuck And Yang Summary
When looking at activism and social change within indigenous communities I think many non–
indigenous individuals often forget what the most important aspect is that these indigenous people
are fighting for. Within educational institutions we learn about the ways that indigenous
communities are oppressed and marginalized and have been for many years. However, In Eve Tuck
and Wayne Yang's article, Decolonization is not a metaphor they take a very different approach in
order to help the reader recognize that decolonization does not take place without being able to give
indigenous individuals their land back. As we are often taught that decolonization can refer to social
justice means it is usually unclear as to the ways in which this process begins. Decolonization is not
merely educating awareness but having ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What I have noticed is that these authors both consider decolonization as something that is a goal
and the need for physical transformation to be present. For Walia this transformation deals with
undoing and challenging the physical barriers of boarders (p. 118). She makes the same argument as
Tuck and Yang stating that " We are inserted into and complicit in culture that sees "Indians" rather
than settlement as the problem." (p. 118). Walia goes beyond what Tuck and Yang argue in stating
that we need to understand the need for a decolonization movement that can try to push these
negative cultural aspects that society contains. She explains various types of these movements and
how they all go above and beyond to fight for different types of decolonization while learning to
challenge oppressive behavior and create conditions that we want to see (2013, p. 129). I think by
realizing that decolonization is not simply a metaphor we are able to realize that social change needs
to be taken into consideration in order to change this

Film Evaluation-the Linguists
Christian Stiers Human Geography Linguists Film Analysis 1. Why do linguists study languages,
and what is lost when a language dies? Figure out possible ways the human mind can make sense of
the world around it. Some unique way of seeing the world could be lost. 2. What areas do Gregory
and David choose when they are looking for languages to research? Areas most in need and areas
with history of colonization. India, Bolivia, and Siberia are some examples. 3. Who typically stops
speaking the indigenous language, and why do you think that is? Often children, because they
integrate into a more popular language. They do this for an economic advantage. 4. What has been
the role of boarding schools on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
10. Why do researchers Gregory and David show indigenous people the audio and video records
they created? It's important for them to show the audio and video records so they can reconnect with
their past and remember their indigenous culture. 11. Using the website
http://www.ethnologue.com/, find how many languages in the world are threatened or endangered,
and which are the languages that have the fewest speakers in the world. Which region has the most
threatened languages in the world? The Pacific has the fewest speakers in the world. There are 1,531
languages in threatened and 916 languages endangered. Asia has the most threatened languages in
the world, Indonesia having the highest rate within Asia. Hawaiian language only has 1000
speakers, but it has stabilized in this number and there is now school instruction in the language.
Amahai is a nearly extinct language in Indonesia with only 50 native speakers. Linguistics: The
Film Analysis The film Linguists is a very unique exploration into the indigenous cultures and the
prevalence of their languages. Researchers Gregory and David examine endangered languages in
several regions to further understand the different ways the human mind can make sense of the
world around it. Linguists covers a diverse range of topics regarding the importance of language to
culture, the number of languages that are

Renaissance Conquerors : Spanish And Spanish
IV. Renaissance Conquerors (pp. 12 – 15) A. As the Spaniards transitioned from the Middle–Ages to
the Renaissance, they began to centralize themselves politically and religiously as a Christian
Empire (pp. 12 – 13). 1. 1479– Spanish Inquisition helped ensure Christian orthodoxy in Spanish
society. 2. 1485– Combination of Aragon and Castille families unified Spain with marriage. 3.
1492– Last Muslim stronghold in Spain, Granada, fell. 4. Spain began period of religious unification
and war, which gave their inhabitants plenty of experience fighting and allowed them to develop
skills, such as handling weaponry and riding horses, that would prove valuable in Mexico. B.
Columbus' voyage in 1492 helped open up a new world to Spain and began a ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
López painted an overwhelmingly positive portrait of Cortés. B. The generally acknowledged best
chronicle belongs to Bernal Díaz del Castillo, a common foot solider in Cortés' group (pp. 16–20).
1. Bernal Díaz hoped to focus on the contributions of common men like himself rather than those
who normally received the glory, like Cortés. 2. Díaz revealed important motivations for writing
down his account–"localism, pride in their lineage and origins, a great sense of self–worth and
accomplishment, a hope for recognition (and reward), and a desire to set down a 'true' story of their
deeds and triumphs" (pp. 16). a. Also wanted to justify control of indigenous populations and
controversial encomienda system. 3. Díaz wrote The True History of the Conquest of New Spain in
opposition to the works of Gómara and others. The work was not published until after his death, but
remains a fundamental resource for learning about this time. 4. Schwartz uses Díaz throughout the
rest of his book to reflect the Spanish perspective of the invasion. VI. The Indigenous Historical
Traditions (pp. 20–28) A. Mesoamerican indigenous people believed history was cyclical and could,
therefore, be repeated. History was important because it could influence the future and because it
contributed to the continuity of their identity (pp. 20–23) 1. Prior to the Spanish conquest,
indigenous groups used drawings and symbols combined with oral histories. a. The artist–scribe, aka

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bioprospecting
Historically there has been prolific scientific interest in the lifestyles, knowledge, cultures, histories
and worldviews of indigenous peoples. Rural communities depend on TK for food, health and
agriculture. This TK forms the basic cultural identity for them, contributing to social cohesiveness
and thereby reducing vulnerability and poverty. Globally 80 per cent of the world's populations,
mostly the 'undeveloped' regions, still rely on the indigenous medicinal knowledge of local plants
for their medical needs (Shankar 1997). In India, around 70 per cent of the population directly
depends on land based occupations, forests, wetlands and marine habitats for ecological livelihoods
and cultural sustenance (Kothari and Patel 2006).
A great part ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the last several centuries staple foods and high value cash crops have been moved from one part
of the world to another, keeping pace with shifting markets and opportunities (The Crucible Group
1994). Even a biodiversity rich country like Brazil has to draw two thirds of its plant based human
calorie intake from species that are found in another continent. Since distribution of the world's
biodiversity is in inverse proportion to scientific and technological wealth (Laird et al. 2002),
research institutions and companies based in the developed nations look beyond their borders for
diverse and novel genetic resources for their study and use. Bioprospecting is rooted in the
sovereign rights of nation states over their biological resources in a strong position to negotiate
terms for favorable benefit–sharing with interested stakeholders (Dutfield

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