Lynn Mckay Industrialization Essay

Lynn Mckay Industrialization Essay
Industrialization Research
Thesis:
Lynn MacKay's thesis to her argument is that the standard of living during the period of
industrialization was closely tied to social and political ramifications between 1780 and 1850 and
contemporary opinion concerning the impact of industrialization, and can be clearly seen through
the arguments of a number of historians.
The government of the time tried to lay back and let the period of industrialization shape the country
by withdrawing from certain roles that they played in societal life.
q Withdrew from regulation of wages and apprenticeships in 1813.
o In 1814, Parliament repealed legislation regulating apprenticeship
o Apprenticeship ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1806 was the first all–out economic warfare that had ever emerged, thanks to Napoleon and his
Continental System – blockading trade into continental Europe. Despite the conflicts of War, the
economy expanded to accommodate many new job positions. Uniforms for soldiers had to be made
in surplus; women and children were hired for cheap labour being paid far less than a man doing the
same job. Two of the largest industries were dominated by cheap labour – tailoring and shoemaking.
Once this practise was established, it was impossible to eliminate after the war was over and the
hundreds of thousands of men that returned had difficulty finding work – furthering the
unemployment problem that had been plaguing the nation already.
Aside from the Napoleonic Wars, many harvest crises had a detrimental effects and social
ramifications. Through a series of years of 'dearth,' bread prices skyrocketed almost immediately
and the number of people seeking poor relief increased exponentially.
The rapid economic change brought along many unsatisfied citizens. Riots and demonstrations were
held to try and ratify the problems that arose around the country. Unfortunately, most of the
demonstrations turned violent anyways, the riots seemed to get more attention from the government
than anticipated.
Businesses were becoming mechanized and labour was

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Political And Social Changes During The Progressive Era
The Progressive Era, lasting from the 1890s until the 1920s, was a chapter in American history that
was characterized by social activism and countless reform movements. Political and social reforms
were just two of the numerous movements that occurred during this time period. Although many
political and social changes were introduced to America during the Progressive Era, there were also
many continuities that transpired. The 17th, 18th, and 19th amendments are all examples of social
and political changes that took place, but corruption and civil rights for African Americans
continued to remain defective throughout and even after the Progressive Era.
An abundant amount of political changes occurred during the Progressive Era, beginning with ...
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The 19th amendment was the last major reform of the Progressive movement. Promptly after the
conclusion of Progressive Era, the Woman's Civil Right movement hit a rough patch and women
were hastily urged to remain and return back into the house; cooking, cleaning and producing
babies. Around the same time, the majority of reform movements went silent, no progress was made
and very few decided to continue the reforms. The 18th amendment was also extremely unpopular
and proved to be a momentous failure. Many people often ignored the law and it gave way for a
huge profit to be made off the illegal selling of alcohol. The 21st amendment was ratified on
December 5, 1933, and repealed the previous 18th which prohibited alcohol. The most significant
failure of the Progressive Era was the fact that civil rights for African Americans remained the same,
no progress or reforms were successfully practiced during the movement. During the Progressive
Era, segregation and Jim Crow laws were not decreased, instead, they were supported and
encouraged by many white

AP-Suffrage In England
"Describe the steps taken between 1832 and 1918 to extend the suffrage in England. What group and
movements contributed to the extension of the vote?" Several groups, movements and reform bills
passed between 1832 and 1918 extended the suffrage in England. The process took many years and
the voting rights were first given to the wealthier and more distinguished men, then later to the less
wealthy men, and finally to women. The major reform bills that extended the suffrage in England
were the Reform Bill of 1832, 1867, and 1884, and the Qualification of Women Act in 1917.
(Mazour, Peoples) The suffrage movement began in 1832 when the Reform Bill of 1832 was passed
by parliment. The Prime Minister since 1830, Earl Grey, authored the Bill and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Another problem with the voting system was the lack of a private vote. Employers could influence
the way their employees voted by threatening to punish them if they failed to vote for their preffered
candidate. This problem was fixed in 1872, when William Gladstone's government passed the Ballot
Act which guaranteed a secret system of voting. Although the immediate results of the reform act
were not earth shattering, the country had taken, as Lord Derby said, "a leap in the dark." Strikes,
union advances, and labor organization were powerful forces for change in the final years of the
century. William Gladstone was elected as Prime Minister of England for the second time in 1880
and the most important legislative action that took place during his second ministry was the Reform
Act of 1884. The reform act was rejected the first time it was presented to the House of Lords, but
accepted the second time because it was accompanied by a redistribution act, which had the
following implications. "(i) seventy–nine towns with populations smaller than 15,000 lost their right
to elect an MP; (ii) thirty–six with populations between 15,000 and 50,000 lost one of their MPs and
became single member constituencies; (iii) towns with populations between 50,000 and 165,000
were given two seats; (iv) larger towns and the country constituencies were divided into single
member constituencies" (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PR1885.htm). The actual Reform
Act of 1884

How Far Was the Period 1750 to 1900 an Age of Progress?
From 1750 to 1900 there were some big changes which had an impact on every day life. Progress is
defined as continuous improvement over a certain period of time. A revolution can be known as a
big change. So a revolution, and then everything being at a standstill isn 't progress. Furthermore
you cannot improve over a period of time and have big hindrances in between; if any, hindrances
can only be very minor. So the big question is how much consistent improvement was there from
1750 to 1900? In 1700 there was an exponential growth in the population, food was scarce and more
needed to be produced therefore agricultural needed change. The idea of ‘Enclosures ' was
introduced which meant combining the little strips of land owned by ... Show more content on
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Mill owners would clothe, feed and house their employees which was a very big bonus for them.
Overlookers hired also made sure that the hardest working people received more money than one
who was lazy. Sometimes it was understandably very unfair as children and women were being
beaten by onlookers for no apparent reason, sometimes so badly that they ended up crippled. Also
onlookers were doing their jobs poorly as many children got injured using the machinery because of
poor supervision and instructions on how to use the machinery. Furthermore working hours were
unreasonable as children were forced to work 13 hours with a half an hour break. The issues were
addressed by a Parliament, by more specifically The Royal Commissions to improve working
conditions. Working hours were made more flexible, longer breaks, less working time and children
were forced (in a good way) to live a reasonable life, benefits such as education, supervision and
healthcare were introduced. Even though there were some setbacks, but in the end most of the
problems were solved. Overall it progressed nicely as it went from bad to better. There was one
notable case of deliberate regression around 1810 which was caused by people known as the
Luddites and the Swing Rioters. The Luddites were industrial workers who destroyed machinery as
it was threatening their jobs. The machinery took away the skills

Analysis Of Realistic Characters By Elizabeth Gaskell
In the previous paragraph, Realistic Characters are described with quotations and some sayings in
terms of gap between classes. In this paragraph, characters are argued in terms of politics, how
Elizabeth Gaskell illustrates political issues of that time by using realistic characters. In the
Victorian era, Workers began to show their reaction towards to their conditions and they made some
step like chartist petitions. Petitions are displayed to the parliament from 1838 to 1951. All of them
were refused. Because of these refusals, there are some violent events (Wikipedia). In Chris Vanden
Bossche's article, he speaks about their similarities between reflections of political actions.
According to him, while in novel, Trades unions try to resist low wages, in reality workers tries to
resist. (Bossche,7) Gaskell reflects reality just one different but their actions is same As a result of
these events' natural consequence, Elizabeth Gaskell reflects political issues of that time in her
novel. In novel, John Barton is an active union member. He is chosen for impress their demand in
order to make better their conditions. He and his union petition their demand but Parliament refused
them. We can see one of the political issues, chartist petition in a quote which is given below.
A petition was framed, and signed by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their attempts are correspond to chartist movements in Victorian era (Bossche, 4). This matter is
mentioned in quote from novel. We can understand workers conditions include John Barton. She
represents their conditions, their failures as we mentioned before. As a result of Elizabeth Gaskell
tries to represents their struggle in order to gain their basic rights. She uses John Barton in order to
reflect because he is a worker and with him, Elizabeth Gaskell can communicate people more easily.
Therefore; she uses realistic characters in order to illustrate their conditions in terms of

Annotated Bibliography: Modernization And The Emergence Of...
Comment by Stephanie Lang: Note to the SGML team:
Modernization and the Transformations of IndustrializationSocial Protest and the Emergence of
Labor Movements
DennisSweeney
University of Alberta, Edmonton
RachelMarlenaStevens
Binghamton University, State University of New York
Department of Judaic Studies, PhD candidate
Rachel Marlena Stevens received a master of theological studies (MTS) from Harvard University,
where she focused on the intersection of religion and the American political left. She has served as a
research assistant at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton University, and Oxford
University and continues to serve as the executive director of the Cultural Foundation for
Community Change.
This article was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nineteenth–century labor movements in Europe?and particularly mutual aid societies where
governments deemed political activities illegal?helped provide both solidarity and commonality
among workers. These movements eventually turned to protest and political resistance, and they
found an ideological articulation of their ideals in socialism, including a defense of their rights,
women?s equality and independence (in some cases), control over wages, and the right to work.
Though many battles, ideological and physical, would be fought before the century?s end, the
origins of social protest can be seen at the very beginning of working–class consciousness.
Eley, Geoff. Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850?2000. New York: Oxford
University Press, 2002.
Geary, Dick, ed. Labour and Socialist Movements in Europe before 1914. Oxford: Berg, 1989.
Hobsbawm, Eric. Workers: Worlds of Labor. New York: Pantheon Books,

The Effects Of Chartist Gained Support On Economic Conditions
There is evidence within the extract to support each explanation of how chartism gained support,
however a reactions to economic conditions was stressed more by the speaker. This could of been
due to people believing this to be the most important part of chartism and related to it more. Many
people but not all, also believed that being part of the political movement would help to resolve the
economic condition, while also being part of a community in a time were social exclusion was a
major part of society.
The economic conditions was a major part in gaining support in chartism. Chartist reached out to the
working class people who were struggling within society. The poor law and tax increases was
making it harder for the working class people to survive, this lead to poverty and people entering the
workhouse. Another factor was the poor working conditions and low wages that were causing ill
heath. Evidence within the article to support how chartist gained support is "with this nation
suffering its liberty and rights to be remorselessly trampled upon by murderous factions, jobbers and
commercial blood sucking vampires" This is a sticking statement of how the middle class employers
were seen as a higher class of people, who were exploiting the working class. Another point to make
it that chartist struggled to gain support in agricultural places and that most of the support came
form industrial cities were the population was higher. A reference to this is seen in a

Resistance to Liberalism Essay
RUNNING HEAD: RESISTANCE TO LIBERALISM
The Justification of Resisting Liberalism
Liberalism, in general, was an ideological movement that emerged out of the ideas of the
Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century. It embraced the ideas of
individualism which were established in the Renaissance and Reformation era. The Renaissance
period sparked a belief in the importance of the individual in society. It helped promote the beliefs
of classical liberalism which gradually formed into the liberal ideology of the 19th century.
Individuals that were waiting to get their individual rights and freedoms were allowed to finally gain
liberty and power through this period of time. Classical liberalism developed ... Show more content
Luddism, for example, was one of the ideologies that opposed the industrial changes that liberalism
brought. The jobs of the skilled textile workers were lost and replaced by machines operated by
unskilled laborers. The Luddites protested and even broke into factories, destroying many
machinery. Chartism was another example of the response to the unrecognized individual rights.
Chartism was a working– class movement with the main focus on political and social reform in
society (Fielding, 2009, 132). The Chartists wanted a political and social reform in society because
they could be granted the rights to participate in these aspects of society. Utopian Socialists were
humanitarians who advocated an end to the appalling conditions of the average worker in the
industrial capitalist countries (Fielding, 2009, 134). They believed that education and the improved
working conditions could peacefully remove the worst aspects of capitalism and lead to an ideal
socialist society where everyone would live happily. "It is therefore the interest of all, that everyone,
from birth, should be well educated, physically and mentally, that society may be improved in its
character; that everyone should be beneficially employed, physically, and mentally, that the greatest
amount of wealth may be created and knowledge attained...." (Fielding, 2009, 135). Another
essential resistance to liberalism was showcased by the ideology of classical conservatism. The
beliefs of

Romanticism In British Literature
Romanticism is British Literature was never a real movement and was a word used to put the most
distinctive writers who thrived in the last years of the 18th century and the first decades of the 19th
centuries into a group. The term "Romantic literature" was actually a little bit misleading since there
were no movements of romanticism back then. The writers back in that period did not call
themselves Romantic writers, not until August Wilhelm von Schlegel's Vienna lectures of 1808
through 1809 showed a vague difference between Classicism and Romanticism.
The examples of the French Revolution had an impact on the "Romantic Movement" in other ways.
Romanticism elevated the achievements of what it perceived as misunderstood heroic individuals
and artists that altered society and legitimized the individual imagination as a critical authority
which permitted freedom from classical notions of form in art. Other aspects of romanticism were
intertwined with Emotion, Lyric Poetry, and Self. Increased activity from the imagination was
achieved by more importance of the instincts and feelings of the authors. They generally called more
attention towards the emotion as it was a necessary add–on to make logic and reason. When this
emphasis was added to the establishment of poetry, a very important transformation of focus
happened. Wordsworth's definition of all good poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful
feelings" marks a turning point in literary history. By finding the best

Economics of the Late Victorian Era Essay
Economics of the Late Victorian Era
With the power of wealth and concentration of industry, the tremendous development in machinery,
and power to drive machinery; with the improvement of the tools of labor, so that they are
wonderfully tremendous machines, and with these all on the one hand; with labor, the workers,
performing a given part of the whole product, probably an infinitesimal part, doing the thing a
thousand or thousands of times over and over again in a day–labor divided and subdivided and
specialized, so that a working man is but a mere cog in the great industrial modern plant; his
individuality lost, alienated from the tools of labor; with concentration of wealth, concentration of
industry, I wonder whether any of us can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cabinet members in the government were mostly noblemen. The middle class had very little
influence on politics and government (Boardman 38).
In the early nineteenth century people where using labels like "working classes" and "middle
classes." This designation was to separate people who had achieved success in commerce, industry,
and other professions. They were considered the upper class. The upper class had a great control
over the political system. This was not good for the working class and middle class because it left
them no say in the government. However, some of the more powerful middle class men pushed for
the Reform Act of 1832 and the deletion of the Corn Laws of 1846 (Wohl 1).
The high Victorian era ended toward the end of the 1860s–1870s. The year that started the late
Victorian era was 1867 when the Second Reform Bill was doubled. In this year the town workers
were starting to have some say in town government. Now what had been unraveling for decades was
taking affect. The middle class had already achieved power in government and now it was the
worker's turn. The upper class was bitter over the success that the workers were gaining, but they
had no other choice than to accept what was happening (Boardman 38).
Increased industrialization was becoming a concern of the workers. They started strikes protesting
the addition of machines because their jobs were being compromised. The only that workers were
heard was

The Failure Of Chartism In The United States
Chartism was a movement that emerged by the working class to achieve parliamentary democracy.
They wanted a voice through democratic participation, and they wanted social and economic
reform. The movement existed from 1838–1858 and they got their name from the People's Charter
of 1838. Chartism evolved for economic and political reasons, such as feeling betrayed by the
middle class, and the Whig government adopting policies that the working class viewed as a
betrayal. The fall of Chartism can be attributed to a divided in the groups interests, an improvement
in economic conditions, and the violence that developed during the movement. Their goals were
commendable, but their strategies were inadequate. Although the Chartists failed to reach their ...
One of the reasons for their failure can be attributed to the divide in their methods and structure.
Some of the Chartists believed in peace and peaceful protesting, while others believed in violence
and its power to overcome the the rich and powerful that were running parliament. The movement
began with peaceful petitions and the first petition in July 1839, had over one million signatures on
it. When parliament rejected the petition 235 to 46 some of the Chartist members turned to violence.
A man named John Frost led approximately one thousand armed members in the Newport Rising.
When things turned violent many people were killed of injured, and supporters fled because they
were in fear of loosing jobs, or possibly even getting killed. William Lovett, who was one of the
founders of the movement, left the movement because of the violence that was now being
demonstrated by the Chartists. Economic interests were also improving in the 1840's and because
the economic conditions were on the rise food and goods were not as expensive. Because of this
people were slightly less concerned about the economy leading to more loss of support for the
Chartists. There were also discrepancies on their third and final petition in 1848. They had lied
about the amount of signatures on the petition, and some of the names listed on the petition were
said to be forged or listed more than once. After that third petition the Chartists were mocked in the
newspapers for the lies and forgeries. Some people were not taking them serious anymore and again,
they lost more support. Arguably, the main causes of their fall was the violence, as well as the rise in
economy that made the Chartists lose steam. Even though they were not "successful" at that time, in
later years some of the Chartist ideas were incorporated into the Reform Acts of 1867 and

Essay on The Rise of European Secularism in the 19th Century
SP History 117 – Final Exam One May 23, 2013 The Rise of European Secularism During the
Nineteenth Century Word Count: 2,152 In Europe, the long nineteenth century, (1789–1914) was a
tumultuous era of political, economic, and social revolution which created an increasingly secular
culture. Europeans of all races and classes looked outside the church to solve societal and familial
issues. Gifted intellectuals proposed new philosophies on human thought and behavior, while
innovative communication allowed ideas to travel quicker and easier than ever before. By the early
1800's, Europeans began to question the role and necessity of the church and religion in their lives.
Revolutionaries developed political and social ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Enlightenment philosophers, like Voltaire, railed against organized theocracies and argued that
religion prevented rational inquiry while it endorsed repression, tyranny and war. The philosophy of
Immanuel Kant, who sought, "liberation of the human mind from the dogmatic state of ignorance,"
had a major impact on the future ideology of revolutionaries.4 It was Enlightenment ideas which
challenged people to question religious orthodoxy and use their own intelligence to draw
conclusions about the legitimacy of traditional authority. These philosophies were the foundation of
modern, egalitarian, democratic societies which would later replace Louis XVI's absolutist
monarchy. Enlightenment ideals had profound effects upon the politics of the early and mid–
nineteenth century. However, a severe backlash against rationalism and liberal ideologies in France
caused the return of church–state power; while conversely, in the state of Prussia, Enlightenment
ideals inspired a suppression of the church's power.5 Whether or not Enlightenment ideals and
values were able to root themselves permanently in society, the introduction and widespread
acceptance of secular ideas created major changes across Europe. After the Revolution in France,
the old absolutist monarchy was replaced by the Constitution of 1791, and King Louis XVI was
forced to share power with an elected legislative body in the new constitutional monarchy. In a
rather

Why Did Chartism Fail
Question– How far would you agree with the view that Chartism was a glorious failure?
This essay will be looking at the aims and extent the chartists went to in order to bring about reform
within a politically corrupt parliament, whilst ensuring that all classes of society were in possession
of their equal, political and social rights.
The electoral system in the early 19th century was neither a representative nor balanced system,
elections were open to corruption and with only a small minority of adult males being eligible to
vote if they were land owners (Avery, N.D). Parliament were against reform and didn't want the
status quo upset, however with the rising of new industrial cities and towns there was a creation of
the middle class who ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lovett pursued in increasing emphasis on educating the working population whilst increasing trade
union activity and support for the Anti Corn Law League (Brown, 2000, p195), whereas O'Connor
pursued the Chartist Land Plan by purchasing land through shares, he had ideas to relocate the
working class to ease the unemployment situation and give the settlers freedom and self–respect
(Murphy et al, 1997, p120). As depression hit all the major industrial areas leading to high masses of
unemployment, this provoked O'Connor into action again who at this time was elected as MP for
Nottingham; he drew up plans for the relaunch of a national convention and the presentation of a
new petition to Parliament (Murphy et al, 1997, p118), however the authorities were uneasy with the
Chartist's plans to present a third petition, there were fears that the revolutions sweeping across
Europe would affect Britain and they knew that some Chartists were in touch with European
radicals. In addition the Chartists hijacked a middle class radical meeting to abolish income tax
which resulted in police intervention and three days of rioting, although the crimes were committed
by non–chartists the chartists were classed as being responsible by association (Brown, 2000,

The Reform Act And The Municipal Act
The legislation passed in 1832, known as the 'Great Reform Act ', was viewed as a breakthrough in
terms of reforming parliament due to it being the first of its kind. The legislation brought newly
enfranchised towns and cities into the fold, removed rotten boroughs and created a consistency in
voting all of which had been a problem for parliament previously. However many have argued to the
length that this legislation extended to and have countered that the legislation passed following 1832
was merely a slow progression towards full reform in the 20th century. These acts still left working
men without a vote and franchise was based on property rather than tax paying. This would suggest
to why there was so much disappointment from these acts as a result, as they simply did not go far
enough to reach the expectations that came with them. This essay will demonstrate why there was
such a sense of anticlimax with the legislation itself, as well as expanding upon the acts that were
passed after 1832 such as the second Great Reform Act and the Municipal act. All of which brought
further reform and change that was originally expected with the Great Reform Act in 1832. The
great sense of disappointment stemmed from the idea that the Great Reform Act did not address the
issues that were problematic in this period to the full extent they should have. A large factor was that
of the working–class and how they could not vote if they did not meet certain property requirements
or pay the

Why Did Chartism Fail?
Why did Chartism Fail? * Chartism failed because of economic factors – it was simply a 'knife and
fork question' * Chartism failed because of the inherent weakness of the movement and internal
divisions within the movement * Chartism did not really fail in the truest sense of the word – it was
defeated by the state
Economic Factors
Some historians have argued that improving economic conditions ensured the Chartist movement
faded after 1848 – there had been worsening economic conditions in the period after 1837 which
gave rise to the chartist movement. After this period, the lessening economic instability, growing
prosperity and rise in living standards after 1848 removed basis for widespread discontent. In
economic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inherent Weakness
Chartism was a more 'knee–jerk' reaction to economic circumstance and exhibited characteristics of
political movement. The movement was riddled with inherent weaknesses – divided leadership,
regional differences and underlying tactical naivety. 1. Leadership – Bitter personal rivalry between
O'Conner and Lovett made divisions with movement over strategy and tactics much worse. Basic
split between moral and physical force approaches could not be bridged, after 1840; the movement
was fragmented into splinter groups. Fragmentation had a regional dimension: North of England
(O'Conner was most influential) continued to favour physical force; Scotland, Christian Chartism
became increasingly popular; and in Midlands there was backing for Sturge's Complete Suffrage
Union. Physical force also prominent in that it alienated any lasting middles–class support for
movement 2. Tactics – Chartism pushed itself into a tactical corner. Once govt. had made clear that
it would not be intimidated by tactics of mass platform or petitioning, chartist leadership desperately
needed to define its approach in one direction only, but this did not happen. Moral force 'New Move'
accelerated growing diversification of movement. Physical force Chartists

To What Extent Was the Growth of Chartism the Most...
To what extent was the growth of Chartism the most significant development in the popular protest
in the period 1815–1848? I think that Chartism was the least significant development in the popular
protest period 1815–1848 because they did not achieve any reform until after the Chartist movement
had ended by 1849. This was mainly due to the fact they had so many diverse aims and members
which led to their weakness, they were not united under a single aim like other groups such as the
Anti–Corn Law League which led to them trying too much in a short space of time being labelled as
the 'Umbrella movement'. I think that the Anti–Corn Law League was the most significant
development in the popular protest in the period 1815–1848 because they ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Swing Riots was the next most significant development because this was the first large scale
demonstration of agricultural labourers in the south which fuelled a fear of revolution in Britain. The
Swing Riots also influenced the Poor Law amendment act of 1834 which abolished outdoor relief
and was replaced by the workhouse. They also influenced the Tithe commutation act 1836 and the
Great Reform Act 1832. Despite these influences there were limitations to the influence of Swing as
conditions in the countryside remained poor for agricultural labourers and wages and working/living
conditions did not improve for them at all. The new poor law also meant that people had to go into
the workhouse if they couldn't support themselves. The Tithe remained an economic burden for rural
communities and they did not benefit from the 1832 reform act. Merthyr rising was also a
significant development in popular protest as they impacted on the reform act because there was a
fear of revolution because this was an organized mass protest and one of the motives of the protest
was the rejection of the 1st reform bill. The riot showed the increasing influence of other groups like
the Trade Unions and the spread of radicalism. The Merthyr Riots also saw the first welsh working
class martyr in Dic Penderyn who was arrested during the riots. Although, there were limitations to
the influence of the Merthyr Riots as the Truck

Chartism Essay example
Task 1
What evidence is there in the extract above of the three explanations for Chartism's support that you
have learned about in Block 2, Unit 2. Making sense of history, and which if any, is stressed most
strongly by the speaker?
Part 1
In no more than 200 words, write a plan for the essay
Plan
Introduction 1) Explain the background and context of the extract. 2) Discuss the evidence for the
Chartism's support in terms of economic pressure, national political movement and inclusive
cultural community. 3) The essay will explore how the three factors were important in the speech for
gaining support for Chartism and which proved to be the more dominant factor.
Economic Pressure 1) At the time of Chartism, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The essay will conclude by revealing through the use of evidence which was the dominant factor in
the speech in gaining support
Economic Pressure was used in the speech regularly to show the large division between the rich and
the poor. The speaker refers to 'the rich unnaturally elevated', 'weight of taxation, misrule and
oppression'. 'Destitution in horrid form stalks through street, lane and thourghfare' 'emaciated
frames'. The terminology reflects on the economic pressures that the poor endured, high tax and
poor working conditions that often led to illness and death. He emphasised how the richer of the
society, the aristocracy, were 'in exclusive possession of power'. This speech would have stirred the
emotions of the crowds as they heard how hard their lives were to those belonging to the upper
classes. The speaker creates horrid, desperate images of the poorer classes 'insufferable despair,' toll
of the death–bell' to highlight how hard their lives were. (Briggs, 1959, P.50) a secondary source
reflected how Chartism 'seems to have been strongest in the two kinds of places... centres of
decaying or contracting industry' and 'new or expanding single industry towns'. Briggs 's writing
shows that Chartism was prominent in only certain areas such as those of industry. Whereas, 'almost
non–existent in completely agricultural villages'.

Chartism: Working Class and Inclusive Cultural Community...
In the history block of this module, you learnt about three explanations for Chartism's support – a
reaction to economic pressure, national political movement and an inclusive cultural community.
What evidence is there in the extract above of examples of each of these factors? Which of the three,
if any appear to dominate in this extract?
The speech is a primary source of information reproduced on page 5 of the Northern Star
newspaper, the main voice in print of Chartism (O'Day et al., 2011, p107). It is an extract of a
speech made by an unknown speaker and chosen by the course team therefore one cannot be
absolutely sure of the veracity of the piece as a true representation of the Chartist movement. This
appears to be a politically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chartism's longevity and spread across the industrial areas of the United Kingdom is thought to have
been due to its appeal to all working class people. Events and opportunities for social interaction
were provided enabling members to meet together and feel as if they were actively participating in
the movement. In the extract there are very few references, compared to the other themes, to the
inclusive cultural community and all refer to men. "Men, brethren of the human race" (Para1Line 1)
and "Honourable gentlemen ...the working class only" (Para 3 Line1). While inclusivity was
important in keeping the organisation popular it would seem from the limited references that this
was not the main focus for the speaker.
This was a time of working class discontent when workers and the movement as a whole were
seeking answers to the social injustices they suffered. The speech was made at a time when
Parliament and government were dominated by the aristocracy (O'Day et al., 2011, p96). Democracy
was seen as a way of resolving the economic circumstances of the worker and political action was
thought to be the mechanism to bring this about. Paragraphs 3 and 5 contain almost exclusively
political rhetoric with the speaker seeking the audiences support. There are many references to
support this," the rich unnaturally elevated above the proper spheres of the mortal man" (Para2 Line
3) and "mustering your thousands to aid

Terms Ap Euro Hello Version Chapter X
AP EURO
CHAPTER 11
TERMS
Enclosure Acts: The Revolution of 1688 confirmed the ascendancy of the Parliament in England
over the king. Economically, it meant the ascendancy of the more well to do property–owning
classes. The British government was substantially in the hands of wealthy landowners, the
"squirearchy". Many landowners, seeking to increase their money incomes, began experimenting
new and improved methods of cultivation and stock raising. An improving landlord, to introduce
such changes successfully needed full control of his land. However this was not possible because of
the old village system of open fields, common lands, and semi collective methods of cultivation.
The old common tights of the villagers were part of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It affected everything from folklore to metaphysics. Grimm's Fairytales, for example, was first
published in 1812. It was the work of the two Grimm brothers, founders of the modern science of
comparative linguistics, who travelled about Germany to study popular dialects and in doing so
collected the folktales that for generations had been current among the common people. They hoped
in this way to find the ancient, native, indigenous "spirit" of Germany, deep and unspoiled in the
bosom of the Volk.
Alexander I: Alexander I, 1777–1825, czar of Russia (1801–25), son of Paul I (in whose murder he
may have taken an indirect part). In the first years of his reign the liberalism of his Swiss tutor,
Frédéric César de La Harpe, seemed to influence Alexander. He suppressed the secret police, lifted
the ban on foreign travel and books, made attempts to improve the position of the serfs, and began to
reform the backward educational system. In 1805, Alexander joined the coalition against Napoleon
I, but after the Russian defeats at Austerlitz and Friedland he formed an alliance with Napoleon by
the Treaty of Tilsit (1807) and joined Napoleon's Continental System. Alexander requested M. M.
Speranski to draw up proposals for a constitution, but adopted only one aspect of Speranski's
scheme, an advisory state council, and dismissed him in 1812 to placate the nobility. During this
period Russia gained control of Georgia and parts of Transcaucasia as a result of prolonged

How Did The Working Class Change Dbq
As the industrial revolution swept through Europe, migration from rural to urban societies occurred.
Although this did create more opportunities at first, it eventually led to poor living conditions due to
an increase in population. Due to the usage of machines rather than hands, unemployment rose, and
guilds were ruined. Due to the increase in population, the food supply decreased. While economic
changes in the nineteenth century increased the amount of workers, the conditions they lived in were
not pleasant. Due to the economic conditions, a series of arguments on how to improve the lives of
the people were argued. Some argued that the only way to fix the economy was through the
intervention of the government while others advocated for a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
London Workingmen's Association, in their petition to Parliament for the "People's Charter",
claimed that "the labouring classes may be silently plundered or suddenly suspended from
employment" if "every person producing proof of his being 21 years of age shall be entitled to have
his name registered as voter" (Document 4). Along with universal suffrage for manhood, Chartism,
the first large working class of Europe also wanted to abolish the property accommodation for the
House of Lords, and wanted a secret ballot. Not only did men want suffrage, but women did as well.
Pauline Roland, a French writer and political activist, wrote in the letter to the editor of the French
newspaper that "Woman is entitled to work as is Man" (Document 8). As men gained more
independence, women rose up to argue for their rights. Alexandre Millerand, a member of the
French national Legislature said in his speech that "we address ourselves only to universal suffrage;
out ambition is to bring about through this means economic and political liberation of all"
(Document 12). The working class believed that by attaining suffrage and equality, not only would
they be able to live happier lives, but the economy would change for the better. They believed that it
was through this advancement, rather than revolution, that change would

Chartism: Working Class and National Political Movement
TMA 02 Task 1 In the history block, you learned about three explanations for Chartism's support – a
reaction to economic pressure, national political movement and an inclusive cultural community.
What evidence is there in the extract above of three explanations for Chartism's support that you
learned about in the history chapter of Y180, and which, if any, is stressed most strongly by the
speaker? Part 1 In no more than 200 words, write a plan for this essay Introduction: 1. Explain the
background and context of the extract 2. This essay will consider the evidence for Chartism's
support in terms of economic pressure, popular radicalism, and cultural inclusiveness 3. It will argue
all three factors contributed to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chartism was all–embracing of the working classes; six working men were deliberated included on
the committee that discussed the People's Charter. The speaker addresses this group several times
with 'Working men' (L.1), 'Honourable gentlemen, I mean by this name the working class only'
(L.17), and 'the labouring class, are regarded as a cipher in importance' (L.22–L.23). Ellen Yeo,
secondary source 3, states the working classes were quite capable of creating their own politics just
as they were proficient manufacturers in the economy. Chartism's ideal of giving power to the
people already occurred within the movement as it gave people a political voice, the National
Petition's allowed people whose opinion was rarely consulted by Parliament to put down their
signature with a feeling of power and pride. Evidence for all three explanations for Chartism's
support exists in the extract. However I personally conclude that the main focus and draw of support
was the movement's political goals as the speech uses political language to acquire agitators and
fight for electoral reform. Many political issues are also addressed not just male suffrage, evidence
for economic and cultural factors are present too. I believe that economic slumps increased support
as protestors could voice their resentment of suffering, and inclusiveness

Asses the Reasons Why Chartism Failed
Assess the reasons why Chartism failed
Chartism was the largest protest movement by working class people that Britain has ever seen,
Chartist wanted a host of reforms which were highlighted in the Peoples Charter, which is were the
Chartist name derives itself from. The People Charter of 1838 set about six points including: the
vote for all adult males aged over 21, payment for MP's, equal electoral districts, secret ballot, no
property qualification for MP's and annual general elections. The Chartist movement did eventually
fail, in terms of obtaining their objective and the reason why they failed had been subject to much
debate. Most historians who have studied Chartism can be grouped into threes reason why Chartism
failed; Chartism ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fergus O'Connor believe that 'Physical force' was the way forward which believed in the idea of the
armed struggle and the right to bear arms and use them in self defence according the Bill of Rights
1689. However both side used menacing language at different times and although mainly used
threatening language he remained with the parameters of the law. Diversion continued constantly
throughout the movement between Lovett and O'Connor and by 1840 the movement had effectively
split into three factions, although they all wanted the same outcome they still differed on the best
way to achieve their goals. Lovett wanted improvement through education, O'Connor developed his
disastrous land reform and Robert Lowery led temperance Chartism. Historians would believe in the
inherent weakness interpretation, point out the this fragmentation of the chartist movement as the
major point their failure. Another problem with the leadership of the was the inability to gain
support from the majority of the middle classes, most felt alienated from violence and threats of
violence, which was prevalent within the movement. A large number of middle class delegates to the
Chartist convention resigned, trigged by the violent nature of the speeches, after 1839 the movement
became largely a movement of

Essay on Y180 Ema
Option 2 (History)
Write an essay responding to the following:
Which is more important in explaining the public support for Chartism:
economic circumstances, or Chartism's cultural community?
Chartism was the first mass working class labour movement in the world. Beginning in 1838,
Chartists called for political reform in the United Kingdom. The nature of their proposed reforms
were laid out in the six point People's Charter of 1838, and it is from this, that Chartism took its
name. The Chartist movement is seen by historians as a continuation of the fight against corruption
in British politics, and as a new phase in demands for democracy in the world's first industrialised
society. The sheer extent of support which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mail could be posted at a time, and place which better suited the needs of the working man, In
addition travelling times, between towns and cities, were reduced by railway travel. Before journeys
were restricted to the speed and endurance of a horse. The circulation of ideas and correspondence
between local Chartist groups became faster and easier, allowing the movement to evolve into a
living community.
This exchange of ideas and ideals between Chartist groups happened in a number of ways; the most
striking of which must surely be the three petitions which were signed by a huge proportion of the
population. Chartist newspapers were important to the movement, spreading the latest information
about meetings and events. The Northern Star and The Poor Man's Guardian were two examples of
over 120 different titles of Chartist papers. Chartism developed a culture all its own; there was
Chartist music, poetry, literature and festivities. The movement was open and inclusive. There were
no membership fees for being a. Chartist and everyone was allowed a voice. This was in stark
contrast to the hierarchical nature of British society of the time, which saw power shared between
the rich, privileged few. Chartism was a workers' movement, which was open to Nonconformist
Christians, women and ethnic minorities, its core activities were aimed at those with little or no
money; these could be processions, open–air meetings or petition signings. There had been radical

The Chartist Movement During The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution has made impactful changes to the world. It is one of the main things that
shape the modern world. But like all revolutions, it has some drawbacks. Several attempts have been
made. One of them, the Chartist Movement is probably the most influent. It shows the world what
the working class can do. Although fail, the Chartist Movement is undeniably one of the most
important events throughout the Industrial Revolution. The causes of the Chartist Movement vary
from both economic and political reasons. Economically, taxes are high, low wages, high cost with
several fiscal crises and bankrupts. While politically, the working class doesn't satisfy with the 1832
Reform Act and several later Acts, which they heavily support ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, several conferences and meetings were regularly held. All of this had made the working
class the most important supporter to the movement.
During the Chartist Movement, it is no doubt that the working class is the movement's most
important supporter. "The largest Chartist petition claimed to have nearly 6 million signatures."
They hope the movement, if successful, can improve their life. But aside from the working class,
almost everyone else opposes the movement. They fear the change would be bad for their rule, their
wealth and therefore oppose it.
In short term, the movement failed. The Charter was not only reject once, but three times. No
changes were made to improve the life of working class. It is straight up a failure. But in a long
term, the movement succeeded. Five out of six points had become laws. The movement also
improved the morale of working class. It also marked the rise of class–consciousness and enabled
the working class to learn from its

Ema 01 Which Is More Important in Explaining the Public...
TASK 1 OPTION 2 HISTORY
Which is more important in explaining the public support for Chartism: economic circumstances, or
the tradition of radical politics?
To explain the rise of the chartist political movement and the public support it received we need to
consider the two main contributing factors at the time. Historians like Asa Briggs, W.W. Rostow and
Gareth Steadman–Jones take differing views on which was the most important explanation for the
dramatic rise in public support for the chartist movement. Briggs agreed with an economic based
reason and Steadman–Jones agreed with the radical new policies that Chartism offered being the
main reason for the growth in support for the movement. This essay will explore these two views ...
The general feel of the working class was expressed in the chartist newspaper the morning chronicle
'we require justice before charity'. (Morning Chronicle may 3rd 1842). This was taken from a banner
in the crowd of supporters. The speaker in the extract reflects the sentiment of the banner and the
feeling of the crowd at the rally. This shows how political motivations were a major factor in the
growth of Chartism and how the chartists used public feeling to garner support.
In conclusion to explain the growth and mass support for Chartism and the rise of the political
movement which gripped the nation A mix of both economic problems combined with radical
political ideas left a nation wanting change the Chartists used the economic situation to tailor
support for their cause and increase the idea that political change would improve conditions for the
working classes. Chartism would not have had the same effect without a combination of these 2
factors.
References
O'Day, R., Hardy, W., Marsh, G., Padley, S. And Perryman, L.A. (2011)
Making Sense Of The Arts, Milton Keynes, The Open University.
Briggs, A. (ed.) (1959) Chartist Studies, London, Macmillan cited in Making Sense Of The Arts –
Resource Booklet 1, (2011) Milton Keynes, The Open University, P36.

Stedman–Jones, G. (1983) cited in Making Sense Of The Arts – Resource Booklet 1, (2011) Milton
Keynes, The Open University,

Chartism
In Britain, the tough times of the late 1830s and 1840s, sometimes called the "hungry forties", and
the underwhelming increase in voters in the Reform Bill of 1832 gave birth to a political movement
named Chartism. Chartism was a movement based on improving the political, social, and economic
conditions of the working class and is considered the first mass working class movement in the
world. The main points of the Chartist movement are defined in the People's Charter, a document
calling for six changes: universal manhood suffrage, the end of the property requirement for
Parliament members, annual elections, equal electoral districts, and an income for Parliament
members (Doc. 1). During the years of the Chartist movement there was much ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
2 & 7). According to an article in the Leeds Mercury, Chartists put together social gatherings
including balls and tea parties – which are not very revolutionary–like at all – possibly to mimic the
middle class and to try and get rid of their perceived revolutionary beliefs (Doc. 6). An article in the
Chartist, the newspaper directed towards the "moral force" Chartists, on the Chartists who wanted to
use violence said that while the British do in fact have the right to rebel, it is not necessary for this
movement (Doc. 3). A letter from Lord John Russell, the Prime Minister, to Queen Victoria in 1848
described the deliverance of a petition by the Chartists. There was no violence, and even O'Connor
was more than grateful towards the Commissioner of Police for allowing the march to happen (Doc.
10). Chartists usually either tried using petitions, some of over 3 million signatures, or strikes, which
were usually very peaceful, to try and get what they wanted. The Chartists ultimately failed to pass
the People's Charter through Parliament. After 1848, many people began losing interest in the
movement, so it began to rapidly decline. Men began to now look towards labor unions as a way to
achieve economic change. One place where the Chartists did get some headway in early on was
Australia when, in 1854, miners in Victoria put forth Chartist demands. Within a year after the
revolt, which was successfully suppressed, Australia

Assess The Causes Of Chartism
Chartism was a working–class movement for political reform in Britain that existed from 1838 to
1857. It was given its name from the People's Charter of and was a national revolt for political and
social movement. The strategy employed was to use support through petitions and demonstrations in
order to put pressure on politicians to acknowledge suffering. Chartism thus relied on constitutional
approaches to achieve its goals. By 1839 the Chartists had obtained nearly one and a half million
signatures in support of reform and presented the Charter to the lower house of parliament also
known as the House of The Commons. The charter was, however rejected by the government. A
second petition of around three million signatures was rejected in 1842, and the rejection of the third
petition in 1848 saw the end of the Chartist movement. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These can be split up into two main sections, political causes and economic causes. Firstly, one of
the main, and probably key causes of the rise of Chartism is the fact that the working classes were
disappointed with the 1832 Reform Act. This dissatisfaction with the Act came into being because
the Act did not enfranchise them, and they gained little from it. Also, they were unhappy with the
government's rejection to reform further, which therefore offered no prospect of the future
achievement of gaining the vote for the working classes. In addition, many of the working classes
had campaigned for the 1832 Reform Act and felt betrayed by the middle classes, since many of
them had actually lost the right to vote.
In general, the working classes were miserable, living in increasing poverty and convinced that
those above them were putting them in the worst conditions possible just to save money. The sizes
of boroughs still varied too much, and there was no secret ballot, so corruption and intimidation
were still a problem. Many therefore turned to Chartism as a way to continue the

Research Paper On Victorianism
Jehanzeb Siddiqui English September 4th 2014 Victorian England Essay Part 1: Victorianism
defined Victorianism is an era which is difficult to understand as it is spread over several periods
giving rise to many events. On one hand it is considered as an era of power and paradox while on
the other hand this era also describes Victorians as confident, socially responsible people having a
vision of the world beyond. The problem of describing Victorianism has also been well addressed by
M.H. Abrams in arts and literature, who himself was a Victorian. Part 2: Victorian Social History
Browny was a poor man who used to work at a cotton manufacturing factory where his employment
allowed him to sit in the same position for a series of hours in a heated atmosphere to do the work.
Just ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Part 3 B: Victorian Art The subject of the painting is "The Rainbow" in which the artist describes the
mountainous region with valleys on both sides of the painting and stream of water flowing through
it over a large distance while a rainbow reaches down to the earth from the sky. The artist seems to
provide nature's lovely side within this rocky world and that people should focus on the better side
this world rather than worrying about the darker side. Part 4: Major Literary Figures Thomas Carlyle
had examined the society of the Victorians very carefully and spoke for the Victorians. According to
him, people who were relying on technological innovations can't rely on those innovations only to
lead their lives as these innovations won't lead man, instead spirituality is the main concern of their
lives. He directed people towards spirituality and grabbed their attention through his writings. Either
his readers were repelled by his work or used to like him through his ideas. Later his work
emphasized over leadership and

Assess the significance of popular pressure in bringing...
Assess the significance of popular pressure in bringing about improved representation and greater
democracy in Britain in the period 1830–1931 The period of 1830–1931 saw gradual yet largely
significant governmental reforms which led to an extension of the franchise from 500,000 to around
21 million. Prior to 1832, Britain's franchise composed of a selective elite of the landowning class,
however the 1832 reform act, although a disappointment in the extent of what it achieved, paved the
way for further reform as it brought people together in rebellion (the Bristol Riots). This proved that
popular pressure had the potential to be very successful in orchestrating parliamentary reform. The
influence of pressure from outside parliament was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whether a revolution was possible is questionable amongst historians, however as Eric Evans wrote,
'What mattered was that enough MPs and Peers believed that it was, and acted accordingly.'2 It
could also be said that unwittingly the government had evoked an atmosphere of popular pressure in
Britain as everyone had seen how easily they had surrendered to the rebels' demands. Despite the
bill's limitations, the rioters had after all successfully achieved the first piece of legislation which
was an incentive for future pressure from outside Parliament, hence quickening the process of
improving representation and democracy in Britain. The Hyde Park riots of 1866 were another
example of working–class radicalism in protest for reform. Similarly to the Bristol Riots, the rebels
were destructive by force and although there was said to be 'more mischief than malice', a policeman
was killed. Both the Bristol and Hyde Park riots were successful as they were each followed by a
reform the next year. I believe that the main reason for the Hyde Park riots' victory was the
unification of the National Reform Union and the Reform League, two distinctively divided (in
class) bodies. This demonstrated that people of different classes and backgrounds were able to unify
in common aims in ways which the political parties could not. Furthermore, this alliance could be
seen as a step towards democratic reform as it began to

Corn Laws Chartism
Tension started when the Corn Laws were enforced in 1815, this imposed restrictions and tariffs on
imported grain, corn, flour, and meal. The Corn Laws were designed by conservatives to keep grain
prices high to favor domestic producers thus, food prices rose and riots throughout the city of
London began to break out. The Corn Laws enhanced the profits and political power associated with
landownership. The government directly regulated the import and export of grain, making it more
expensive to produce and trade grains grown by local farmers. In 1839, the Anti–Corn Law League
was established to fight against England's Corn Laws. The league mobilized the industrial middle
classes against the landlords. During the grain shortage caused by Britain growing population and
the blockades imposed by the Napoleonic Wars, the Corn Laws were repealed in 1846. The Reform
Act of 1832 was an Act of Parliament that introduced a wide range of changes to the electoral
system of England and Wales. The act disenfranchised 56 boroughs in England and Wales and
reduced another 31 to only one MP. The act also created 67 new constituencies, this broaden the
franchise's property qualification in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This movement aimed to gain political rights and influence for working class citizens. The Chartist
movement is known to be the first mass movement driven by the working classes. It grew in
popularity following the failure of the Reform Act of 1832, which extended the vote to citizens who
owned property. In 1838 William Lovett and Francis Place drew up a People's Charter for the
London Working Men's Association. The Charter had six demands; all men should have the right to
vote, voting should take place by secret ballot, there should be parliamentary elections every year,
constituencies should be equal of size, members of Parliament should be paid, and property
qualification for becoming a member of Parliament should be

What Is Civil Disobedience?
I define civil disobedience as the purposeful violation of certain established laws to call attention to
injustices either in the principles embodied in the set of laws or its application. There are three basic
attributes of civil disobedience that distinguishes it from other phenomenon of political unrest.
Firstly, the action taken is unlawful. Refusing to cultivate progress within the framework of the
status quo, it calls for more radical changes from outside of the system because it is part of the
system itself that the action is directed at. Secondly, civil disobedience requires intentionality. There
are at least two layers of intentionality implied: the intention to communicate and the intention to
change. Regarding the first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The supports can, paradoxically, be inherent within the system, or alternatively can be provided by
the civil society. People engage in civil disobedient activities because they still have some faith in
the flexibility and the fundamental legitimacy of the system. Violation of law is but a step that they
consider necessary towards a conversation with the system. Although having lost confidence in the
system reforming itself, they still believe that it responds to demands (although the demands have to
be raised in a somewhat radical fashion) and contains a set of valid procedures that make possible a
transformation that conforms to their notion of justice. If confidence in the responsiveness of the
system in the short–term is low, civil obedience is also possible if solidarity groups of the civil
society continuously furnish organizational and emotional support to its

The Presentation Of The Working Class Statement By Thomas...
The document under study is an excerpt from a speech. This speech was delivered in May 1842 by
Thomas Babington Macaulay. In 1842, several events occurred in England. First, England went
through a recession. This recession was due to a decrease on the workers' wages. This decrease was
introduced by the Anti–Corn laws manufacturers. As a consequence, England observed a widespread
on Chartist activity. Chartists belonged to an important working class movement called Chartism.
Chartists wanted to get some recognition for the working class. They presented to parliament a
petition divided into six points. They aimed to pass them. However, they met radical oppositions.
Indeed, this year marked the second presentation of the petition to parliament. ... Show more content
This quotation opposes the rich and the poor. The institution of property refers indeed to the money
people get from their properties, the rich. The institution of property is linked with "the well–being
of society". Consequently, according to Macaulay, the rich are the only ones who are able to lead the
country. This idea is enforced by the fact that he considers workers as children. "I would not give the
draught of water because I know it would be poison" (l.53–54), he placed himself as a protector of
the lower

Synopsis of Elizabeth Gaskell's Ruth Essay
Synopsis of Elizabeth Gaskell's Ruth This is a classic book that focuses on domesticity in the 18th
century. It highlights the basically mundane life that faced women (particularly spinsters) of this era.
If you want exitement and adventure this is not the book for you. If, however you are interested in
the history of domesticity and how small things meant so much, then this book is delightful.
Ruth
Elizabeth Gaskell
Synopsis
Ruth Hilton, an orphan and dressmaker's assistant is seduced and heartlessly deserted by the ...
After the loss of her mother at the age of one, she was brought up by her aunt, Hannah Lamb, who
lived in Knutsford, a country town in the suburb of Manchester.
Elizabeth shared her father's religious beliefs and attended the local Unitarian chapel and taught
Sunday School. At the age of eighteen, Elizabeth's brother, John Stevenson was lost at sea. The
news devastated her father and he went into a deep depression that he would never awake from.
Elizabeth returned to her father's household in London where she nursed him until his death in 1829.
A distant relative, William Turner, a Unitarian minister in Newcastle, invited Elizabeth to live with
his family. Elizabeth's was deeply influenced by Turner's religious beliefs and charitable works. On
a visit to Turner's daughter, who lived in Manchester, Elizabeth met William Gaskell, a minister at
their local Unitarian chapel. They quickly developed a close friendship and were married on August
30th, 1832.
Most of William Gaskell's parishioners were textile workers and Elizabeth was deeply shocked by
the poverty she witnessed in Manchester. Elizabeth, like her husband, became involved in various
charity work in the city.
At the age of thirty–four, she lost her nine–month–old son. Mary Barton (1848), which was written
in the effort to

Essay about Chartism: Women's Suffrage and National...
Chartism was a working–class political movement calling for the extension of the franchise that
emerged in the mid–1830s. Motivated by a sense of 'betrayal' by the actions of the Whig
government and the impact of a deep economic depression between 1837 and 1842, it saw political
reform as essential if the living and working conditions of working people were to be improved. The
power of the spoken and written word played a central role in Chartism and the foremost
demagogue of the movement was Feargus O'Connor, whose rhetoric in all its ambiguity and
exaggeration was published in his newspaper, The Northern Star. His speech at York, reported in the
Star on 6 July 1839, was in favour of a motion that: "every male adult of the kingdom ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The campaign for democratic reform began around the Battle of Waterloo and fluctuated alongside
economic pressure. In 1838, the democratic reform was reborn as 'Chartism'. Chartism became a
national political movement, a group of people working together to achieve a political goal, and was
one explanation for the support of Chartism. The creation of the 'People's Charter' (1838),
incorporated the principles of Cartwright, proposing all that the poor and working class desperately
needed. Chartism gave the people a voice and with that voice, gave the solutions they sought. One
answer to people's woes was addressed by the speaker of the extract, which was, "a fair day's wage
for a fair day's work". FLOW The motion favoured at this meeting was Universal male suffrage –
i.e. all adult males over 21, of 'sound mind'...not undergoing punishment for crime, should have the
vote...'. QUOTE ASS BOOKLET Although this was a radical step, they omitted to go above the
hierarchical nature of British society at the time and include the vote for women. Women, 'seldom
spoke on public platforms' (Thompson, 1984, pp 120–1, RB, pg 39), however, Lovett, amongst other
Chartists, were in agreement that women should have the vote.
There are two separate economic issues within Chartism though O'Connor and addresses both. First,
there was the issue of the 'Old Corruption', a radical concept that

How Does Emily Brontë Demonstrate The Balance Of Women's...
Britain's society had an unbalance of power during the late eighteenth century amongst genders. The
roles of men and women were distinct, however the women had far less say and input. In the novel
Wuthering Heights, Emily Brontë displays the revolutionary change amongst women beginning in
the late 1860s. The barrier of not having a voice as well as restricted freedom had finally been
broken down. The roles of women have progressed drastically from the stay home mother, to
marriage rights, to finally the rebellious actions of women wanting to achieve their individualism. In
the beginning stages of reforming women's roles, they were only stay home mothers. Women were
the domestic interiors of the house, maintaining the inside and everything ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The division of the classes were clear, and depending on which one, were often quite tough to
succeed in. The majority of women belonged to the lower–class like Catherine Earnshaw was.
Catherine knows that "if Heathcliff and I married, we should be beggars" (72) Nelly agrees with
Catherine, and marrying Edgar will give Catherine the opportunity to "escape from a disorderly,
comfortless home into a wealthy respectable one" (Brontë 70). Catherine sees that social and
financial stability requires being a lady, which erases the rebel she once was. It was not unusual for
women to search for a man who was well

How Did Great Britain Create Tension Between 1815 And 1914
The 1800s were ruled by the industrial revolution, the innovation of new technology and weaponry,
and parliamentary reforms, which decided the fate of millions. In its height, Great Britain was a
force to the reckoned with, with colonies spread throughout the world and an all–powerful navy
none could match, Great Britain was one of the most powerful European powers in the 1800s. These
ten events, in Great Britain, that transpired between 1815 and 1914 contributed to the horrendous
masterpiece that is World War I in 1914, from parliamentary reforms, industrial advancements, and
its fierce protection of trade. On August 16, 1819, sixty thousand people gathered near Manchester
to protest the right for men to vote, with middle–class speakers. The tragedy began when a police
officer arrested a popular speaker, which caused outrage and the crowd turned into a riot. Resulting
in, "Entrenched positions hardened, and class antagonisms became more evident." Showing the
strong divisions between rich property owners and property ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It was passed by the House of Lords on June 7, 1832, due to a threat made by King William IV to
appoint new people to the House of Lords. It still did not give the vote for women and most men
could not vote unless their homes had an annual value of 10£, which resulted in only one out of
seven males had the vote. Along with the new voting proclamation, it included six other reforms; the
Abolition of slave trade (1833), Sadler Committee and Factory Acts (1833), New Poor Law (1834),
Mines Act (1842), RR act (1834), repeal of Corn Law (1846), and the Chartism Movement (1830s–
40s). Most of these new reforms are liberal which was surprising since the Tories were in power at
the time. The repeal of the Corn Law was the most anticipated and desperately needed reform due to
the numerous consequences its implication made, most notable of which being the Potato

Employee Relations in the New British Economy
Employee Relations in the New British Economy Great Britain is currently recovering from one of
the worst economic periods since the 1930s. Everyone is feeling the pinch. As companies try to
compete in this new economic environment, and the government tries to reduce national debt, many
industries are finding themselves in situations where they must find ways to improve employee
relations on an industry wide basis. In the past, employee relations formed an important part of the
competitive advantage for individual firms. After falling out of favor for some time, trade unions are
now becoming more popular as a way of bolstering entire sectors of the economy or industries. This
research will explore the role of employee relations in both unitary and pluralistc environments
within certain industries. Power Organization and Structure When speaking of trade unions, and
import nor understand the frame of reference. The unitary frame of reference is a way of thinking
about management and organizational membership. This frame of reference is based on the
assumption that in order to achieve success all of the members must share the same goals and have a
similar value system. The unitary perspective is expressed in mission statements and actions to
achieve the objectives of the organization. Workers are seen as loyal in the management takes on a
parental role and works in everyone's best interest. A pluralistic perspective is that of an organization
that is more

Chartists and Chartism Essays
Chartists and Chartism
Chartism was the name of a variety of protest movements in England during the 1830s and 40s,
which aimed to bring about change in social and economic conditions through political reform. Its
name comes from the People's Charter, a six–point petition presented to the House of Commons
with the hope of having it made law. The six point included annual parliaments, universal manhood
suffrage, abolition of the property qualification for members of the House of Commons, the secret
ballot, equal electoral districts, and salaries for members of Parliament.
This was the first independent working–class movement in the world, that is, not simply sporadic
uprisings or agitation, and arose after the Reform Bill of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Convention then proclaimed a general strike, but many had no employer to strike against, and
the Convention broke up after riots in various parts of England and Wales, with many leaders
arrested and troops sent in by the government. A similar petition was presented in 1842, another bad
time, with even more signatures, and was again firmly rejected. Again there were strikes; again
leaders were jailed.
1848, the year Mary Barton was published, saw a final demonstration by the Chartists. This time
they had collected over 5,000,000 signatures and the presentation to the Parliament was attended
with great ceremony; an impressive parade carried the wagon–loads of signatures to the House of
Commons. This was the year of revolution in Europe––there had been revolts in Paris, Vienna (3),
Venice, Berlin, Milan, Rome, and Czechoslovakia––and the British government was desperately
afraid of large–scale demonstrations. Many troops were deployed in London and the petition failed
again, which brought about the virtual end of Chartism.
` The supporters of Chartism were from different working–class groups, but all were victims of the
Industrial Revolution. One group consisted of the older handicrafts and domestic skills––those who
worked on commission in their homes, at looms or knitting–frames, under the so–called "putting–
out" system, where their materials were supplied by a factor or middleman who later came to collect
the finished work. The other main group was

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