2. Difinations
Why transfusion ?
Therapy
Direct impact on life
Therefore BT deals with the conditions that
arise
This is a science that revolves around the
system of antigens and the antibodies
3. What are these?
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Glycolipids
Glycoproteins
Glycophorins
4.
5. Blood groups…
The known blood group antigens may be
grouped according to function
Blood group antibodies on the other hand may
occur due to
Stimulus i.e. as immune antibodies.
Naturally
6. Where do we start?
Blood donation
Study of transfused blood
Conditions for transfusion to be set
Untoward effects of donation and transfusion
7. Antigen antibody interactions
Important aspects of interactions
Blood group systems
Blood grouping techniques
Transfusion reactions; these include,
Red cell incompatibility
Leucocyte/platelet antigens
Hemolytic disease
Other factors
8. Blood groups
What is the significance of blood groups?
What are the aspects of significance
Important blood groups
The ABO blood group
The Rh system
Other blood groups
9. Blood donation
Transfusion is not an end but a stop gap
measure
Ailments and conditions must be ascertained
Only the necessary component to be
transfused
Blood donation be undertaken without undue
stress
WHO stipulations to be adhered to
10. Hazards of blood donation
Fainting.
Embolism
Puncture of artery
Tetany
Anaemia
11. Blood group systems
Landois (1875), Erlich and Morgenroth (1900),
discover difference in Ab/Ag within and between
species
Landsteiner in 1901 finds naturally occurring Abs
Define
Alloantibodies, Isoantibodies and auto antibodies
The relevance of blood group systems
What determines clinical importance of blood
groups?
Haemlysis?
Speed of Ab development?
12. Discovery of blood groups
Name abbr Year Antibody occurrence Ab
Detection
AHG
ABO
Lewis
ABO
Le
1901
1946
Normal subjects Saline -
MNSs
P
MNSs
P
1926 Rabbit injected with human RBCs Saline -
Rh Rh 1940
1941
i. Rabbits injected with RBCs
ii. transfused patients
iii. mothers of infants with RHD
Saline
Saline
Saline
May be
used
Maybe used
May be
used
Lutheran Lu 1945 Sensitized
patient
Saline -
13. Discovery of blood groups
Kell
Duffy
Kidd
Diego
Yt
Xg
Dombrock
Colton
K
Fy
Jk
Di
Yt
Xg
Do
Co
1946
1950
1951
1955
1956
1962
1965
1967
Transfused and
mothers of hdnb
infants
- Is used
Ii I 1956 Patients with cold
autoimmune disease
Saline -
Scianna Sc 1962
Sd Sd 1967
Wright Wr
14. ABO, Lewis, Ii, and P systems
Mapped/ located on various chhromosoomes
ABO on chromosome 9
Synthesis by sequential addition of sugars and
lipid residues
15. Red cell membrane antigens
The direct gene product is called a glycosyltransferase
These transfer specific sugar to an oligosaccharide
chain on the cell membrane
Glycosphingolipid (glycolipid) = D-glucose bound to the
chain through sphingosine and fatty acid moieties.
Glycoprotein = N-acetyl-D-galactosamine through serine
or threonine, to a peptide chain
P antigens are only glycolipid and do not show variation
