Essay On Shariah

Essay On Shariah
1 Introduction
4.1.1 What is Shariah?
Shariah literally means path or way to place the water in the desert. It is because many Arabs who
lived during the time of the Prophet (PBUH) is influenced by the ways of the desert. Water and
direction where the water is come is important for their lives. Shariah is like the direction to go to
something good and useful for our good.
Shariah in the sense of religion means the direct path of human life to the right path.The term
Shariah in Islam carries two meanings: the first relates to the commands of Allah which covers all
aspects of human life; and the other two relate specifically to the Islamic law or jurisprudence.
Shariah word also has a correlation with the word 'din', which literally means' submission or 'below'.
As Muslims we must follow all directives that the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) taught us and the
direction to follow is called Shariah. Conceptually, Shariah refers to a set of rules, regulations,
teachings and values that govern the lives of Muslims. It is refer to the rules, regulations, teachings
and values cover every aspect of life that includes faith and practice, personal behavior, legal and
social transactions. In other words, Shariah is a comprehensive principle of a total way of life.
4.1.2 Classification of Sharia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The term 'Aqidah' is derived from the word 'aqad' which means a tie or knot. From the Islamic point
of view, 'aqidah means a strong belief in Allah Almighty, Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and in the
Hereafter in the heart of a person or a Muslim. 'Aqidah is the main foundation of Islam and the
starting point to be a good Muslim. This is reflected in the activities carried out by the human. Basic
'Aqidah of Islam is six pillars or RUKN Iman or faith belief in God, the angels, the Divine
Revelation, the Apostle, the afterlife and the Will of
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Women Experienced And Governed By Indonesian Islamic...
1. AIMS AND QUESTIONS The question of this research is how women experienced and governed
by Indonesian Islamic Inheritance Law, especially on the term Kalalah where the absence of male
children became a significant issue. This issue was derived from the different interpretation on Al–
Qur'an 4:12 and 4:176 : "And for you is half of what your wives leave if they have no child. But if
they have a child, for you is one–fourth of what they leave, after any bequest they [may have] made
or debt. And for the wives is one–fourth if you leave no child. But if you leave a child, then for them
is an eighth of what you leave, after any bequest you [may have] made or debt. And if a man or
woman leaves neither ascendants nor descendants but has a brother or a sister, then for each one of
them is a sixth. But if they are more than two, they share a third, after any bequest which was made
or debt, as long as there is no detriment [caused]. [This is] an ordinance from Allah, and Allah is
Knowing and Forbearing." "They request from you a [legal] ruling. Say, " Allah gives you a ruling
concerning one having neither descendants nor ascendants [as heirs]." If a man dies, leaving no
child but [only] a sister, she will have half of what he left. And he inherits from her if she [dies and]
has no child. But if there are two sisters [or more], they will have two–thirds of what he left. If there
are both brothers and sisters, the male will have the share of two females. Allah makes clear to you

Al-Qaraqahakav Essay
and then in their Department of Communication with the Islamic World. Even after he settled down
as a teacher at Qaṭar University, he was still committed to his role as a preacher. His role as a
preacher actually became known primarily through his TV programme al–Šarīʻa wa–l–Ḥayāt [The
Šarīʻa and life]. This programme was launched by al–Ğazīra TV station in 1997 . It is a program that
showcased al–Qaraḍāwī as a media preacher and a general authority on the Šarīʻa as well as on
specific issues in Islamic law. In this programme, he represented the authoritative voice of the
Islamic scholar interpreting the Šarīʻa in response to questions drawn from everyday life
experiences of viewers. This show certainly became popular among Muslim ... Show more content
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He was then considered as a controversial figure. With the rise of Islamism all over the world, and
with al–Qaraḍāwī's central position in contemporary Sunni Islamist movement, many warnings
about the threat of Islamism have been centred around his statements and activities. In 2001, for
example, he was banned from entering the United States because of his support for suicide attacks in
Palestine in the course of the second intifada . However, all of that has not eliminated his role in the
Islamic discourse. Many Muslims–especially young Muslims–admire him. It is not surprising if he
has been nominated as one of the top twenty public intellectuals in the world and also has accepted a
number of international awards. For example: he received The Saudi Arabian Islamic Development
Bank (IDB) in Islamic Economics and Banking in 1991 , King Faisal International Prize for Islamic
studies in 1994 , The Islamic University of Malaysia award for excellent academic service in 1996 ,
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (Sultan of Brunei) Award for Islamic jurisprudence in 1997 , Dubai
International Holy Qur'ān Award for Islamic Personality of the Year in 2000 , etc. His importance is
also shown in a book published about him by some scholars. It is titled: The Global Mufti: The
Phenomenon of Yusuf al–Qaradawi . This book is a collection of essays on various aspects of al–
Qaraḍāwī's life, works, and

Analog and Consensus of Islamic Religion Essay
As one of the Islamic tradition, the creation of the law was a significant accomplishment in Islamic
history. After the disordered period when the numerous schools of religious law emerged, a unified
jurisprudence –– "Shari'a" finally was established in the tenth century. The term of "Shari'a" used to
refer to the path leading to the water hole in the desert; now, it represented the rules that Muslims
needed to follow, which means the Islamic law. Followed by the emergence of "Shari'a", Sunni
experienced the consolidation of the Madhhabs which referred to the different schools of law; Shii,
on the other hand, developed its own madhhabs distinguishing from the Sunni madhhabs. The four
sources of Shari'a included Qur'an, Hadith, analogy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the complete procedure of Shari'a would include a legal problem that would be expected
to get the solution by the Qur'an and Hadith at first. However, if the issue would not be able to solve
by neither the Qur'an nor Hadith, it would be resolved by analogy. What's more, if the problem was
involved with other rules, the ulama would confirm a consensus for the problem. Under the
authorized background of Shari'a, Sunni developed its own madhhabs. The term of madhhabs
originally referred to the hundreds of different schools of law during the ninth century. However,
because of the idea of uniformity of legal method, the numerous schools of law experienced the
consolidation. Then, by the end of the thirteenth century, madhhbas only included four different
schools: Hanafi, Maliki, Shafii and Hanbali, which would represent the majority of Muslims. Hanafi
school was named after the scholar Abu Hanifa and adopt the consensus of analogy; and it
dominated in Iraq and Syria, and spread to Anatolia, Central Asia, and India. Maliki school was
named after the scholar Malik Ibn Anas. It started in Medina and adopts the Hadith, and then
dominated in North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula and later in West Africa. Shafii was based on the
disciples of al–Shafi'i. It could be seen as the combination of Hanafi and Malik, but put stress on
consensus. Shafii dominated in Egypt, Yeman, East Africa, certain regions of India, and Southeast
Asia. Hanbali, which

The Islamic Religious Laws Practiced By Muslim
The Islamic religious laws practiced by Muslim's around the world that belong to the traditional
legal system known as Sharia has made headlines around the world for its barbaric, harsh and
inhumane punishments and reasoning. The terms Quran, Zina , Sharia, Fiqh, Kanunname, Qadi and
Ijtihad are all terms that represent some sort of aspect of traditional Islamic components, laws and or
ways of life. I argue that over time, some of the terms stated above have changed and others not so
much depending on the way they are applied and practiced. The comparisons of punishments and
fines within different social classes and genders in the different era's significantly addresses proof of
evolution of the terms previously stated is true but only according to the circumstances attributed to
the term in question and how it is practiced.
Over time, in most cases, things change for the better. A combination between ethical societies,
modernized non–violent punishment tactics and human rights obligations are the fundamentals of
freedom & a functional society. Unfortunately, we cannot say the same for the traditional Islamic
legal system, which is known as Sharia. Sharia is seen by most non–Muslim's to be intolerable and
inhumane because the codes and punishments are often too severe for the average non–Muslims to
comprehend without knowing the historical understanding of the laws that where implemented way
back when but that are still practiced and followed by Muslims. Sharia is seen as

Ethical Issues And Risks Of Organ Donation
Organ Transplantation is the surgical approach to replacing failing, diseased or infected organs from
one person, with healthier biological tissues or organs from a donor whose structures function well.
Many people agree that to take and use organs from another source is justifiable within certain
ethical boundaries. However it is when the need for organ transplants becomes overwhelming that
these initial boundaries are questioned and challenged. This would result in the death of many
patients as well as harm to the donors.
Cadaveric organ donation
Consent must have been given before the death of the donor for the use of their organs and body
parts.
Living organ donation.
For cadaveric organ donation, there is a waiting list that has so far foreseen the death of many
patients due to long periods of waiting time.
Ethical issues and risks for the donor:
Health
Pain, discomfort, infection, bleeding and future problems are plausible.
Psychological
Pressure from, peers, the patient, family or themselves where guilt is often involved may eventually
damage the individual's mental and spiritual states. Resentment and forms of negative connotations
may arise e.g. depression. If the patient is also of close relation to the donor, they may feel obligated
or pressured into giving the other person one of their structures. Donors are not provided an
advocate unlike the patient. This may cause discomfort and stress due to the surgery.
Medical and ethical debates:
Living donors are faced

The Religion Of Islam Is A Religion With Deep Roots That
The religion of Islam is a religion with deep roots that have now expanded out from the Middle East
and touch all corners of the world. While there is no doubt that Islam's oldest roots lie in the
birthplace of the religion, the Arabian Peninsula, the religion's culture, customs, and laws have been
carried out from here and impact millions worldwide. However, with the spread of Islam into the
world comes the spread of the world into Islam. Meaning that as Islam's roots grow far and wide it
must face the challenging idea of modernization into what many people would now define as our
"global society". Islam has proven century after century to be a "just and moral" religion like their
monotheistic predecessors, Judaism and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first scholar, Subhi Mahmasani was from Lebanon where he held many prestigious titles in the
political sphere such as: a member of the Lebanese Parliament, president of the Appeals Court,
minister of Economy, as well as teaching at the American University in Beirut and the Lebanese
University (LI, 145). The article published by Mahmasani in Liberal Islam is entitled "Adaptation of
Islamic Jurisprudence to Modern Social Need." Mahmasani begins by explaining that the concept of
Islamic jurisprudence dealt with questions of religions, worship and legal transactions thus
explaining that the 'ulama (scholars) and jurists had to be knowledge in all departments of
knowledge (LI, 145). This knowledge comes from a variety of sources such as the Qu'ran and the
Sunna as well as through customs, geography, and the search for the inner ijtihad (endeavor or
interpretation).
Mahmasani's claims that after Sunni jurists agreed to close the door to ijtihad, because of the fall of
Baghdad in the seventh century, Islamic thought met a dead end. Mahmasani explains that "the door
of ijtihad should be thrown wide open for anyone juristically qualified...what is right is to allow
freedom of interpretation of Islamic jurisprudence and to liberate thought" (LI 146). More so, he
later goes on to explain that the Sunna is a contradiction because the prophet

The Main Duties And Responsibilities Of The SSC
The SSC is consist of the members that comes from variety background in qualification, experience
and knowledge, including law and economics, in order to add valuable support into the depth and
breadth of the Shariah deliberations. The members of the SSC must have the good qualification,
expertise and experience in the areas of Shariah especially in usul al–fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence)
and in fiqh al–muamalat(Islamic commercial laws).
6.1.2 Main Duties and Responsibilities of SSC
The main duties and responsibilities of the SSC of BIMB are principally according to the Shariah
Governance Framework;
(i) Advising the Board and Management of BIMB on Shariah related matters in order for the BIMB
to comply with Shariah principles at all times; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shariah audit process should be designed to allow the IFI to assess effective internal control system
for Shariah compliance has been implemented, which should include the following:
(i) Understand the business activities of the IFIs to allow better scoping of the audit exercise, the
ability to audit and relevance of the activities;
(ii) Develop a comprehensive internal audit program or plan. The program should include the
purpose, scope, assignment of personnel, sampling, control and duration as well as establish
appropriate audit processes, policies and operating procedures IFI;
(iv) Obtain and make reference to relevant sources, including published SAC decisions, decisions
Shariah Committee, the fatwa, guidelines, Shariah audit results and shariah internal checklist;
(iv) Conduct periodic inspection of Shariah;
(v) Communicate the results of any assessment or examination findings of Shariah to the Board
Audit Committee and the Committee of Shariah; and
(vi) Provide recommendations on remedial measures undertaken and follow–up on the
implementation of the

The Ban Of Full Veils
France has recently been enforcing their ban of full–face veils in public places. The government
claims it is for public safety, however, others feel it is the result of "Islamophobia". Regardless of
their reasoning, they are infringing on basic human rights. Most people believe that the ability to
worship as they choose is a right given to them, not by any government, but by their deity. However
in Venissieux, France a ban on the wearing of full veils in public places was formalized on April
15th, 2011. Thus, making it the first European country to violate what is, to some Muslims, an
important religious conviction. Although the police cannot legally remove full veils, they are
encouraged to punish those who continue to wear them with fines or required citizenship lessons.
The new laws are a direct attack on Islamic culture, allowing the French government to strip its
citizens of their history, their identity, and worst of all, of their ability to worship as their scriptures
tells them to.
The Quran, the Muslim holy text, commands both women and men to dress in a modest way to
show their dedication and reverence for God. Some Islamic tradition and law states that the
definition of modesty for a Muslim woman is covering everything except the face and hands in
public. This idea is defended by the texts of Fiqh, which deal with the observance of rituals, morals
and social legislation in Islam. These texts were developed after the revelation of the Quran. While
the Fiqh is not

Characteristics Of Muslim Modernism
The issue of modernism has become the main issues among Islamic society since the western
modern principle influenced Islamic society. In addition, some of Islamic modern thinkers also
received modern education. As the result, they felt unsatisfied towards the traditional thinkers
among Muslim society. Some of them go extremely to the modern thinking by rejecting all the pure
of Islamic world thinking. However, some of them adopt the modern thinking to Islamic traditional
thinking to develop the new revival perception of Islam. The purpose of this book is to describe the
modern thinkers of Islam perceptions towards some issues such as, intellectual, political, economic,
social and educational bases.
This book contains seven chapters that briefly explains the modern issues ... Show more content on
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Khalifa 'Abdul Hakim, and etc. In this case, there are some points that can describe the
characteristics of Muslim modernism. First of all, the author defines the concept of modernism is the
opposite of the medievalism perception. The modernism seeks the reason for all the things logically,
and they consider to the progress thing. In the terms of Muslim modernism, the author mentions
there are for the Muslim modernism characters. The first character is Muslim modernism to believe
that there is the process of cause and effect in life. This process should be rational and can be
accepted logically. The second characteristic is against the Sufism. The Muslim modernism
reformers attended to change the general characteristic of Muslim society which is passive as the
Sufism perception. Next, the Muslim modernism is also against to the taqlid or blind adherence to a
scholar. The last characteristic of Muslim modernism is to open the reason and avoid limitation to
any matters in

Disadvantages Of Jihad
INTRODUCTION: Indeed, jihad is one of the important topics to be discussed. This is because
jihad has a high position in the life of Muslims in order to build and maintain strength. Without
jihad, Muslims will be threatened, and even more alarming, if the Muslims have abandoned the duty
of jihad from their agenda whether in terms of external, internal, thought and culture. Therefore,
Muslims must prepare themselves for jihad. But as we see, jihad has been misinterpreted and
consequently cause negative reaction that affect the integrity of Islam as divine religion. In a
religious sense, as described by the Quran and teachings of the Prophet Muhammad SAW, jihad has
many meanings. It can refer to internal as well as external efforts to be a ... Show more content on
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At certain areas it overlaps with zakat and hajj. Al–Imam Al–Bukharinarrated a hadith from the
Prophet SAW: "A person whose feet become dust ridden because of striving in the way of Allah will
never be touched by the flames of Hell"
JIHAD BY THE SWORD: Jihad by the sword or jihad bissaif. In contrary to the jihad by the heart,
this form of jihad is referred as "the lesser jihad" (al–jihad al–asghar). Sometimes, it is necessary to
undertake jihad with weapon. This would include usage of weapons and engaging and struggling in
a war to liberate the country from colonialism and also to defend the rights and not to create
violence. There are only two situations were jihad by the sword is allowed to be undertaken:
1– For self–defence.
2– Fighting against evil and unjust.
There are many rules and limitations when engaging in a war under the title of jihad. For example,
civilians are not to be harmed; trees are not to be cut down ; asylum should be granted to
surrendering enemy soldiers; etc. Allah SWT said which means: "If one amongst the Pagans ask
thee for asylum, grant it to him, so that he may hear the word of Allah; and then escort him to where
he can be secure. That is because they are men without knowledge"

Nature and Authority of Sharia Law Essay
PAGE 1 – THE NATURE AND AUTHORITY OF THE SHARIA
PAGE 2 – HOW THE WILL OF GOD MAY BE KNOWN REGARDING CONTEMPORAY
ISSUES
PAGE 3 – AUTHORITY
PAGE 4 – IMPORTANCE (GUIDE TO LIFE, ACCURACY)
PAGE 5 – DIFFERING UNDERSTANDINGS OF IJTIHAD
PAGE 6 – GLOSSARY
Nature and Authority of the Shari'a
In technical terms it is a clearly defined way of following the guidance of God that was left as a
pattern for Islamic living by each of the messengers: Muhammad [SAW] left a Shari'a left for the
Muslims that was based on the rules and regulations of the faith. We have seen this through the way
Muslims pray five times a day keep the fast, obtaining the five pillars. The Shari'a is never an
arbitrary law made up by the prophets or by a vote ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A mujtahid is an Islamic scholar who is competent to interpret sharia by Ijtihad.
The Qur'an commands Ijithad in early Islam as it was the common practice and later it was
combined with early Islamic philosophy. Slowly it fell out of practice in the Sunni fiqh for many
reasons.
A western scholar called Joseph Schacht stated that the close of the door of Ijtihad had occurred by
the beginning for the 10th century.
Other scholars such as Wael Hallaq demonstrated that Ijtihad has remained an essential part of the
Sunni Muslim tradition, despite the emphasis on the taqlid. Hallaq wrote that a minority always
claimed that a properly–qualified scholar must have the right to ijtihad at all times. Long after the
10th century the principles of ijtihad continued to be discussed in the Islamic legal literature.
Qiya's;
In Islamic jurisprudence, Qiya's is the process of deductive analogy in which the teachings of the
Hadith are compared and contrasted with those of the Qur'an, in order to apply a known injunction
to a new circumstance and create a new injunction. The ruling of the Sunnah and the Qur'an may be

used to solve or provide a response to a new problem that may arise. This, maybe the only the case
providing that the set precedent or paradigm and the new problem that has come about will share
operative causes (illah). Illah is the specific set of circumstances that trigger a certain law into
action.
Sunni Islam and Shia Islam share

Hassan Farhang Ansari
Because the Shi'a philosophy considers the renewal in ijtihad and in fiqh is always a possibility, and
it takes pride as one of their main important aspects of their law. It makes possible a more
contemporary perspective of the women's role in today's world.
No wonder then that the Shi'a approach to women's rights is evolving . Hassan Farhang Ansari
brilliantly discusses in his article, The Shiite Interpretation of the Status of Women, that women
always had an important role in Shia religion, starting with the Prophet's daughter Fatima who
brought an incredible insight into the history of the Islam and was the fiercest defender of Ali's right
to succession. Also Zeynab, who was always at the side of Husayn in Kerbala and who later on took
over the duty to protect her family and her brother, the next Imam, to assure the transmission of the
political and religious message of the Islamic movement. These are crucial differences from Sunni
jurisprudence (Ansari, 2016) https://www.ias.edu/ideas/2016/ansari–shiite–women Since 1959 the
Jafari school of jurisprudence has been afforded the status of " the fifth school" along with the four
Sunni schools of Azhar University in Cairo. The other two legal schools that share the Jafari origin
are the Zaydi and the Mustali Fatimid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Being a Shia or Sunni it has to do with identity, it defines who they are. The Shia, as a minority
group, their communities tend to gravitate around their religious leaders. Whereas in the Sunni
world the sultans and caliphs were the ones who carried the political authority, the clerics were
dependent on them, therefore, they have less religious charisma in the community. Shia believes in
the visitation of shrines places of Grace and saint worships (nasr). The Wahabi movement from
Sunni Islam condemn this Shi'a practice and it categorizes it as heretical. The majority of Sunni
Muslims, nevertheless, accept

Principle Beliefs
Explain the importance of the 3 aspects (1.Principle beliefs, 2.Sacred Texts & Writings, 3.Core
Ethical Teachings) in the lives of contemporary (meaning now) Muslims
Principle beliefs: (6 Articles of faith)
Tawhid (belief in the oneness of god) o The Tawhid refers to the belief that Allah is god o It
mentions that Allah is the one true god o Allah is unlike anything else, and nothing can be compared
to him. o Allah is powerful and all knowing o Tawhid declares that everything happens for a reason
o Tawhid ultimately leads to greater surrender to Allah's will. o This is a reminder to Muslims that
they are responsible for their actions.
Insha Allah (fate/predestination. Whatever happens is god's will) o Insha Allah, when translated
says, "if god wills"
o ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sacred texts & writings:
Qur'an (the principle scriptures of Islam containing the words of Allah spoken to the Prophet
Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel) o The Qur'an is the principle scripture of Islam o Muslims
believe that it contains Allah's revelation which is thought to be complete and unchanged o The
Qur'an is the word of Allah spoken to Muhammad through the Angel Gabriel o The main message of
the Qur'an is a declaration of the complete sovereignty of god. There is only one god (Allah) and his
power and authority has no restrictions. He has full control over the entire universe and therefore
humans owe him complete submission o Hadith (are written accounts of the sayings and actions of
the Prophet Muhammad)

Critical Review Of Article ' Tolerance And Governance
Critical review of article 'Tolerance and governance' in Abdolkarim Soroush's book In the article
'Tolerance and Governance: a discourse on religion and democracy', the writer Abdolkarim Soroush
has defined justice as meta–religious setting on which an unexpectedly religiously democratic
government needs to be based via its revolutionized freedom, confidence, religious enthusiasm,
necessity of tolerance and a deep understanding of worldly matters (HOLTAN, 2005). The basic
notion of a democratic religious government is a substitute of both theocratic government and a
materialized liberal democracy, such as Iran and United States, respectively. In the article, Soroush
has defined a democratic religious government as the one which offers a right of interpreting
religious knowledge to each inhabitant, and allows him or her to freely perform the classification of
interpreted religious knowledge democratically. After interpreting the article, I have assessed that
Soroush has based such type of government on an underlying principle which states that populace of
a religious community reveal their religious views in their political matters. Thus, in case such
community's political system is based upon role and viewpoints of common public, then those
religious viewpoints are symbolized by such system. I think that by stating this Soroush wants to say
that the freedom of debating and expressing one's religious viewpoints publically transforms a
government to a religious one.

The Pros And Cons Of Sharia
Goodfellas countries Sharia: the practice room and legal culture are that the Sharia does not matter,
as European countries. This is the case of Tunisia, Algeria, Lebanon and Syria. Sometimes, there are
few surprises, the judge may choose to rule according to Sharia but rather concerns the right of the
family business law or commercial law (Anton, 2013).
Countries dominated by the Sharia: Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Sudan. The Saudi constitution
stipulates that Sharia governs the right. Saudi judges even have the power to review the
constitutionality of laws and eliminate those not compatible with Sharia. How it is codified in Saudi
Arabia? Some say it comes from the Hanbali rite, which is not quite true. In the right of the Saudi
arbitration ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was able to detach his personal dimension (linked to the Roman citizen) to become territorial.
Geographically and historically, it undeniably clear that Muslim jurists had knowledge of Roman
law (Joanna, 2016). When studying the sources of Islamic law, one is struck by the elegance and
genius of Muslim jurists. It is hard to believe that Islamic law was born as an isolated; this right has
certainly stirred cultures, due to the Muslim conquest of several cultural spheres. It could be a
process of Islamisation of the principles of customs and local rights. The jurisprudential casuistry
and Islamic law articulates well with the nature of the similar Roman law. Reasoning methods have
been borrowed from Roman law to which they had access, such as reasoning by analogy the
principles of ethics, good faith and fairness (John,

Islamic Law ( ' Shari ' A Law '
Islamic law ("shari 'a law") is an ever–evolving and eminently flexible system of religious and legal
reasoning that Muslim jurists have developed and refined over the course of nearly 1400 years.
Many scholars have pointed out that the sharia is not formally a code nor a set of rules. It is a broad
understanding of god's perfect will. Shari'a is a principle that govern the behavior of Muslim
individuals and discuss their duties. In order to understand the shari'a,, Muslim jurists use fiqh, their
understanding of the god's law, to issue rulings that then scholars consider to be the closest meaning
of the shari'a. usul al–fiqh which is the process to understand the shari'a contains four major bases:
The Quran, which Muslims believe to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, Shia Muslims believe that Sunni collections of hadith are unreliable because they accept
the caliphates Abu–Baker, Omar, and Uthman, and they just trust what Imams transmit. Shia
Muslims have four different collections of Hadith al–Kafi, Tahdhib al–ahkam, Al–Istibsar fi ma
ikhtalaf min al–akhbar and Man la yahduruh al–faqih. Both Sunni and Shia Muslims rely on their
collections of hadith as primary source beside the Quran to understand the Islamic law. However,
these two sources do not address all issues and topics in life. Muslim jurists have developed other
methods which use the other two foundations qiyas and ijma' to issue a decision for an issue. Qiya is
a principle that use analogical reasons to judge a new topic based on a similar one from the Quran or
Sunna. For example, Islam prohibit Muslims from drinking wine. Jurists refer to this prohibition
using analogical reasons to judge other intoxicating drinks like beer. If finding a solution to an issue
cannot be made by an analogy, then other categories can be applied to select an acceptable solution.
For example, some scholars use Istihsan which means deciding in favor of the public interest.
Scholars' efforts to understand and analyze the bases of shari'a to elaborate a law is called Ijtihad,
and not everyone is qualified to interpret the sources. A Muslim jurist had to know the Qur'an and
the hadith very well, and how to interpret these sources as well as the

Religions Justice was Introduced with the Abrahamic...
Prior to the establishment of the Abrahamic monotheistic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam)
religious justice was a muddled picture. In the polytheistic religions, gods each had their own
interests, which often conflicted with the interests of other gods. "The belief in one god allowed the
Abrahamic religions setup a fundamentally different dynamic in ethics; the dichotomous distinction
between right and wrong." (Stark, 2001). Human actions no longer served one god or another's
interests, they were now judged by the embodiment of all that was perfect and sacred; God.
The implementation of this new ethical paradigm allowed for Abrahamic societies to link their belief
in God to common social values and responsibilities (Stark, ... Show more content on
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Theoretically, Christianity does not require people to live a good life in the eyes of God's law in
order gain God's favor. God is said to love all of humanity, "warts and all" (Brown, 2007). In
Christianity, faith in God trumps the personal faults of people. That is not to say that following
God's will is not important, as most Christians display their faith in God by choosing to live by his
laws, a practice known as sanctification.
Christians see the life of Jesus Christ as the ultimate representation of God's love. Through his life,
death and resurrection Jesus was able to overcome the human condition of being fallen from God
grace. Humans fell from grace, and their place in the Garden of Eden, through the "original sin". If a
person is able to accept God's love and recognize its influence in their life, then they too may be able
to recover from their fallen state.
The flip side of God's love for Christians is the concept of the "wrath of God". Some Christians
interpret the wrath of God as God observing and punishing those who do not obey his laws, as
happens numerous times in the Bible. Other Christians interpret the wrath of God in a more
philosophical manner. These Christians believe that God ordered the universe in particular manner
and then gave humanity a guide on how to achieve happiness in His universe. The wrath of God is
simply the natural outcome for individuals who try to act

Jihad Is Obligatory For The Muslims
Jihad The companion Abu Bakhr once state that, "Jihad is obligatory for the Muslims." However,
the meaning of the term Jihad has been interpreted differently in modern day in the Western
societies compared to how Muslim Scholars and Muslim societies in general view it. Furthermore,
in this paper, I am going to analyze what Western societies think about Jihad, how Muslim Scholars
interpret what Jihad really is, and eventually why I think that there is a difference between how both
sides, Western societies on one side and Muslim Scholars and Muslim societies in general, view
Jihad. First, how Western societies in general think about the Muslim Jihad. Among the majority of
Westerners, the term "Jihad" often brings up images of Muslim terrorists killing people who
disagree with them. Jihad is an emotionally charged word that is heralded by the Western news
media in descriptions of Middle East activities. Furthermore, one of the fundamental ideas
underlying the argument of those who advocate a clash of civilizations between Islam and the West
is the thesis that Islam is a religion that advocates perpetual warfare. This warfare, in their
formulation, is what Muslims know as Jihad. According to American historian and writer, Daniel
Pipes, "jihad is holy war. Or more precisely: It means the legal, compulsory, communal effort to
expand the territories ruled by Muslims at the expense of territories ruled by non–Muslims" (Daniel
Pipes, 2002). In other words, the purpose of

Why Canada Is A Multicultural Country
Canada has always been a multicultural country. It is well known as a country that accepts diversity
and depending heavily on immigration for its population growth. The largest groups of immigrants
to Canada are from Asian and Middle Eastern countries. This fact has remained virtually unchanged
since the 2001 census (Potter et al., 2014, p.110). Although Canada demonstrates gender equality to
some degree among the various different cultures it has, however, gender inequality exists among
many countries. Gender inequality exits to a varying extent in all societies and differs over time,
across social and ethnic groups (Mobaraki & Söderfeldt, 2010). In Saudi Arabia, the system of
governance is a monarchy, with its constitution governed by strict interpretation of the Islamic laws
(Mobaraki & Söderfeldt, 2010). In Saudi Arabia, women's roles and rights can be evaluated by
examining the local interpretation of the Islamic laws, through: education, job opportunity, marriage,
polygamy and fertility (Mobaraki & Söderfeldt, 2010).
Statistics shows that about 30% of Saudi women are illiterates, although, presently, there are more
female graduates than males in Saudi Arabia (Mobaraki, & Söderfeldt, 2010). This is so, because,
some parts of Saudi Arabia (where nonreligious education was regarded as unsuitable for girls)
initially opposed the opening of schools for girls ((Mobaraki & Söderfeldt, 2010).In addition to that,
mixed sex education is not allowed in Saudi Arabia (Mobaraki &

Islam : The Faces Of An Islamic State Essay
Benjamin Thompkins
Professor Gregory Weiher
4348 Islamic Political Thought
5/6/2015
Statement of Intent
"Islam: The Faces of an Islamic State"
The objective of this research paper is to examine literature to gain an enlightened perspective into
the idea of the "Islamic State" in regards to the Middle East and other traditionally Islamic
territories. To gain this insight the theories and ideas of noted Islamic scholars like Maududi,
Tahtawi will be probed and analyzed. Tahtawi in particular is a scholar of importance in regard to
the idea of the nationalism and the "nation state" in Islam. The ideas he acknowledged and adopted
from his travels from France are key to look at. However, it is necessary to play homage to the
practice/idea of "democracy" or in Maududi's case "TheoDemocracy". These theories and the
themes for an Islamic state were bred under liberal societies as well as democratic functioning states
for Tahtawi, but these tools were given to man already in Maududi's view. What did Islamic scholars
like Tahtawi and Maududi believe the benefit and advantages would be from pursuing their models
for governance under Islam and eventually an "Islamic State"?
Intro
What is Good Government
The Middle East march towards Modernism
Key Theorist who shaped "state"
Body
Tahtawi's life and what he stood for
His vision of the State "nationalism
Championing of human rights
Supremeness of religion
Maududi in Retrospect
Hated the idea of nationalism
Modeled in a Sense

Islam Is A Religion Based On The Interpretation And...
Islam is a religion based on the interpretation and application of fundamental scriptures geared
towards the need of a growing, modernizing religious community. The Qur'an and the Prophet
Mohammed's Sunnah and hadith serve as the main sources for attaining religious knowledge.
Scholars of Islam, Ulema, delegated a mechanism in which they can gain knowledge after they have
consulted the Quran and Sunnah through ijtihad and qiyas. The flexibility with which they can use
reason, ijtihad, and analogies, qiyas, to answer questions of the time created doctrines that shed light
onto the growing concerns within the Muslim community. This methodology has served to provide a
path in which religious scholars can apply Islam to the changing dynamics of gender roles. The
modernizing world provided the framework for female scholars to enter the field of religious study
and interpret Islam on their own. Drawing on their reasoning and their ability to make analogies to
stories within Islam helped women develop sound arguments within Islam that codified women's
rights. Muslim feminist used the religion of Islam as the backbone of their movement by
highlighting their rights and freedoms within Islamic scripture. They opened the gates of ijtihad to
reevaluate scripture pertaining to their rights in a marriage free from the nuisances of male scholars.
Religious tools in extracting knowledge within the folds of Islam allowed women to challenge
existing marriage norms and gender roles based in

Relation Between Islamic Spirituality And Sufism Beyond...
Relation between Islamic spirituality and Sufism beyond ordinary understanding. The concept of
Sufism in Islam is a Muslim who believes in Allah and seeks Allah and spent all life in truth.
Following Islam, loving Allah, and seeking direct experience of Allah. Islamic civilization was
flourishing and rising exponentially with the Sufi philosophy in Islam the spread of Sufism has been
considered a fixated factor in the spread of Islam and in the creation of rich Islamic society
especially in Africa and Asia. Between the 13th and 16th century, Sufism was on the rise and
became a widely respected practice and many famous scholars and spiritual masters were educated
during this period. They practiced the Tasawwuf, purification of heart, self–discipline, and they
guided and teaches people the discipline of Fiqh and moral lives, and by the end of the 13th century
Sufism became a school of thought and a science of spiritual awakening. Sufism or Tasawwuf is the
spiritual path towards Allah by following the truth and turning the heart away from all else but
Allah. Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanawi, wrote in his book Sufi Study of Hadith, "Tasawwuf is a name
for the development of the inner and outer aspects of the individual, and there is not a single
Quranic verse or hadith text which is not in some way related to it" (Name, page #). Famous Sufis
such as Ali–Hujwiri claims that the Sufism started with Ali–Ibn–Abi–Talib, who was the fourth
Caliph and nephew of Prophet Muhammad, peace be

In Kecia Ali’S Book “Sexual Ethics And Islam” We Are Given
In Kecia Ali's book "Sexual Ethics and Islam" we are given a unique perspective on various subjects
within Islam. The chapters deal with topics that have been widely ignored or partially approached,
she addresses them in a way that seeks to not only spark a conversation but ensure the conversation
is uncensored and gets to the root of the issue. Of the nine chapters this book, chapter six was
perhaps the most significant because it is here that we are given a firm grasp on what Ali is aiming
to convey with this book. Through an analysis of this chapter it will become clear that this chapter
was used to fully develop her idea of readdressing what is considered Islamic, the actions of
Muslims, the way scholars justify beliefs, and issues ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A similar point is made in chapter 7 about the word "muslimmun" and how it can be used to refer to
both men and women (Ali, 148). Furthermore, we also see Ali contesting a verse that suggests men
have authority and are responsible for women but only in financial terms then when a woman
supports herself the man no longer has authority or responsibility (Ali, 153). Here we see Ali
furthering the idea from chapter 6 because she is displaying how women have progressed and in
modern day many women are independent; therefore, its important to look back at verses like this
and view them as a product of their time as Ali suggests about sunna and hadith as a whole (Ali,
128). As previously stated, Ali asks if perhaps Islam is what Muslims practice in their daily lives.
However, she debunks that because Muslims lives vary and what some do contradicts the
authoritative texts. In my previous analysis of how translation can be manipulated, a patriarchal
undertone was present and it is also present when dealing with the subject of the daily lives of
Muslims. This undertone is present throughout the book and is heightened in this chapter.
Ali states that FGC (female genital circumcision) "is not merely a customary practice incorrectly
understood as having religious authority" (Ali, 131). This is stated

Study
Muslim Reformist Movements:Mujadad Alf Sani Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi
Brief Life History
Birth 26th June 1564, Sirhind in East Punajb. Named Ahmed and title was Badr–ul–Dir
S/o Sheikh Abdul Ahad uptio Hazrat Umer Farooq
Read Quran, Hadith and Fiqh from father and Maulana Kamal and Maulana Yaqub Kashmiri
Journey to Agra and met with Fazl and Faizi
Journey to Delhi and met with Hazrat Khawaja Baqi Billah Bairang
Died in 10th December 1624 in Sirhin
Quotation
Hazrat Khwaja Baqi Billah predicted
"Sheikh Ahmad is such a light which will illuminate the whole world"
Service to Islam
Origin of Concept of Wahdatul Shahood against Mohayyudin Ibn–e–Arabi's concept
Efforts against Bhakti Movement and Deen–e–Ilahi
The Bhakti movement ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bhakti Movement
The history of the movement goes back to the time of great reformer Shankracharya who gave
Hinduism a solid philosophical background. But the movement became popular in the middle ages.
Chaitanya led the movement in the east( modern Uttar Pradesh), Tuka Ram, Nam Dev and Tirlochan
in the Central India, Sadna, Pipa, Mirabai, Tulsi Das and above all Kabir were its leaders in the
north. Kabir's teachings had great influence in the Punjab, but actually the movement in the Punjab
was led by Guru Nanak and his nine successors. The message of love and devotion to god was
spread among the people of the Punjab for ten generations. This intense and organized propaganda
of the Bhakti cult by the Sikh Gurus led to the foundation of a community of Bhaktas known as the
Sikhs.
Quotation
"To consider Ram and Rehman as one is stupidity because creator cannot be one with its creation"
Reformation Efforts
Transfer of Kingdom to Prince Saleem (Jehangir)
Connection with Dignitaries specially with Ameer Nawab Jahan Khan

"You can add the abiding by of Shariat in your services and do the work of prophets which will exalt
the religion. Begars like us cannot reach anywhere near you even if we try for yers with our lives"
Imprisonment by Jehangir in Gwaliar for one year but later recdeived Khilat–e–Fakhira and 1000
rupess
Promotion of Naqshbandia Chain
Reformin Scholars and Mystics

The Concept Of Excessive Cost Of Borrowing Money
The concept of excessive cost of borrowing money dates back to the earliest accord of "Barter". It
was a common practice amongst the ancient civilizations to charge a crude amount of excessive cost
in their everyday borrowings. According to Andrew Beattie, in his work on "the history of money;
from barter to cash notes to now bitcoins", ancient civilizations predating to around 500BC and pre–
Biblical times religion and cultures have from time to time defined the concept of the Interest,
omnibus to both the interest and usury.
The history of Riba/Interest is rich particularly in the subcontinent and with the advent of the
Islamic religion many subcontinent scholars have provided jurisprudence for this rather
controversial area, building up ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The caravans and the trading activities made the Quresh tribe who were one of the controllers or the
influential tribe to collect trading tax and permit transactions within the realm of the Mekkah city.
Thus Mekkah city was a hub of trading and transactions of various commodities prominent
including carpets, carpentry, wool, jewelry and drinks.
Thus the city and the traders also had a crude system of trading laws which allowed for loans and
the cost of borrowing of such loans. Although not documented or stated in any written instrument,
the earliest documented statement about riba in pre–Islamic time also widely known as the period of
Jahiliyyah or the dark–age or the age of ignorance, as stated by Imam Malik:
"Riba in the Jahiliyyah was that a man would have a debt on a man for a set term. When the term
was due, he would say, 'Will you pay it off or increase me? ' If the man paid, he took it. If not, he
increased him in his debt and lengthened the term for him."
Thus it indicated the concept of Riba was though present, however there was no preset percentage
neither any fixed charge. The charge dependent heavily upon the ability of the debtor (the one who
owes money to the lender) and it can be increased at the discretion of the lender.
Another instance is to be found in the words Ibn Jarir;
"The riba of Jahiliyyah was a transaction whereby a person would sell something for a payment to
be made at a specified

Risks Faced By Financial Institutions
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS
UNIVERSITY OF BOLTON
ISLAMIC BANKING MASTER STUDIES
"CREDIT RISK IN ISLAMIC FINANCE"
Module title: Risk Management in Islamic Finance
Student: 3669/15 IB
Tutor: Mohammad Sabri, PHD
Risk
Risk is contemporary and continuous challenge in the world of finance. In general, risk is
understood as a situation where an uncertainty of desired results exists, as well as the undesirable
consequences. Risk is studied as a subject within several social sciences and these include statistics,
economics, financial management and insurance. Examination of risk in each of these sciences has
specific aspects that differ from those in others.
Credit Risk
Risks faced by financial institutions (both conventional and Islamic financial institutions) in the
operations that they perform are of different nature and types: exchange rate risk, trade risk (or
market risk), political risks, risks that represent changes in the value of assets and good, etc. Credit
risk is deemed to be the most significant type of risk which is faced by financial institutions and in
their relationship with the owners of wealth. Credit risk relates to the debtor's ability to repay the
debt at the specified time, and in accordance with the conditions stipulated in the contract signed
and agreed upon to. The debtor's inability to abide by his obligations will lead to a loss, breach of
contract and therefore will become a risk for the institution.
The existence of

Islam Is A Religion Based On The Oneness Of God
Islam is a religion based on the Oneness of God (tawhid), who is identified by His Arabic name,
Allah. Deepa Kumar starts off with the base the religion stands on, which is the belief that there is
only one God. This belief stands as the one of the five fundamentals of Islam known as the five
pillars. This pillars is known as the Shaha'dah, as a Muslim (a follower of Islam) testifies to the
oneness of God by reciting "There is no god but God" followed by "Muhammad is the messenger of
God" in Arabic. This two–part testification is the heart of Islam and is used as a source of
identification for Muslims. In Islam, Allah is the source of everything including both cosmic and
human qualities (discussed later on). In addition, the Divine Qualities of Allah is based on His
description in the Quran through His Names and Attributes. This includes that God is neither male
nor female and has attributes that represent both feminine and masculine properties (Nasr, Heart of
Islam). Although Islam is a monolithic religion, it is not a homogeneous religion. Islam consists of
1.57 billion followers and is widely practiced around the world and consists of many branches
within the two main denominations. The two main denominations of Islam are Sunnism and Shi'ism.
Sunnism is known as a large majority within Islam as it claims about 87%–90% of the Muslim
population around the world (Kumar, Framing Islam). The term Sunni comes from the people who
follow the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad

The Advantage Of Ijarah
Ijarah is the Arabic word for "rent", and it likewise alludes particularly to a sort of lease that adjusts
to Islamic fund law. Ijarah is defined in Fiqh as a possession of a usufruct or benefits for
consideration in the Islamic Fiqh. This term is used to denote two things:
 To employ the services of a person on wages given to him as consideration for his hired services.
 It relates to the usufruct of assets and properties. Here it means To transfer the usufruct of a
particular property to another person and exchange for a rent claim from him
An ijarah for the most part includes the Islamic budgetary establishment acquiring an advantage as
indicated by the client. The money related foundation and the client concede to the terms of the
agreement, including the time of the lease and the rental charge of the lease. The Islamic money
related establishment holds responsibility for resource while the client procures the privilege to
utilize the advantage. In this kind of Islamic account exchange, the client is paying a rental charge
for the utilization of a monetary resource as opposed to enthusiasm on an advance.
Ijarah Muntahiya ila ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
for over 20 years. Like routine auto rents, the Ijarah advance sets up a lessor–resident relationship as
opposed to a bank borrower relationship. An Ijarah sets up a Trust which turns into the proprietor of
the land property being referred to. The Trust then rents the property to the client. The client pays a
part of the price tag each month as a rental installment. At the point when the client wishes to move
out of the house, the Trust is committed to offer the property to the client under the terms of a
guarantee to buy; then the client turns into the sole proprietor. In any case, while the client is
qualified for buy the property, they are not committed to do as

Al Gazali
Al Ghazali was a Sunni and Sufi philosopher of the 11th and 12th century, during the Golden Age, a
period of great economic growth and stability and a time when both knowledge and power was at its
peak. He was born in 1058 AD in Tus, Persia and impacted greatly upon the Islamic faith,
particularly toward Sunni and Sufi members; they know him as 'the Proof of Islam'. Al Ghazali
provided a positive impact upon the Islamic faith and its million of devotees and still continues to do
so today through his many works.
Al Ghazali was educated in Tus, Persia, at the Nishapur School as well as at the Nizamayyah School
in Baghdad. Here, he excelled in Islamic sciences. In 1095, Al Ghazali experienced a personal crisis
and had many questions about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These allow Sufi members to experience a deeper connection to Allahs divine light through acts of
meditation, deep thought and personal prayer to Allah. The proof of this claim is evident throughout
Al Ghazali's work 'the Deliverance from Error', an autobiography written by Ghazali shortly before
his death in which he discovers the value of mystical experiences within Sufism.
Al Ghazali continues to have a strong influence over the Islamic faith today. His judgements are still
widely commented upon, for example throughout Fiqh council meetings.
Another example of his continuing influence is through his inspiration of not only Islamic, but also
Western philosophical schools. The opening of Montessori schools by Thomas Aquinas, which focus
on self–directed activity through learning show that people from all over the world have taken to Al
Ghazali's approaches and acted upon them to fulfil the lives of others.
Many different works and writings by Al Ghazali are still readily available in a range of different
languages as well as countries. This shows that the knowledge of Al Ghazali has impacted upon the
religious tradition of Islam and is useful in still fulfilling and educating practising Muslims
throughout the world today. His works have continuing relevance throughout the world and continue
to teach positivism in being a good Muslim, particularly to Sunni and Sufi members.
The Sunni and Shi'a split still exists throughout

The Arab Spring During The Middle East And North African...
The Arab Spring brought revolutionary changes to the Middle East and North African region's
authoritarian republics while bypassing its autocratic monarchies. The monarchical exceptionalism
that has allowed these states to remain intact is due to a set of three overlapping factors–crosscutting
coalitions, hydrocarbon rents, and foreign patronage. Collectively, these factors explain why most of
the royal autocracies never experienced widespread protest.
The eight Arab monarchies–Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, and the Persian Gulf states of Bahrain,
Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the UAE–hold near–absolute power. According to the Gause article, none
of the states qualify as constitutional kingships in which the enthroned incumbent exercises only
ceremonial influence while an elected parliamentary government makes policy. The region's kings
and emirs not only reign but they also rule. They are the lead decision makers in naming cabinets,
determining major domestic and foreign policies, controlling the state's coercive apparatus, and
allowing parliaments and judiciaries limited authority (Gause). According to Gause, the first element
of the strategic explanation for monarchical exceptionalism is one that links the historical legacy of
domestic choices with a permissive international environment. The majority of the monarchies have
used the tool of crosscutting coalitions thereby linking alliances of different social constituencies to
the ruling family. In general, dictators cannot

Islam Is A Progressive Religion
Despite popular assumption, Islam is actually quite a progressive religion. Bioethics are not set in
stone, although some scholars as well as Muslims do have strong opinions about certain bioethical
subjects. In the twentieth century, there was a very limited amount of resources in the field of
Islamic bioethics. The twenty–first century has marked an influx in research on Islamic bioethics
from both Muslim religious scholars as well as studies conducted by academic researchers (Ghaly
592). In the field of religious bioethics, there tends to be a significant amount of coverage on certain
topics. In Islam in particular, scholars and the public alike readily discuss abortion and euthanasia
(Brockopp 3). Although Islamic customs emphasize the importance of community, Islamic theology
in general promotes the individual, not communal, salvation. This means that in many situations,
there are guidelines for how one should act, but individual circumstances can differ – therefore
warranting a private and individual action. Westerners often overlook this aspect of Islam, as there
are a lot of misconceptions revolving around Islam and the Muslim identity. In this sense, despite
there being general rules or guidelines Muslims tend to adhere to, there is still a heavy balance
between the general rules and individual circumstances; meaning that bioethics can not be
approached from only one view.
When looking at any issue, it is important to know whom exactly you are speaking about–

The Establishment Of Islamic Banking
the establishment of Islamic banking in Bangladesh. Later In November 1982, a entrustment of IDB
triped Bangladesh and proclaimed enthusiastic interest to contribute or the establishing a Islamic
bank through joint venture especially in the private domain. Two proficient bodies such as the
Islamic Economics Research Bureau (IERB) and the Bangladesh Islamic Bankers ' Association
(BIBA) ended noteworthy groundwork on the way to initiate a Islamic banking in Bangladesh. They
gave several training and workshop on the law and the regulation as well as the processing of
Islamic banking to different top level bank officers, economist, and scholars. Mean the time
different seminars, roundtable meeting, dialouge , cros talk and symposiam as well as the workshops
on Islamic banking ccross the country.
finally after long walk of struggle Bangladesh became one of the pioneear sate who started the
islamic banking in the country and the Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL) was started its
journey in March 1983 with 19 Bangladeshi citizens, 4 national institutions and 11 conventional
banks, some financial institutions and more importantly the government UAE, Europe organizations
Including IDB and two renowned traits of the KSA give a hands to transform the dream into reality
of us. afterward, another 3 Islamic Banks were installed in Bangladesh. In the country several
Islamic banks have been working for about one and half decade flanking through the conventional
banks. nine completely

Ungs 2050
[pic]
ETHICS AND FIQH FOR EVERYDAY LIFE
(UNGS 2050)
ASSIGNMENT 1
MOHD AZWAN BIN JUPERI
0924161
SECTION 10
ASSOC. PROF. DR.HANAPI MOHD NOR
1) Explore a question of moral right and it would be addressed by islam and by ethical system based
on secularism.
Islam and Secularism.
Saudi scholars denounce secularism as strictly prohibited in Islamic tradition. The Saudi Arabian
Directorate of Ifta', Preaching and Guidance, has issued a directive decreeing that whoever believes
that there is a guidance (huda) more perfect than that of the Prophet, or that someone else's rule is
better than his is a kafir.
It lists a number of specific tenets which would be regarded as a serious departure from the precepts
of Islam, punishable according ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It must be mentioned that the concept of secular ethics is not necessarily opposed to or inherently
contrasting with religious ethics. Certain sets of moral beliefs, such as the golden rule or a
commitment to non–violence, could be held by each position and mutually agreed upon. As well, it
must be mentioned that secular ethics have been developed differently given the different times and
different situations faced.
Principles of Secular ethics
Secular ethicists generally share one or more principles: Human beings, through their ability to
empathise, are capable of determining ethical grounds. Human beings, through logic and reason, are
capable of deriving normative principles of behaviour. This may lead to a behaviour preferable to
that propagated or condoned based on religious texts. Alternately, this may lead to the advocacy of a
system of moral principles that a broad group of people, both religious and non–religious, can agree

upon. Human beings have the moral responsibility to ensure that societies and individuals act based
on these ethical principles. Societies should, if at all possible, advance from a less ethical and just
form to a more ethical and just form.
Many of these tenets are applied in the Science of morality, the use of the scientific method to
answer moral questions. Various thinkers have framed morality as questions of empirical truth to be
explored in a scientific context. The science is related to Ethical

Essay On Islam In America
Islam has been around for over a thousand years. The religion has spread across a few continents
including America. A recent study demonstrates that there are around 7 million Muslims in the U.S.
That compares to around 2.3% of the populace. Despite the fact that the number is not large, it has
been increasing in spite of the attack of September 11, 2001. On that day, a lot changed for the
Islamic individuals living in the United States. Though the American Muslims had nothing to do
with the terroristic attack that happened on that day, their lifestyle was bound to change. The change
that happened was not in their religion, or the way they rehearsed it; it occurred in the attitude of the
non–Islamic populace. An accusing finger was pointed on the Muslims because the attacks were
said to be conducted by Muslim radicals. Generally, the media was the main place Americans would
get detailed information about the Muslims, and they were not depicting them positively. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They expected to enhance their image to shield themselves from the developing number of
individuals that were against Islam. Consequently, they had to do it while remaining consistent with
themselves and their religion. In 2005, the Fiqh Council of North America issued a fatwa saying that
the utilization of force against innocent lives was prohibited under the Islamic Law. This fatwa
additionally urged Muslims to help in the enforcement of the law in order to prevent the acts of
violence against them. This kind of treatment shows how the Muslims in American were worried
about what they look like to people in general. The Islamic law might indeed keep some extremists
from taking part in terrorist acts. Likewise, this built up public position for Muslims. It demonstrated
that Islam, in general, does not overlook terrorist acts of any

Case Study On Sukuk
A. REVIEW JOURNAL 1. Title "The Effect of new AAOIFI standards on Sukuk in choosing the
most authentic Islamic principles" based on the title itself wanted to show how the changes of the
new AAOIFI standard effecting industry players of Sukuk not to stress on Sukuk matters. 2.
Originality and Share Reviews The originality of this study it is acceptable that the advisor
contribute their best on making efforts in order to lessen debated pronouncement as to suit present
financial practices. In this research of the information is based on the previous data or information
that supports the researcher information. This study of researcher have founded that there are six
companies in this world finance world that using Sukuk but facing different problem on issuance in
order to have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sukuk was issued in order to raise money. Principle that been use in this Sukuk is Murabahah
(Commodity Murabahah). Issue that arise is tradability of Sukuk which been traded at discount.
Another issue is leakage of fund to non–compliance activity. Based on Shariah, riba is prohibited
from Islamic finance, but in this issue, there is some profit which is using riba basic. Sixth company
is Saudi Electricity Company. As mentioned that this company was issued Sukuk at par value
without discount or premium. Issue that arise on this company is issue of ownership, benchmarking
with conventional banking rate, issue if tradability of Sukuk, and issue of repurchasing asset for its
nominal value. 3. Literature review The research has the literature reviews of the secondary sources
which is not much depend on the related journal and sources that have the same title and same
purpose of the study. Researcher is using a different reference that is books, articles, internet
resources and hadiths. The format of the citation is APA Edition. Researcher wanted to know more
on the issue of issuance that mostly effecting on the industry player of Sukuk. 4.

Women 's Freedom And Democratic Rights
Therefore, the issue of how people's freedom and democratic rights could be overseen in a notion
like sadd al–dharai needs addressing. There is an assumption that Islam would not and could not
allow any democracy in its society or any form of human rights. Islamic law is considered and often
seen as pre–modern and absolutely no human rights component found within it (Robinson &
Wetherly, 2012). A lack of understanding of Shari'ah is prominent in the West. Its worth mentioning
that, what may seem 'just' in one part of the world may not be accepted in another part must be
considered (Rohe, 2014, p.3). Shari'ah is unchangeable and within law resides the preserved
unchangeable of human rights (Ahmad, 2000). But the real issue lies on how these rules are applied
to its people (Kabir 2011). Though this same argument could be used for the political powers of the
democratic society too, where human rights are at times overthrown for the rights of people in
power and wealth. More so, there are many Muslim thinkers that believe democracy actually has
Islamic roots. Europeans (western world) where inspired by the fiqh that they encountered, in the
same way they inherited other Islamic concepts, such as those in theology, politics, the natural
sciences and social sciences and found its way into European culture (Jawad, 2013, p. 327).
According to Ash–Shawi (as cited in, Jawad 2013) European's version of democracy is a result of
Islamic shura (consultation). Ghannouchi (as cited in

The Formation Of Islamic And Western Law
Islamic law, or Shariah, is legal system governing the members of the Islamic faith. The formation
of Islamic and Western law has similar types of foundation structures that have supported what it is
today. There are also many different ways people can interpret Shariah and apply it to modern
society. Although there are strong influences that hinder the practice of Islamic law, abandoning the
law is not the best solution to countries in turmoil.
Islamic Law
The formation of Islamic law is thought to have been started after the first three generations of
Prophet Muhammad's death in 632 AD. After Muhammad's death, the Islamic community was faced
with confusion and constitutional crisis. Mohammad's predecessor, Abu Bakr, assumed the role of
caliph, but only ruled for two years due to an assassination. His main focus was to bring the tribes
back to Islam that had broke ties to Islam and Mohamad after his death. Succeeding Bakr's reign
was another companion of the prophet named Umar and under his caliphate expanded Islam at an
unprecedented rate. The rapid expansion of territory unified the Arab culture, Islamic religion, and
political aspects. This "melting pot" of private individuals brought legal concepts, and institutions
that were familiar to the native cultures to help develop Islamic Law, or jurist law. The jurists could
come together to implement a common law, since problems that were the same in nature, but located
differently geographically, often had different

The True Face of Islam: Essays on Islam and Modernity in...
llectual life is rich and vibrant, it is little known elsewhere, primarily because most Indonesian
scholars write in the Indonesian language and not in English.
Among the most well–known Indonesian writers on Islam is Nurcholish Madjid, rector of the
Paramadina University, Jakarta. This collection of essays is the first major English translation of
Madjid's writings. The essays cover a diverse range of issues but are shaped by a common concern
for an understanding of Islam that takes into account the myriad challenges that Indonesia is today
faced with. They reflect Madjid's quest for developing a contextually relevant interpretation of Islam
that, departing from traditional notions in some significant respects, can help in the process ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first sila or 'principle' lays down belief in the one God as binding on all citizens. Hence,
Indonesia is neither a theocratic nor a secular state, but somewhat in between the two. Pancasila also
mandates the unity of Indonesia, democratic rule and social justice, all of which, Madjid writes, are
in harmony with the principles of the different religions practised in Indonesia. Seeking 'Islamic'
sanction for Pancasila, he likens it to the treaty of Medina between the Prophet and the Jews, which
guaranteed freedom of religion and allowed for people of different faiths to work together for the
defence of Medina. Linked to this appeal for a pluralist Indonesia is Madjid's critique of the post–
Qur'anic notion of the world being divided into two antagonistic spheres – dar al–islam (i.e. the
region in which Islam prevails) and dar al–harb (i.e. the region in which kufr prevails and as such is
at war with dar al–islam). In their place, he invokes the Qur'anic notion of dar al–islam ('the abode
of peace'), which he sees as a society based on peace and social justice for all. Madjid regards
Pancasila as working in the direction of establishing such a society, and that is why he argues that a
Pancasila state, rather than an Islamic state, is the best available system for Indonesia.
Madjid is also a fervent champion of harmonious relations between

Essay On Shariah

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