beams

1. Beam
Along sturdy piece of squared timber or metal used to support the roof or floor of a
building.
1. Simply Supported Beam:
As the name implies, simply supported beam is supported at both end. One end of the
beam is supported by hinge support and other one by roller support. This support allow
to horizontal movement of beam. It beam type undergoes both shear stress and
bending moment.
2. Continuous Beams:
When we talk about types of beams we cannot forgot continuous beam. This beam is
similar to simply supported beam except more than two support are used on it. One
end of it is supported by hinged support and other one is roller support. One or more
supports are use between these beams. It is used in long concrete bridges where
length of bridge is too large.

2. 3. OverhangingBeams:
Overhanging beam is combination of simply supported beam and cantilever beam.
One or both of end overhang of this beam. This beam is supported by roller support
between two ends. This type of beam has heritage properties of cantilever and simply
supported beam.
4. CantileverBeams:
Cantilever beams a structure member of which one end is fixed and other is free.
This is one of the famous type of beam use in trusses, bridges and other structure
member. This beam carry load over the span which undergoes both shear stress
and bending moment.
5. Fixed beams:
This beam is fixed from both ends. It does not allow vertical movement and rotation of
the beam. It is only under shear stress and no moment produces in this beams. It is
used in trusses, and other structure.

3. Load
A heavy or bulky thing that is being carried or is about to be carried.
There are three types of load
1. Point load:
A point load is an equivalent load applied to a single point, which you can determine
by calculating the total load over the object's surface or length and attributing the entire
load to its center. Determine the total length or area to which a load is applied.
2. Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) :
Uniformly distributed load is that whose magnitude remains uniform throughout the
length. For Example: If 10k/ft load is acting on a beam whose length is 15 ft.

4. 3. Uniformly varying loads:
It is that load whose magnitude varies along the loading length with a constant rate.
Support
A support can refer to a variety of structures in architecture that includes arches,
beams, columns, balconies, and stretchers. Varieties of support.
1. Roller Supports:
Roller Support Example in a Crane Roller supports are free to rotate and translate
along the surface upon which the roller rests. The surface may be horizontal, vertical
or slopped at any angle. Roller supports are commonly located at one end of long
bridges in the form of bearing pads. This support allows bridge structure to expand
and contract with temperature changes and without this expansion the forces can
fracture the supports at the banks. This support cannot provide resistance to lateral
forces. Roller support is also used in frame cranes in heavy industries as shown in
figure, the support can move towards left, right and rotate by resisting vertical loads
thus a heavy load can be shifted from one place to another horizontally.

5. 2. Hinge Supports:
The hinge support is capable of resisting forces acting in any direction of the plane.
This support does not provide any resistance to rotation. The horizontal and vertical
component of reaction can be determined using equation of equilibrium. Hinge support
may also be used in three hinged arched bridges at the banks supports while at the
center internal hinge is introduced. It is also used in doors to produce only rotation in
a door. Hinge support reduces sensitivity to earthquake.

6. 3. Fixed support:
Fixed support can resist vertical and horizontal forces as well as moment since they
restrain both rotation and translation. They are also known as rigid support F or the
stability of a structure there should be one fixed support. A flagpole at concrete base
is common example of fixed support In RCC structures the steel reinforcement of a
beam is embedded in a column to produce a fixed support as shown in above image.
Similarly all the riveted and welded joints in steel structure are the examples of fixed
supports Riveted connection are not very much common now a days due to the
introduction of bolted joints.
4. Pinned support:
A pinned support is same as hinged support. It can resist both vertical and horizontal
forces but not a moment. It allows the structural member to rotate, but not to
translate in any direction. Many connections are assumed to be pinned connections
even though they might resist a small amount of moment in reality. It is also true that
a pinned connection could allow rotation in only one direction; providing resistance to
rotation in any other direction. In human body knee is the best example of hinged
support as it allows rotation in only one direction and resists lateral movements. Ideal
pinned and fixed supports are rarely found in practice, but beams supported on walls
or simply connected to other steel beams are regarded as pinned. The distribution of
moments and shear forces is influenced by the support condition.

7. Columns
In building structures, columns are connected to different footings to transfer the load
of the building to the footings of the building. Columns are classified as slender
columns and short columns. The slender columns were introduced with the finding of
high strength materials. The column is said to be slender, if the cross sectional
dimensions are small compared to its length. The load actions on the slender columns
are prominent in the form of lateral deflection .The columns are classified as short
columns when the condition is opposite to that of slender columns. In practice, short
columns are widely used than slender columns. In short columns, compression action
dominates above the bending action .In concrete columns, whether slender or short,
the main reinforcements are used parallel to the vertical loads, and rectangular or
circular ties are used to prevent the bars buckling action. The vertical reinforcement
has to be erected straight while pouring concrete.
Beams
Beams in a structure is used to carry the loads from the slabs to the columns. In a
broader context, concrete beams can be classified as T beams, L beams and
rectangular beams. The definition of either L, T or rectangular is got because of the
shape of the cross sectional area. In steel beams there are I sections, L sections, U
sections etc .Beams are mainly designed for bending moments and shear stress that
are the results of loading. In concrete beams, the transverse reinforcement is used to
prevent the bending moments while the vertical reinforcement is used to prevent the
shear stresses caused due to loading .In the industry, pre-stressed concrete beams
are widely used in Bridges, while in small scale in houses. The advantage of the
Restressed beam is the higher load carrying capacity compared to the normal beam.

8. Truss
Beam and truss elements are separated in the way they take up loads. Beams take
up lateral loads and moments, in contrast to trusses who take axial loads. Beams and
truss elements are important structural components in marine design. They can be
used in a wide variety of modelling in both ships and offshore structures .In truss, joints
are of pin joint type and the members are free to rotate about the pin. So, truss cannot
transfer moments. Members are subjected to only axial forces (tensile and
compression). On the other hand, members of frames are jointed rigidly at joints by
means of welding and bolting.