2. 2
Q1 : list factors affecting wound healing.
Local factors : infection, foreign body and necrotic tissue , also
poor perfusion , mechanical factors as increased local pressure ,
early movement may cause wound to pull apart and irradiation
Systemic factors as : a) advanced age b) protein malnutrition c)
vitamin C deficiency d) zinc deficiency e) diabetes mellitus f)
excess corticosteroids
Q2 : list types of acute nonsuppurative inflammation and give an
example for each .
1) catarrhal inflammation: common cold and some form of colitis
2) serous inflammation : affect serous cavities and skin as in burns
3) serofibrinous and fibrinous inflammation: lobar pneumonia
4)membranous and pseudomembranous inflammation: a false
membrane caused by diphtheria , bacillary desentery
5) allergic inflammation : ranges from ild to moderate to severe
due to hypersensitivity reaction
6) hemorrhagic inflammation: occurs in vascular damage
Q3 list method of spread of malignant tumors :
direct spread to surrounding structures
Lymphatic spread by lymphatic permeation or lymphatic embolization
Blood spread favored by sarcomas
Spread by natural passages as bronchi , ureters and fallopian tube.
transcoelamic spread through serous cavities of pleura, pericardium
and peritoneum as carcinoma of stomach spreads to ovaries through
peritoneal cavity
3. 3
inoculation during surgical removal of malignant tumors malignant
cells may get implanted in surgical wound
perineural lymphatics along nerves as in salivary gland tumors
Q4 :define.
1) carcinoma in situ : there are malignant changes in the epithelial cells
with cytologic characteristics of malignancy marked dysplastic
changes, anaplasia , hyperchromatic nuclei atypical mitoses and loss of
polarity but without invasion of basement membrane as carcinoma in
situ of cervix
2) hyperplasia : increase in size of organ or tissue due to increase in
number of constituent parenchymal cells it may be physiological or
pathological
3) necrosis : is some of morphologic changes that follow cell death
while forming part of a living organ or tissue
4) boil a small abscess related to hair follicles or sebaceous glands it's
commonly found in face , back , neck and in axilla.
Q5 : tabulate the difference between benign and malignant tumors
4. 4
Q6 ) list complication of skin wound healing
1) keloid 2) exuberant granulation or proud flesh 3)
contracture 4) wound dehiscence 5) wound can ulcerate 6)
weak scars 7) painful 8) implantation 9) neoplasia
Q7) list the local cardinal signs of acute inflammation and explain
mechanism of each
1) redness caused by vascular dilatation and opening of all closed
capillaries
2) hotness caused by arteriolar dilatation and increase blood flow
to affected part
3) swelling caused by vascular dilatation and accumulation of
inflammatory exudate
4) pain caused by irritation of nerve endings by products of
inflammation kinin and prostaglandins it's also caused by pressure
of inflammatory exudate on sensory nerve endings
5) loss of function due to pain and tissue damage
5. 5
Q8)list type of necrosis and give an example for each
1) coagulative necrosis occurs in solid organs as kidney and liver
all ischemic infarcts belong to coagulative necrosis except in the
brain where it's liquefactive in nature
2) liquefactive necrosis typicaaly seen in brain and spinal cord
following ischemia
3) caseous necrosis found in tuberculous infection
4) gummatous necrosis seen in tertiary stage of syphilis
5) fat necrosis as enzymatic fat necrosis seen in acute
hemorrhagic pancreatitis and traumatic fat necrosis occurs in
breasts and subcutaneous fat following mechanical trauma
fibrinoid necrosis type of connective tissue necrosis occurs in
autoimmune diseases as SLE
Q9 : enumerate function of protein products of proto-oncogenes
1) growth factor
2) growth factor receptor
3) signal transduces
4) nuclear transcription factors
5) cell cycle control proteins
Q10: mention properties of ideal tumor markers.
1) high disease sensitivity positive in all patients with a particular
cancer
2) high specificity negative in all normal population
3) reflects the stage of the disease
4) organ specific
5) stable level does not fluctuate in stable disease state.
Q11: mention three of health effects of exposure to vibration
it can lead to performance degradation , reduced comfort, low
back pain , blanching of fingers, numbness and tingling sensation
Q12 : mention four steps of demonstration as one method of
health education.
6. 6
step1 : explain the ideas and skills that you will be demonstrating ,
you can use photographs, pictures, real objects or models .
encourage questions.
step2 do the demonstration by carrying out the procedure slowly
step by step give explanation as you go along about each step and
encourage questions
step3 ask one person to repeat the demonstration ask the group
to comment
Step4 give every one chance to practice give feedback
immediately
Q13) list rules for effective group discussions
a) the discussion should be held in a place that is comfortable and
allows privacy
b) the size of the group should be decided according to purpose of
discussion
c) the time allowed for discussion should be convenient to all
members
d) the leader shouldnot dominate the group
e) the role of the leader is to help in the discussion, clarify certain
points and summarize the final ideas
f) each member should be respected and encouraged to take
some part
g) the group should put its own goals and plans for action.
Q14: classify two main sources of radiation and give three
examples for each :naturally occurring radiation sources : cosmic
radiation, terrestrial radiation , internal radiation
human made radiation sources as x-rays, nuclear medicine
diagnoses and radiation therapy other sources including nuclear
power plants, smoke detectors, x-rays for security checks,
televesions and computer screens and nuclear weapons
7. 7
Q15 : mention at least 5 examples of harmful agents of
environmental tobacco smoke and health effects of exposure to
ETS in adults , during pregnancy and child hood
carbon monoxide
nitrogen dioxide
carbondioxide
hydrogen cyanide
formaldehyde, nicotine and suspended particles
adults exposed to ETS have increased risk of lung cancer and heart
disease,, exposure of under 5 years of age children to ETS from
prenatal maternal smoking or sidestream smoke has been
associated with intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight,
preterm delivery, respiratory tracts infections and behavioral and
cognitive abnormalities.
