This document contains questions and answers from previous exams on the concepts of health and disease. It defines the differences between dry and wet gangrene, types and causes of pyemia, systemic causes of delayed wound healing, characteristic features of benign tumors, sources of indoor air pollutants, available interventions for disease protection, categories of health behavior, and how to calculate incidence and cause-specific mortality rates. It also lists the classification of proto-oncogenes products and clinical uses of tumor markers.

1. 1
ASM Team
Module 11
Concept of health and
disease
Previous Exams
Essay Questions
2013

2. 2
Q1 : list the differences between dry and wet gangrene.
P.O.C Dry gangrene Wet gangrene
Cause Arterial occlusion Venous occlusion
followed by arterial
occlusion
Sites Limbs Internal organs and
extremitis
progress Slow putrefaction Rapid putrefaction
evaporation Occurs leading to
tissue mummification
Doesn't occur leading
to tissue edema
Defensive lines Lines of demarcation
and separation are
present
No limiting defensive
lines
spread Slow spread Rapid spread
Associated toxemia Mild toxemia Severe toxemia
Q2 : list types and causes of pyemia
❖Types of pyemia
1) portal pyemia
2) systemic pyemia
❖Causes of septic emboli in portal circulation
1)phlegmonos appendicitis infection spread along appendicular
vein
2)septic ulcerations of intestine and colon infection spread along
mesenteric veins
3) infected piles infection spread through hemorrhoidal veins

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❖Causes of septic emboli in systemic circulation :
1) suppurative osteomyelitis
2) suppurative otitis media
3) puerperal sepsis
4) infective endocarditis
5) abscess , cellulitis
Q3 : enumerate four systemic causes of delayed wound healing
1) advanced age
2) protein malnutrition
3) vitamin C deficiency
4) zinc deficiency
5) Diabetes mellitus
6) Excess corticosteroids.
Q4 :mention the characteristic feature of benign tumor
1) capsulation : benign tumours grow by expansion leading to pressure
atrophy of surrounding tissue with formation of a fibrous capsule,
though not all benign tumors are encapsulated but there is always a
plane of cleavage around the tumors
2) Differentiation : benign neoplasms composed of well differentiated
cells that resemble very closely their normal counterpart e.g lipoma
mitoses " mitotic figures" are extremely scant in number and normal in
configuration.
3) Rate of growth : most benign tumours grow slowly over a period of
years .
4) metastasis : benign tumor don't metastasize
5) benign tumors doesn't recur after excision only malignant can.
6) fate : benign tumor is not fatal unless it's present in a vital area.

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Q5 : list four sources of indoor air pollutants.
1) Asbestos containing insulation.
2) Biogenic pollutants
3) Combustion by products as CO2, NO2 and SO2 and particulates
as ash .
4) Radon
5) Environmental tobacco smoke ( ETS )
6) Volatile organic compounds ( VOCs)
Q6 ) mention for available intervention for protection against
diseases .
1) a knowledge of causation and dynamics of transmission.
2) identification of risk factors and risk groups.
3) availability of prophylactic or early detection and treatment
measures.
4) an organization for applying these measures to appropriate
persons.
5) continuous evaluation of and development of procedures
applied .
Q7) list four categories of health behavior
1) preventive health behavior.
2) self-care behavior
3) health care utilization behavior
4) consumption " dietary " behavior
5) substance use behavior
6) sexual behavior
7) risk taking behavior

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Q8) In a certain year there are 100 new cases of a disease X in the
community of 100,000. In the same year 75 people die from the same
disease in the same community , calculate two suitable rates.
Incidence rate = number of persons developing disease ( new
cases at a given point in a locality * 1000 / total number of
population at risk at same time in the same locality.
= 100 * 1000 / 100,000 = 1
Cause specific mortality = Death of a specific cause in certain year
and locality * 100,000 / Estimated mid-year population in the
same year and locality.
=75*100,000/ 100,000= 75
Q9-11 : out of this module
Q12 : Enumerate the classification of proto-oncogenes products.
1) Growth factor
2) growth factor receptor.
3) signal transducers " cytoplasmic protein involved in signal
transduction mechanism "
4) nuclear transcription factors
5) cell cycle control protein
Q13) what are the clinical uses of tumor markers
1) Screening the asymptomatic population (PSA)
2) Diagnosis the symptomatic patients when biopsy is not
feasible.
3) Staging the disease
4) monitoring the response to therapy ( AFP)
5) Assessing prognosis
6) Detecting recurrence
Q14 : out of this module