Hardy Weinberg and Chi Square In the year 3000 , engineers at MIT finally create the technology necessary for time travel. You, who somehow are still alive (Time Lord perhaps?), decide that you want to make your AP biology teacher proud and use this wonderful new time travel technology to do some statistical analysis. Thinking about where to go, you remember once reading an article that said the Tyrannosaurus Rex likely had feathers! Since you have a taste for danger, you become determined to conduct field work on the genetics of this now extinct animal-and of course you also want to see their short little arms and possibly feather covered bodies! You jump on a plane and head to South Dakota, where the remains of one of the largest flesheaters to have ever inhabited Earth, named Sue, were found (named after Sue Hendrickson who discovered the fossils). Once you reach South Dakota, you use your time travel technology to turn back time...67 million years! Once you turn back time, you begin your studies. To your surprise, not all Tyrannosaurus Rex have feathers! It seems like having feathers is a dominant trait. You realize this discovery could change our understanding of evolution*gasp*. You begin gathering DNA samples from a population of T-Rex. You determine that having feathers (F) is dominant to not having feathers (f). You obtain the data in the chart below: 1. Use the observed genotypic frequencies to calculate the frequencies of the F and f alleles in the population of T-Rex. (Hint: the frequency of an allele in a gene pool is the number of copies of that allele divided by the total number of copies of alleles). 2. Next, use the Hardy Weinberg equation (p2+2pq+q2=1) to calculate the EXPECTED genotypic frequencies of the population ( FF, Ff, ff), if it were in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. 3. Next, calculate the actual OBSERVED frequencies of each genotype (FF, Ff, ff). (Hint: the observed frequencies are the number of individuals with that genotype divided by the total number of individuals). 4. Compare the observed frequencies in step 3 to the expected frequencies calculated in step 2 for day 1 . Is the T-Rex population in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium? Is evolution occurring to the population? 5. One year later you return to South Dakota to take data again. This time, you observe 700 Tyrannosaurus Re: If this population of T- Rex is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, how many T-Rex would you expect to have feathers? How many would you expect to have no feathers? 6. As you observe the animals and analyze DNA samples, you record the following data for day 365 : 7. Using the data for day 365 , calculate the OBSERVED genotypic frequencies (FF, Ff, ff). 8. Compare these observed frequencies to the EXPECTED frequencies in step 2. Is the population of T-Rex in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium at day 365 ? Is evolution occurring to the population? 9. To be confident in your conclusions about the T-Rex population at day 365 , you conduct a Chi Square analysis..

1. Hardy Weinberg and Chi Square In the year 3000 , engineers at MIT finally create the
technology necessary for time travel. You, who somehow are still alive (Time Lord perhaps?),
decide that you want to make your AP biology teacher proud and use this wonderful new time
travel technology to do some statistical analysis. Thinking about where to go, you remember
once reading an article that said the Tyrannosaurus Rex likely had feathers! Since you have a
taste for danger, you become determined to conduct field work on the genetics of this now
extinct animal-and of course you also want to see their short little arms and possibly feather
covered bodies! You jump on a plane and head to South Dakota, where the remains of one of the
largest flesheaters to have ever inhabited Earth, named Sue, were found (named after Sue
Hendrickson who discovered the fossils). Once you reach South Dakota, you use your time travel
technology to turn back time...67 million years! Once you turn back time, you begin your
studies. To your surprise, not all Tyrannosaurus Rex have feathers! It seems like having feathers
is a dominant trait. You realize this discovery could change our understanding of
evolution*gasp*. You begin gathering DNA samples from a population of T-Rex. You determine
that having feathers (F) is dominant to not having feathers (f). You obtain the data in the chart
below: 1. Use the observed genotypic frequencies to calculate the frequencies of the F and f
alleles in the population of T-Rex. (Hint: the frequency of an allele in a gene pool is the number
of copies of that allele divided by the total number of copies of alleles). 2. Next, use the Hardy
Weinberg equation (p2+2pq+q2=1) to calculate the EXPECTED genotypic frequencies of the
population ( FF, Ff, ff), if it were in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.
3. Next, calculate the actual OBSERVED frequencies of each genotype (FF, Ff, ff). (Hint: the
observed frequencies are the number of individuals with that genotype divided by the total
number of individuals). 4. Compare the observed frequencies in step 3 to the expected
frequencies calculated in step 2 for day 1 . Is the T-Rex population in Hardy Weinberg
equilibrium? Is evolution occurring to the population? 5. One year later you return to South
Dakota to take data again. This time, you observe 700 Tyrannosaurus Re: If this population of T-
Rex is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, how many T-Rex would you expect to have feathers?
How many would you expect to have no feathers? 6. As you observe the animals and analyze
DNA samples, you record the following data for day 365 :
7. Using the data for day 365 , calculate the OBSERVED genotypic frequencies (FF, Ff, ff). 8.
Compare these observed frequencies to the EXPECTED frequencies in step 2. Is the population
of T-Rex in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium at day 365 ? Is evolution occurring to the population?
9. To be confident in your conclusions about the T-Rex population at day 365 , you conduct a
Chi Square analysis. a. State the null hypothesis for the experiment. b. Fill in the chart below

2. with the data you have gathered.