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- 2. PRESENTED BY: Aqsa Mubeen REG. NO.: 20 M- UOC/ ZOL- 43 BS ZOOLOGY SESSION 2020 -24 SUBJECT: ENDOCRINOLOGY SUBMITTED TO: DR. SYEDA NADIA AHMAD DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY Topic; Mechanism of Happy Hormones
- 4. Happy hormones" generally refers to a group of neurotransmitters and hormones that play a crucial role in regulating mood, emotions, and overall well-being. They are involved in the complex interplay of signals within the brain and body.(Jiang,2022).Y haleejtimes.com/life-and-living/happiness-hormones-a- guide-to-increasing-your-joy-and-well- being?_refresh=true
- 5. HORMONES OF HAPPINESS There are four main hormones that create positive feelings: 1. Serotonin: The Mood Stabilizer 2. Dopamine: The Reward Mechanism 3. Endorphins: The Natural Painkillers 4.Oxytocin: The Love Hormone (Jiang Y,2022). mentalhealthintheworkplace.co.uk/dose- up-with-happy-hormones/
- 7. INTRODUCTION • In the brain, serotonin is a key factor in memory building and mood regulation, for which it is widely known as the happy hormone. • Serotonin (about 90%) is found in the gut and not in the brain. • target as medications that are used to treat depression, anxiety, and other mood disorders. • For example, increasing serotonin levels is the purpose of the class of antidepressants known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
- 10. WHERE ELSE IS THE SEROTONIN FOUND OUTSIDE THE BODY? •Tryptophan-rich protein-based foods, including meats such as salmon, and turkey which are rich tryptophan sources. •Dairy products such as eggs are boosters of blood plasma tryptophan levels. Cheese is also a great source of tryptophan. •Fruits such as bananas and pineapples are also serotonin boosters. (Medicalnewstoday.com. 2021)
- 11. LOW SEROTONIN •Low levels of vitamin B6 and vitamin D linked to decreased levels of serotonin. •serotonin levels may also decrease with age(Cowen PJ, 2015) https://encrypted- tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS3fe 14S4VH46owa- Km5Pra4XZdTcWb3RUdyg&usqp=CAU
- 12. SYMPTOMS OF LOW SEROTONIN https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mylifetime.com.hk%2F2016%2F08%2 F09%2Fsymptoms-of-low-serotonin- levels%2F&psig=AOvVaw3trgdoqYzwvcEJl1bXJgMC&ust=1703482464738000&source=images&cd =vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBIQjRxqFwoTCLDSyYKtp4MDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAN
- 16. DOPAMINE AND HAPPINESS • Feelings of pleasure, reward, and motivation.(Baixauli E.,2017) https://images.medindia.net/amp-images/health- images/link-between-dopamine-and-avoidance- behavior-identified.jpg
- 18. NATURAL METHODS TO BALANCE THE DOPAMINE LEVEL Healthy habits and lifestyle Consumption of nutritious food Doing adventurous activities Keeping yourself happy by doing things of your interest at regular intervals Exercising to keep body and mind fit Celebrating small moments of your life Spending time with children and family (Baixauli E.,2017).
- 19. MECHANISM OF DOPAMINE IN HAPPINESS: Reward Pathway: • The brain's reward system, often called the mesolimbic pathway, is where dopamine shines. • When you engage in activities that bring pleasure or reward, such as eating a delicious meal, winning an award, or receiving praise, your brain releases dopamine. This surge in dopamine reinforces the behavior, making you more likely to repeat it in the future. (Baixauli E.,2017).
- 21. DOPAMINE AND SUBSTANCES/ACTIVITIES Coffee • Caffeine, a key component in coffee, can increase dopamine production. • It stimulates the release of dopamine by blocking adenosine, another neurotransmitter that promotes relaxation. • This temporary surge in dopamine can lead to improved mood and alertness(Baixauli E.,2017).
- 22. DOPAMINE AND SUBSTANCES/ACTIVITIES Exercise: •Regular exercise has been shown to increase dopamine receptors in the brain, making it more sensitive to this neurotransmitter. •This is why many people report feeling happier and more energized after a good workout(Baixauli E.,2017).
- 24. DOPAMINE AND SUBSTANCES/ACTIVITIES Drugs of Abuse: • Unfortunately, the same dopamine system that promotes happiness and motivation can be hijacked by drugs of abuse, such as cocaine and opioids. • These substances artificially increase dopamine levels, leading to intense feelings of euphoria. However, repeated drug use can disrupt the brain's natural dopamine balance, leading to addiction and negative consequences(Baixauli E.,2017).
- 25. HOW DRUG USE CHANGES THE BRAIN OVER TIME? • One way the brain compensates is to reduce the number of dopamine receptors at the synapse. In addition, sending neurons increase their number of dopamine transporters, more quickly clearing dopamine from the synapse(NIDA,2022). https://learn-genetics.b- cdn.net/addiction/brainchange/changes-1.jpg
- 29. INTRODUCTION •The word endorphin comes from the words endogenous, which means “from within the body,” and morphine, an opiate pain reliever • They are a group of opioid neuropeptides. Generally, the pituitary glands and the central nervous system both release endorphins when needed(David J.,2021).
- 30. TYPES OF ENDORPHINS There are four types of endorphins produced by body: • alpha, • beta, • gamma, • and sigma endorphins. Beta endorphins are the most dominant type and most powerful of these happy hormones in the body.(David J.,2021)
- 31. UNDERSTANDING ENDORPHINS WITH EXAMPLE • Endorphin brings a good feeling of euphoria and accomplishment. • we can say that endorphins, on one hand, reduce pain, and on the other hand, they provide euphoria.( John,2013) https://mediap.flypgs.com/awh/1254/836//files/Ekstrem_Sporlar/ dagcilik-nedir.jpg
- 33. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ENDORPHIN https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRyzzZOxEJxq2P0jKfgfuMYge8R8xIozCIkLg&usqp=CAU
- 34. NATURAL METHODS TO BOOST THE ENDORPHINS https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aprilsnacksandskills-140429155224-phpapp01/85/brain-food- and-mood-food-5-320.jpg?cb=1667532849
- 36. INTRODUCTION • Oxytocin, like endorphins or serotonin, is a type of hormone in your body that promotes positive feelings. • Decrease stress and anxiety levels. •Have a positive impact on social behaviors related to relaxation,trust and overall psychological stability(Argyle M.,2013).
- 37. OXYTOCIN Its main function is to facilitate childbirth, which is one of the reasons it is called the "love drug" or "love hormone. (Argyle M.,2013).
- 38. MECHANISMS OF ACTION https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51608908/figure/ fig1/AS:601651031310356@1520456192827/Regulatory- Mechanisms-Affecting-Oxytocin-Activity-in-the-Context- of-Social-Behavior.png Oxytocin is a hormone that's produced in the hypothalamus and released into the bloodstream by the pituitary gland(Argyle M.,2013).
- 42. REFRENCES • Serotonin: Function, uses, SSRIs, and sources [Internet]. Medicalnewstoday.com. 2021 [cited 25 April 2021]. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/232248 • Cowen PJ, Browning M. What has serotonin to do with depression? World Psychiatry. 2015;14(2):158-160. doi:10.1002/wps.20229 • Baixauli E. (2017). Happiness: Role of Dopamine and Serotonin on mood and negative emotions. Emergency Medicine, 7, 350. • Argyle, M. (2013). The psychology of happiness. Routledge. • https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/the-truth-behind-runners-high-and-other- mental-benefits-of-running. David J. Linden, Ph.D.. Johns Hopkins. 2021.
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