The document discusses antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. It defines antibiotics as substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit or kill other microbes. It provides examples of common antibiotics like penicillin and streptomycin. It then explains how overuse and misuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, where bacteria evolve to survive exposure to the drugs. It notes this can create "superbugs" that are difficult to treat. The document outlines various ways bacteria become resistant, such as producing inactivating enzymes or changing structures to prevent antibiotic entry. It stresses the importance of using antibiotics appropriately and the need for awareness and education efforts to curb growing antibiotic resistance.

3. PRESENTED BY
SAIMA AKTER
ID NO. 151211046
SANZEDA IFFAT
ID NO.151211043
SHAMSUZZAMAN SONY
ID NO.151211045
SUMAYA AKTER
ID NO.151211044

4.  A medicine (such as penicillin or its
derivatives) that inhibits the growth
or destroys microorganisms.
 A drug used to treat bacterial
infections.
 Antibiotics have no effect on viral
infections.

5. 
Penicilline

Streptomycin

Chloramphenicol

Tetracycline

Erythromycin

Vancomycin

Methicillin

Ampicillin

Cephalosporins

6.  Antibiotics are substances obtained from
microorganisms - which are antagonistic to growth of
other pathogenic bacteria.
 Antibiotics are widely used in the field of medicines to
cure number of diseases. Some of the antibiotics -
which can be produced by use of microorganisms on
large scale are listed in below table

7. Name of antibiotic Obtained from
Erythromycin Streptomyces erythaeraeus
Aureomycin Streptomyces aurofaciens
Terramycin Streptomyces ramosus
Chloromycetin Streptomyces Venezuela
Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus
Penicillin Pencillium notatum
Actinomycetin Micromonospora spp
Tetramycin Streptomyces grisens
Neomycin, novaboium Streptomyces spp

8.  Antibiotic misuse, sometimes called
antibiotic abuse or antibiotic overuse.
 The misuse or overuse of antibiotics,
may produce serious effects on health.
 Resistant bacteria, informally called
"super bugs" relatively harmless
bacteria can develop resistance to
multiple antibiotics and cause life
threatening infections

9. • Defined as micro-organisms that are not
inhibited by usual systemic concentration of
an antimicrobial agent with normal dosage
schedule or fall in the minimum inhibitory
concentration(MIC) range.
• The ability of a microorganism to produce a
protein that disables an antibiotic or
prevents transport of the antibiotic into the
cell.

11.  Cross-resistance to a particular antibiotic that often
results in resistance to other antibiotics, usually from a
similar chemical class to which the bacteria may not have
been exposed.
 Cross-resistance can occur, for example, to both colistin
and polymyxin B or to both clindamycin and lincomycin.

12. Mutation Acquiring

13. Mutation occur through many routs..
 Producing enzymes that inactivate antibiotics.
 Eliminate the part in the which the antibiotic
attacks.
 Closing up of entry ports that allow antibiotics
to enter the cell.
 Developing mechanisms that export the
antibiotic out of the cell before in reaches the
target.

15. Acquiring resistance through other bacteria also occur in
many ways..
 By undergoing a simple process called “conjugation”
 Resistant traits are passed through viruses. The virus
then injects the resistance traits into any new bacteria
it attacks.
 Bacteria acquire naked free DNA from environment.

18. Rate of Development

19. Why resistance is a concern?
Resistant organisms lead to treatment failure
Increased mortality
Resistant bacteria may spread in Community
Low level resistance can go undetected
Added burden on healthcare costs
Threatens to return to pre-antibiotic era
Selection pressure

21.  Prescribe antibiotics correctly – get
cultures, start the right drug promptly
at the right dose for the right duration.
Reassess the prescription within 48
hours based on tests and patient
exam.
 Document the dose, duration and
indication for every antibiotic
prescription.

22.  Stay aware of antibiotic resistance
patterns in your facility.
 Use antibiotic wisely
 Follow hand hygiene patient
 Do not save antibiotics for the next
illness.
 Do not ask for antibiotics when
your doctor thinks you do not need
them. Remember antibiotics have
side effects.

23.  Should arrange frequent seminar and presentation
 Should arrange mass awarening programs
 Let everyone know the basic things of antibiotic awareness

24.  Should create a concern by
rally that we do not need
antibiotics for normal cold.

26.  By vastly celebrating the
antibiotic resistance week
become responsible citizen