Antibiotic originally was intended to cure and treat disease. However, because of lack of proper education and awareness campaign, antibiotics now are widely abuse and misuse. Such abuse and misuse of antibiotics today are the culprit why we have emergence of new diseases and Bacterial Resistance.

1. ANTIBIOTIC
MISUSE AND ABUSE
GLOBAL CONCERN

3. A GLOBAL CONCERN
 Resistant organisms lead to treatment failure
 Increased mortality
 700,000 people die of infections due to antibiotic resistance
 Resistant bacteria spreading in the community
 Selection pressure
 Added burden on health care cost

4. ANTIBIOTIC
 Chemical substances produced by microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria
that kills or inhibits the growth of other microorganisms
 Not synonymous to ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT
 Drug used to treat infectious disease which includes natural and synthetic substances
 Alexander Fleming
 Discovered the first antibiotic last 1928 called penicillin

5. IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTIBIOTIC
 Kills or inhibit growth of pathogen before they mutate and become resistant
 Cause no damage to the host
 Cause no allergic reaction to the host
 Stable in solid or liquid form
 Remain in specific body tissues long enough to be effective

6. MECHANISM OF ACTIONS OF
ANTIBIOTICS
 Agent must target a metabolic process or structure possessed by the pathogen
but not possessed by the host
 Most classes of antimicrobial drugs are active against some unique feature of
microbial structure or metabolism
 Breakdown of cell membrane structure or function
 Interference with DNA or RNA functions
 Inhibition of protein synthesis
 Blockage of key metabolic pathways

8. COMPLICATIONS OF ANTIBIOTIC
THERAPY
 RESISTANCE
 Hypersensitivity
 Direct toxicity
 Super infection

9. ANTIBIOTIC ABUSE AND MISUSE
 Overuse
 Antibiotics used to treat infections when
they are not needed or not effective i.e.
for the flu
 Misuse
 Not completing a prescribed course
 Using antibiotics not prescribed for you

10. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
 ability of bacteria to resist the effects of an antibiotic
 occurs when bacteria change in a way that reduces the effectiveness of drugs,
chemicals, or other agents designed to cure or prevent infections
 THIS IS A GLOBAL CONCERN
 cause illnesses that were once easily treatable with antibiotics to become dangerous
infections, prolonging suffering for children and adults
 can spread to family members, schoolmates, and co-workers, and may threaten your
community
 more difficult to kill and more expensive to treat
 can lead to serious disability or even death

11. Some are born great
Some achieve greatness
Some have greatness thrust upon them
Some microbes are born resistant
Some microbes achieve resistance by mutations
Some microbes have resistance thrust upon them by
plasmids

12. TYPES OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
 INTRINSIC (NATURAL)
 Natural to bacteria
 Lacks specific target site of antibiotics
 Drugs unable to reach site of action
 Present prior to antibiotic administration
 Acquired (Genetic Methods)
 Chromosomal Methods – Mutations
 Refers to change in DNA structure of the gene
 Extrachromosomal – Plasmids
 Replicate independently and freely in cytoplasm
 R-plasmids – carries resistant gene

13. MECHANISMS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESITANCE
 Enzymatic drug
destruction
 Prevention of drug
penetration and
accumulation
 Alteration of
antibiotic or target
site
 Rapid ejection of
drug

14. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT INFECTIONS
Diseases Agent Resistances
Pneumonia S pneumoniae Penicillin
Dysentery S dysenteriae Multiple resistances
Typhoid S typhi Multiple resistances
Gonorrhea N gonorrhoeae Penicillin and
tetracycline
Tuberculosis M tuberculosis Rifampicine and INH
Nosocomial infections S aureus Methicillin, vancomycin
E species Vancomycin
Klebsiella,
Pseudomonas
Multiple resistances

15. THREAT LEVEL
SERIOUS
This fungus is a serious concern and requires prompt and
sustained action to ensure the problem does not grow.
DRUG-RESISTANT
SALMONELLA
SEROTYPE TYPHI
Salmonella serotype Typhi causes typhoid fever, a potentially life-threatening disease. People with typhoid
fever usually have a high fever, abdominal pain, and headache. Typhoid fever can lead to bowel perforation,
shock, and death.
RESISTANCE OF CONCERN
Physicians rely on drugs such as ceftriaxone, azithromycin, and ciprofloxacin for treating patients with
typhoid fever. Salmonella serotype Typhi is showing resistance to:
 ceftriaxone
 azithromycin
 ciprofloxacin (resistance is so common that it cannot be routinely used)

16. THREAT LEVEL
SERIOUS
This fungus is a serious concern and requires prompt and
sustained action to ensure the problem does not grow. c
METHICILLIN-RESISTANT
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
(MRSA)
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes a range of illnesses, from skin
and wound infections to pneumonia and bloodstream infections that can cause sepsis and
death. Staph bacteria, including MRSA, are one of the most common causes of healthcare-
associated infections.
RESISTANCE OF CONCERN
Resistance to methicillin and related antibiotics (e.g., nafcillin, oxacillin) and resistance to
cephalosporins are of concern.

17. RESISTANCE OF CONCERN
Resistance to antibiotics used for standard therapy
Resistance to isoniazid (INH)
Some TB is multidrug-resistant (MDR), showing resistance to at least INH and
rifampicin (RMP), two essential first-line drugs
Some TB is XDR TB, defined as MDR TB plus resistance to any fluoroquinolone and
any of the three second-line injectable drugs (i.e., amikacin, kanamycin,
THREAT LEVEL
SERIOUS
This fungus is a serious concern and requires prompt and
sustained action to ensure the problem does not grow. c
DRUG-RESISTANT
TUBERCULOSIS

18. THREAT LEVEL
CONCERNING
This bacteria is concerning, and careful monitoring and
prevention action are needed.
VANCOMYCIN-RESISTANT
STAPHYLOCOCCUS
AUREUS
Staphylococcus aureus is a common type of bacteria that is found on the skin. During
medical procedures when patients require catheters or ventilators or undergo surgical
procedures, Staphylococcus aureus can enter the body and cause infections. When
Staphylococcus aureus becomes resistant to vancomycin, there are few treatment options
available because vancomycin-resistant S. aureus bacteria identified to date were also
resistant to methicillin and other classes of antibiotics.
RESISTANCE OF CONCERN
In rare cases, CDC has identified Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to vancomycin, the
antibiotic most frequently used to treat serious S. aureus infections.

19. THREAT LEVEL
CONCERNING
This bacteria is concerning, and careful monitoring and
prevention action are needed.
ERYTHROMYCIN-RESISTANT
GROUP A
STREPTOCOCCUS
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes many illnesses, including pharyngitis (strep throat),
streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, necrotizing fasciitis (“flesh-eating” disease), scarlet fever,
rheumatic fever, and skin infections such as impetigo.
RESISTANCE OF CONCERN
GAS has developed resistance to clindamycin and a category of drugs called macrolides.
Macrolides include erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin. GAS has also developed
resistance to a less commonly used drug—tetracycline. Of these, resistance to erythromycin
and the other macrolide antibiotics is of the most immediate concern.

20. PROACTIVE CAMPAIGN
 Antibiotics should be the last line of defence NOT the first
 Most common infections will get better by themselves through time, bed rest,
liquid intake and healthy living
 Only take antibiotics prescribed by a doctor
 If prescribed antibiotics, finish the course.
 Do not use other peoples or leftover antibiotics
 they be specific for some other infection
 Tell your healthcare professional you are concerned about antibiotic resistance
 Never take an antibiotic for a viral infection like a cold or the flu

21. END.