slide#1
Introduction:
Antimicrobials are the agents that kill or inhibit the growth of Microorganism.
The ability of bacteria and other microorganisms to resists the effect of an antimicrobial agents (AMAs) is called Antimicrobial Resistance.
Resistant organisms lead to treatment failure.
Increased mortality.
May spread in Community.
Low level resistance can go undetected.
Added burden on healthcare costs.
Threatens to return to pre-antibiotic era.
Slide#4
Ear, Nose and Throat Infections:
Ear infection begins after a cold or other respiratory infection. The bacteria travel into the middle ear through the Eustachian tube. This tube connects the middle ear to the back of the throat.
Causative agent:
Streptococcus pneumonia
Moraxella catarrhalis
Haemophilus influenzae
ABRS is caused by bacteria that infect the lining of your nasal cavity and sinuses.
Causative agent:
Streptococcus pneumonia
Haemophilus influenza
Moraxella catarrhalis
Streptococcus pyogenes
Strep throat is an infection in the throat and tonsils caused by bacteria.
Causative agent:
Group A streptococcus.
Slide#6
Penicillin Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae :
The resistant microbe elaborates an enzyme which inactivates the Penicillin.
β lactamase enzyme production:
It breaks down the B lactam rings, there by inactivating the β lactam antibiotics.
Enzyme present in low quantity but located periplasmically, drug is inactivated soon after entry.
Present in large quantities which diffuse into the surrounding and destroy the drug before entry.
slide#8
Antibiotic Resistance What Physician can do:
Prevent infections by ensuring your hands, instruments and environment are clean.
Keep your patient’s vaccinations up to date.
If you think a patient might need antibiotics, where possible, test to confirm and find out which one.
Only prescribe and dispense antibiotics when they are truly needed.
Prescribe and dispense the right antibiotic at the right dose for the right duration.
slide#10
Antibiotic Resistance What You can do:
Only use antibiotics when prescribed by a certificated health professional.
Always take the full prescription, even if you feel better.
Never use left over antibiotics.
Never share antibiotics with others.
Prevent infections by regularly washing your hands, avoiding contacts with sick people and keep your vaccinations up to date.
2. Mechanism of Drug Resistance
Drug Resistance in Ear, Nose and Throat Infections
Causes and Preventions
Ear, Nose and Throat Infections
Introduction
3. Introduction
Antimicrobials are the agents that kill or inhibit the
growth of Microorganism.
The ability of bacteria and other microorganisms to
resists the effect of an antimicrobial agents (AMAs)
is called Antimicrobial Resistance.
Resistant organisms lead to treatment failure.
Increased mortality.
May spread in Community.
Low level resistance can go undetected.
Added burden on healthcare costs.
Threatens to return to pre-antibiotic era.
5. Ear Infection
Ear infection begins after a cold
or other respiratory infection. The
bacteria travel into the middle ear
through the Eustachian tube.
This tube connects the middle
ear to the back of the throat.
ABRS is caused by bacteria that
infect the lining of your nasal
cavity and sinuses.
Nose Infection
Strep throat is an infection in the
throat and tonsils caused by
bacteria.
Throat Infection
Ear, Nose and Throat Infections
Causative agent:
• Streptococcus pneumonia
• Haemophilus influenza
• Moraxella catarrhalis
• Streptococcus pyogenes
Causative agent:
• Group A streptococcus.
Causative agent:
• Streptococcus pneumonia
• Moraxella catarrhalis
• Haemophilus influenzae
Drugs:
• Amoxicillin
• Azithromycin
Drugs:
• Amoxil (amoxicillin)
• Augmentin
• Cortisporin
Drugs:
• Penicillin
• Amoxicillin
7. Penicillin Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae :
The resistant microbe elaborates an enzyme which inactivates
the Penicillin.
β lactamase enzyme production:
• It breaks down the B lactam rings, there by inactivating the
β lactam antibiotics.
• Enzyme present in low quantity but located periplasmically,
drug is inactivated soon after entry.
• Present in large quantities which diffuse into the
surrounding and destroy the drug before entry.
8. Over-Prescribing of
antibiotic
Causes of Antibiotic Resistance
Poor Hygiene and
Sanitation
Patients not finishing
their treatment
Over-Use of antibiotic
in livestock.
Poor infection control
in Hospitals.
Lack of new antibiotic
being developed
1 2 3
4 5 6
9. Antibiotic Resistance
What Physician can do:
Prevent infections by ensuring your hands,
instruments and environment are clean.
Keep your patient’s vaccinations up to date.
If you think a patient might need antibiotics, where
possible, test to confirm and find out which one.
Only prescribe and dispense antibiotics when they are
truly needed.
Prescribe and dispense the right antibiotic at the right
dose for the right duration.
10. Antibiotic Resistance
What You can do:
Only use antibiotics when prescribed by a certificated
health professional.
Always take the full prescription, even if you feel
better.
Never use left over antibiotics.
Never share antibiotics with others.
Prevent infections by regularly washing your hands,
avoiding contacts with sick people and keep your
vaccinations up to date.
