Lect 1 unit 2.pdf

Digital Systems
CS304
BY
Akanksha Jain
Dept. of ECE
Lecture
Presentation
Module 2

Combinational Logic
• Combinational logic (also referred to as time-independent logic or combinatorial logic) is a type of digital
logic which is implemented by Boolean circuits, where the output is a pure function of the present input only.
• Tyes of combinational logic circuits:
• Half adder
• Full adder
• Half subtractor
• Full Subtractor
• MUX
• DeMUX

Full Subtractor
Q. Make a full subtractor using 2 half
subtractor.

Serial Adder
 Working Process:
Following is the procedure of addition using serial binary adder:
• Step-1:
The two shift registers A and B are used to store the numbers to be added.
• Step-2:
A single full adder is used too add one pair of bits at a time along with the carry.
• Step-3:
The contents of the shift registers shift from left to right and their output starting from a and b are fed
into a single full adder along with the output of the carry flip-flop upon application of each clock pulse.
• Step-4:
The sum output of the full adder is fed to the most significant bit of the sum register.
• Step-5:
The content of sum register is also shifted to right when clock pulse is applied.
• Step-6:
After applying four clock pulse the addition of two registers (A & B) contents are stored in sum
register.

Serial Adder
 Serial binary adder is a combinational logic circuit that performs the
addition of two binary numbers in serial form. Serial binary adder performs
bit by bit addition. Two shift registers are used to store the binary numbers
that are to be added.
 A single full adder is used to add one pair of bits at a time along with the
carry. The carry output from the full adder is applied to a D flip-flop
(Memory element). After that output is used as carry for next significant bits.
The sum bit from the output of the full adder can be transferred into a third
shift register.

Serial Adder
 Shift Registers :
Shift Register is a group of flip flops used to store multiple bits of data.
There are two shift registers used in the serial binary adder. In one shift
register augend is stored and in other shift register addend is stored.
 Full Adder :
Full adder is the combinational circuit which takes three inputs and
gives two outputs as sum and carry. The circuit adds one pair at a time
with the help of it.
 D Flip-flop :
the carry output from the full adder is applied on the D flip-flop.
Further, the output of D flip-flop is used as a carry input for the next
pair of significant bits.

Parallel Adder
A single full adder performs the addition of two one bit numbers and an input carry.
But a Parallel Adder is a digital circuit capable of finding the arithmetic sum of
two binary numbers that is greater than one bit in length by operating on
corresponding pairs of bits in parallel.
It consists of full adders connected in a chain where the output carry from each
full adder is connected to the carry input of the next higher order full adder in the
chain.
A n bit parallel adder requires n full adders to perform the operation. So for the
two-bit number, two adders are needed while for four bit number, four adders are
needed and so on. Parallel adders normally incorporate carry lookahead logic to
ensure that carry propagation between subsequent stages of addition does not limit
addition speed. addition speed.

Parallel Adder
 As shown in the figure, firstly the full adder FA1 adds A1 and B1 along with the carry C1 to
generate the sum S1 (the first bit of the output sum) and the carry C2 which is connected to
the next adder in chain.

Difference between Serial Adder and Parallel Adder:

Multiplexer
 In electronics, a multiplexer (or mux; spelled sometimes as multiplexor),
also known as a data selector, is a device that selects between several
analog or digital input signals and forwards the selected input to a
single output line.
 For N input lines, log n (base2) selection lines, or we can say that for
2n input lines, n selection lines are required.
 Multiplexers are also known as “Data selector, parallel to serial
convertor, many to one circuit, universal logic circuit”.
 Multiplexers are mainly used to increase amount of the data that can be
sent over the network within certain amount of time and bandwidth.

Demultiplexer
 De-Multiplexer is a combinational circuit that performs the reverse
operation of Multiplexer.
 It has single input, ‘n’ selection lines and maximum of 2n outputs.
 The input will be connected to one of these outputs based on the values of
selection lines.
 Since there are ‘n’ selection lines, there will be 2n possible combinations
of zeros and ones. So, each combination can select only one output.

1x4 De-Multiplexer
 1x4 De-Multiplexer has one input I, two selection lines, s1 & s0 and four outputs
Y3, Y2, Y1 &Y0.
 The block diagram of 1x4 De-Multiplexer is shown in the following figure.

Higher order De Mux
• 1x8 De-Multiplexer
• 1x16 De-Multiplexer

Encoder
 An encoder is a combinational circuit that converts binary information in
the form of a 2N input lines into N output lines, which represent N bit
code for the input. For simple encoders, it is assumed that only one
input line is active at a time.
 As an example, let’s consider Octal to Binary encoder. As shown in the
following figure, an octal-to-binary encoder takes 8 input lines and
generates 3 output lines.

Encoder
 Implementation –
From the truth table, the output line Z is active when the input octal digit is 1, 3,
5 or 7. Similarly, Y is 1 when input octal digit is 2, 3, 6 or 7 and X is 1 for input
octal.
igits 4, 5, 6 or 7. Hence, the Boolean functions would be:
X = D4 + D5 + D6 + D7
Y = D2 + D3 + D6 + D7
Z = D1 + D3 + D5 + D7

Decoder
 A binary decoder is a digital circuit that converts a binary code into a set
of outputs.
 The binary code represents the position of the desired output and is
used to select the specific output that is active. Binary decoders are the
inverse of encoders and are commonly used in digital systems to
convert a serial code into a parallel set of outputs.
 The basic principle of a binary decoder is to assign a unique output to
each possible binary code.
 For example, a binary decoder with 4 inputs and 2^4 = 16 outputs can
assign a unique output to each of the 16 possible 4-bit binary codes.

Decoder
 2-to-4 Binary Decoder –

BCD Adder
• BCD stands for binary coded decimal. It is used to perform the addition of BCD numbers.
• A BCD digit can have any of ten possible four-bit representations. Suppose, we have two 4-
bit numbers A and B. The value of A and B can vary from 0(0000 in binary) to 9(1001 in
binary) because we are considering decimal numbers.
• The output will vary from 0 to 18 if we are not considering the carry from the previous sum.
But if we are considering the carry, then the maximum value of output will be 19 (i.e. 9+9+1
= 19).
• When we are simply adding A and B, then we get the binary sum. Here, to get the output in
BCD form, we will use BCD Adder.

Example
Input :
A = 0111 B = 1000
Output :
Y = 1 0101
Explanation: We are adding A(=7) and B(=8). The
value of binary sum will be 1111(=15). But, the BCD
sum will be 1 0101, where 1 is 0001 in binary and 5
is 0101 in binary.

An arithmetic-logic unit is the part of a central processing unit that carries
out arithmetic and logic operations on the operands in
computer instruction words.
In some processors, the ALU is divided into two units: an arithmetic unit
(AU) and a logic unit (LU). Some processors contain more than one AU --
for example, one for fixed-point operations and another for floating-point
operations.
In computer systems, floating-point computations are sometimes done by
a floating-point unit (FPU) on a separate chip called a numeric coprocessor.

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