Cephalometrics involves radiographically abstracting the head into geometric shapes. It is used to describe morphology, diagnose anomalies, predict relationships, plan and evaluate treatment. Key landmarks, planes, angles and measurements are used in analyses like Downs, Steiner, and Rickett's to visualize skeletal and dental relationships and understand malocclusions. The purpose of the study was to investigate craniofacial characteristics of children with Class 3 malocclusion, for which early orthopedic intervention with face mask therapy may be suitable treatment.
2. INTRODUCTION AND
HISTORY
• It is a radiographic technique for abstracting the human head into
a geometric shape.
• In 1922, Simon developed gnathostatics,
• Racini and Carrera obtained the first lateral cephalogram in 1926.
• In 1931, Broadbent introduced the cephalometer.
3. PURPOSE OF
CEPHALOMETRICS
• To describe morphology or growth
• To diagnose anomalies
• To predict future relationships
• To plan treatment
• To evaluate the results of treatment
4. USES OF CEPHALOMETRICS
• In the study of growth
• In functional analysis
• In orthodontic diagnosis
• In treatment planning
• To assess the orthodontic treatment effect
• For digitalization of cephalograms
• In orthognathic surgeries
In study of growth and development
In treatment planning
7. ADVANTAGES
• The technique is reproducible
• Easy to store, transport and reproduce.
• Cephalograms are non-invasive and produce vast information on
one radiograph
• Cephalograms are non-destructive and are relatively permanent
unlike other diagnostic measures
10. REQUIREMENTS OF LANDMARKS
• It should be easily located on the radiograph
• It should be uniform in outline and should be reproducible
• It should represent proper anatomical structure and location
• It should be valid for quantitative measurements of lines and angles
projected from them
• It should be reliable for measurements and superimposition of
various serial cephalograms.
17. CEPHALOMET
RIC PLANES
DESCRIPTION
Apo line It is the line joining point A and pogonion
Bolton plane It is the line joining the Bolton’s plane and
Nasio
E- plane It is the line drawn from the tip of nose to the
most anterior part of the soft tissue chin
Frankfurt Horizontal
plane
It is the line connecting orbitale and Porion
Maxillary plane It is the line drawn through the ANS and PNS
Mandibular plane It is the line joining menton and Gonion
Occlusal plane It is the line from the midpoint between the tips
of maxillary and mandibular incisors to the
anterior contact between the maxillary and
mandibular first molars in occlusion
Pterygoid vertical plane It is the line drawn perpendicular to the
Frankfort Horizontal plane, passing through the
distal of pterygopalatinr fossa
S-N plane It is the line joining the Sella point and Nasion
19. • Draw two plus shaped crosses on the top right and left corners of the
radiograph. These are used to orient the tracing over the radiograph.
• Trace soft tissue profile, external cranium and the cervical vertebrae.
• These are followed by the tracing of cranial base, internal border of
cranium, frontal sinus and ear rods.
• Trace the maxilla and related structures including the key ridges and
pterygomaxillary fissures. Trace the nasal floor along with the ANS
and PNS. Trace the first molar and most anteriorly placed maxillary
incisor.
• Trace the mandible including the symphysis, lower border of the
mandible, condyles and the coronoid process. Trace the first molar
and the most anteriorly placed mandibular incisor.
20. INTERPRETATION OF MEASUREMENTS
• To define both the skeletal and facial types.
• To evaluate the relationship between the maxillary and mandibular
facial bones
• To assess the dental relationships
• To locate the malocclusion within the dentofacial complex and
analyze its origin
• To study the facial soft tissue contours with respect to the cause of
the malocclusion.
• To consider the impact of the various options for correcting the
malocclusion on the facial contours and on the skeletal and dental
components
• To facilitate the selection of a treatment plan
• To evaluate the results of various soft-tissue surgical procedures.
22. Cephalometric analysis is the clinical application of cephalometry.
OBJECTIVES:
• To visualize the contribution of skeletal and dental relationship to
the malocclusion
• To generate the drawings and table of numbers that are the
estimators of relationships
• Measurements and other analytic procedures are used to understand
the dental and skeletal relationships for each individual patient.
23. CLASSIFICATION OF CEPHALOMETRIC ANALYSIS
PURPOSE CEPHALOMETRIC
ANALYSIS
For growth predictions Rickett’s analysis
Computerized cephalograms
To differentiate growth and
treatment
Rickett’s analysis
For evaluation of soft tissues Rickett’s analysis
Steiner’s analysis
For studying symmetry Rickett’s analysis
For diagnosis Down’s analysis
For treatment planning Steiner’s analysis
For surgical orthodontic cases Burrstone’s analysis
43. DENTAL PARAMETERS
a) Mandibular incisors to A-
Pog
b) Mandibular incisor
inclination
c) Position of maxillary first
molar
d) Mandibular incisor to
occlusal plane
e) Inter-incisal angle
48. Convexity of point A
to mandibular
cranial base
Maxillary incisor
proclination
Max n mand
lengths
Nasolabial angle
LAFH
Upper and lower
pharyngeal diameter
49. The purpose of the study was to investigate the morphologic
characteristics of the craniofacial complex of children with class
3 malocclusion. Because of the early orthopedic intervention
with protraction face mask therapy may be the method of choice
for most of the patients with class 3 malocclusion included in the
study.
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2001; 119:640-9
