Disputes avoidance

1. Integrating Innovative and Sustainable Developments in Civil Engineering

2. PAPER ID: 109
An Expert System for Disputes Avoidance in Highways,
Public Sector Projects of Pakistan Construction Industry
Authors
Saeed Ahmeda*, Nafees Ahmed Memona, Tauha Hussain Alia Aftab Hameed Memonb Ali Raza
Khosoa
Integrating Innovative and Sustainable Developments in Civil Engineering

3. Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Research methodology
Results and discussion
Conclusion
References
Integrating Innovative and Sustainable Developments in Civil Engineering

4. Introduction.
 The construction sector, defined as "activities involved with the
construction of physical infrastructure and related activities," plays a crucial
part in the nation's economy. It was anticipated that this sector's
production would contribute significantly to gross constant capital
creation. In addition, research investigations have suggested that the
expansion of the construction industry is linked to the growth of other
businesses. As an important modern business, the construction sector has
a substantial impact on the economy and labor force of any nation [1].
 The construction industry is regarded as being crucial to the development
of any nation's economy, and investments made in this industry have a
significant impact on all other economic sectors[2].
Integrating Innovative and Sustainable Developments in Civil Engineering

5. While this industry is engaged in the preparation of lands and building of real estate
throughout the nation, the participants in the construction industry have a variety of
perspectives, talents, and high levels of knowledge in the construction sector. In addition to
developing an expert system for dispute avoidance in public sector road construction
projects, this research study is focused on identifying important issues that are,
contributing to disputes connected to road projects in Pakistan's construction industry [3].
Conflict.
Conflicts are simply described as opposing participant interests in the execution of a
project contract. Conflict was defined by Edmonds and Kennedy as disagreements over a
project's execution, frequently the consequence of discussions concerning how differently
two or more people perceive the circumstances. Conflicts arise when one person's actions
obstruct or interfere with those of another [4].
Introduction.

6. Claim.
The Canadian Law Dictionary says. The claim is described as a "statement to the right to
remedy, comfort, or property" or a "failure to meet obligations under the agreement" [6].
Additionally, the definition of "claim" in the Oxford English Dictionary is "a demand for
something as due, an action of right to something," which is derived from the old French
word "clima" [7].
Disputes.
A dispute is defined as a specific disagreement over a matter of fact, law, or policy in which
a claim or assertion is rejected and that rejection is not accepted [9]. Any contract question
or argument that needs to be resolved outside of the jobsite control group of workers is a
dispute, according to Baloch, SA et al, (2018) definition [10]. Due to the complexity of the
construction industry, some difficulties will occasionally arise for the stakeholders. The
different perspectives of the stakeholders, including the sponsor, function Object and
engineer, on the development issues. As a result, whenever there are issues and
disagreements, a confrontation over that something is unavoidable [12].
Introduction.

7. Elziny, A. et al. (2016) noted that the construction business has developed into one of the most
unfavourable and trouble-prone, with claims and disputes on projects and construction jobs being the
norm rather than the exception. Because of the enormous risk that disagreements present, rational
decision-making is necessary [13].
Literature Review.
Fig. 1 shows the flow diagram of dispute occurrence

8. Mrs. Arcadies (2016), Construction disputes in Asia continue to rank highly according to
studies. Customers and sponsors are the primary suppliers of resources in the construction
development industry. All problems, their causes, and their effects are interconnected with
customers[16]. Planning, design, drawings, conduct, building technique, significances, and
order exchange are a few examples of the various types of conflicts that can result in claims
and disputes in the construction industry. The primary reasons of arguments among
members of the creation enterprise are issues from the outside world, delays in delivering
drawings, billing, design errors, procurement, and handing over the website to the client
[17].
Irlayc akmak, P. (2016) also looked at the disputes in the Turkish construction sector. This
study examined the issues and root causes of disagreements in building projects. This
study came to the conclusion that the risk to participants, the time constraints, the
intended cost, and the proper quality are the main sources of conflicts. If they are not
managed effectively, projects won't be completed successfully [21].
Literature Review.

9. A professional-level intellectual computer software programmer application to a few
particular areas for coding the facts is called a "knowledge-based expert system" (KBES).
The purpose of using this precise method is to solve issues at the level of human
capabilities [19].
Muhammad Akram (2016) recognized the important factor that contributes to time and
cost overruns in building projects for the Pakistani construction sector and created a
professional guide for managing measures for the major component time and cost overrun
[24]. Failures to perform have become a notable element of the building construction
industry. This wide range of failures, from little fractures to complete collapse, are linked to
a number of negative outcomes. Abbas Muhammad Burhan (2016) additionally created an
"expert system for investigation of failure in the construction business" [25].
And El-Adaway, Ogburn (2013). Conducted a study to look into the cause-and-effect chain
of disputes. The investigation concluded that risks, conflicts, and claims are the main
causes. These issues eventually result in disagreements, and if they are not appropriately
handled, they have a severe impact on the project's completion [26].
Literature Review.

10. Research Methodology
Fig 2. Shows Research Methodology Flow chart

11. Data Analysis and Results
National Highway
Authority
46%
Works and Services
31%
Pakistan Works
Department
23%
Range of Respondents from public Sector Road Construction
Department
National Highway Authority Works and Services Pakistan Works Department
Fig. 3 shows the statistics of questionnaire
75 questionnaires from public sector road construction departments, 46% from the national
highway authority (NHA), 31% from works and services, and 23% from Pakistan Works
Department (PWD) of the country's construction industry were successfully collected from
the respondents after 106 questionnaires were distributed to them. The problems were
identified which are leading to disputes in road construction projects are:

12. Data Analysis and Results
4.8
4.72
4.24
4.21
4.05
3.89
3.75
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
ERROR IN PROJECT DESIGN
POOR QUALITY PERFORMANCE OF CONTRACTOR
POOR COMMUNICATION
UNAVAILABILITY OF RIGHT OF WAY (ROW)
EXTERNAL FACTOR INFLUENCES
POOR SELECTION OF DIVERSION FOR TRAFFIC FLOW
ABSENCE OF PRE-QUALIFICATION PROCESS FOR CONTRACTOR SELECTION
Most significant problem which are leading to disputes
Most significant problem which are leading to disputes

13. Causes and controlling measures related to the significant problems
S.
No
Causes of the problem Controlling Measure
I. During survey activities,
uncalibrated devices were
employed
The consultant makes sure that every device seems
faultless.
conducting instrument error testing prior to the start
of the survey
II. Incorrect design data Before beginning design, the design data should be
thoroughly analyzed.
to confirm that all info is correct according to the site
Table. 1 shows causes and controlling measure related to problem Error in project design

14. Causes and controlling measures related to the significant problems
S. No Causes of the problem Controlling Measure
I.
Defects during the construction
stage that become apparent during
liability period
Before handing over the site, create a list of defects.
The contractor is bounded to resolve all defects
II.
Insufficient quality standard
operating procedures by the
contracting company
To make sure that the quality control mechanism is
followed
To appoint a quality assurance manager
III. Unsatisfactory labor productivity
Setting a self-imposed timeframe procedure
Begin workshops, seminars, seminars and put the two
mints rules into action.
Table. 2 shows causes and controlling measure related to problem Poor quality performance of contractor

15. Causes and controlling measures related to the significant problems
S. No Causes of the problem Controlling Measure
I.
Ineffective collaboration with
other departments
To establish a committee to co - ordinate with multiple
departments
To cultivate effective leadership abilities and
qualities within the organisation in order to achieve co –
ordination
II.
Intentionally delaying the flow of
information
Create an efficient information process flow.
Workshops and training should be held on a regular
basis.
Table. 3 shows causes and controlling measure related to problem Poor communication

16. Causes and controlling measures related to the significant problems
S. No Causes of the problem Controlling Measure
I. Land acquisition
The right to receive just compensation when land is
acquired
Disclosure of all relevant information regarding the
acquisition of land under the rehabilitation or resettlement
act.
II. Ethical/Holy places
Alteration to the blueprint for the motorways, highways and
road construction.
to reroute the road as much as possible in order to save the
sacred places
III.
land acquisition rewards are not
given to the incentives
Establish a procedure for equitable compensation in the
process of land acquisition.
In order to acquire land through the adoption of a
rehabilitation and resettlement act
Table. 4 shows causes and controlling measure related to Unavailability of Right of Way (ROW)

17. Causes and controlling measures related to the significant problems
S. No Causes of the problem Controlling Measure
I.
Interference of political processes in
construction
Dependencies on external parties
Getting a response that can be considered
reasonable
II.
Delay in the process of obtaining a
certificate of no objection (NOC)
management that works well with various
stakeholders
Obtain the NOC before placing any bids.
Table. 5 shows causes and controlling measure related to problem external factor influences

18. Causes and controlling measures related to the significant problems
S. No Causes of the problem Controlling Measure
I.
Inadequate preparation in ahead of
time
Carry out a pre-construction planning of the
necessary activities and resources for the project.
It is important to involve the project manager along
with the rest of the team during the initial stages of
planning.
II.
Disruptions in the neighboring
areas
Taking preventative measures to redirect high
volumes of traffic away from construction/residential
areas
Plan for the Regulation of Traffic
Table. 6 shows causes and controlling measure related to problem poor selection of diversion for traffic flow

19. Developing an Expert System for Disputes Avoidance in highways Construction Projects.
The Purposes of developing of Expert System (DES) is to provide a user interface approachable system
for defining the various causes of disputes performances in road construction sector. It will also able to
suggest appropriate and controlling measure to avoid disputes during road construction project. The
following tasks are involved in the development of an Expert system to overcome from disputes.
1. Identifying the issues that are causing the road construction project to be delayed and contentious.
2. Determining the significant level of causative factor which are leading to disputes through (SPSS).
3. Determining appropriate controlling remedial measure to overcome from disputes.
4. Establishing an Expert System for the Purpose of Suggesting Appropriate and Governing Measures to
Prevent Disputes
Focus of this paper is the determination of the factors that contribute to disputes in highways construction
projects, and it uses both qualitative and quantitative methods. SPSS is used to perform the analysis on the
data. The primary contribution made by this study is the integration of expert systems (ES) with experience-
based recommendations from the construction industry regarding appropriate and controlling dispute
prevention measures for use during road construction projects.

20. The Conceptual Frame Work of Expert System for Disputes Avoidance in road
construction project.
Expert system will provide a user interface approachable system for the determination of
problems that lead to disputes in the road construction sector. This ES will also support the users in
suggesting and appropriate controlling measures to avoid disputes during road construction
projects.

21. Working Mechanism of Expert System
KBES for road construction dispute avoidance helps users step-by-step.
In the first step of evaluating knowledge-based expert system input from users, when the
user starts the program, a new window will open on screen where the user will enter user
name and password to get access and select the disputes-causing problems. Start
Programming

22. Working Mechanism of Expert System
After starting the program, than Enter the problem
Fig. 5 Shows Screen shot of displayed Problem which is leading to disputes
The user will choose the most important problem causes
as usual in roadway projects. To avoid construction
disputes, the expert system will present control measures
for each of the following causes.
Fig. 6 Screen shot of displayed significant causes of the problem

23. Working Mechanism of Expert System
Fig. 7 Shows Screen shot of displayed controlling measures of causes to avoid
dispute
1. Conclusion:
This research paper proposes a conceptual framework for developing intellectual computer software (ES)
to suggest and control construction industry disputes. As mentioned, most construction projects worldwide
experience disputes. Significant issues and their causes are causing construction disputes that will delay
project completion. The ESDA&SCM framework can identify major issues that cause disputes and suggest
ways to avoid them in road construction projects to improve performance. This study also shows the most
effective dispute avoidance methods. The knowledge-based expert system developed using structured query
language (MYSQL) database, hypertext preprocessor (PHP) server site scripting, and HTML/Java Script
user interface achieved the research's main goal. To avoid conflict, the system controls problems, causes,
and their controls. If applied to road construction, the suggested controlling remedial measures will prevent
disputes and finish the project on time and within budget.

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