Basic of Pharmacology, their history, origin, and introduction

1. Historical developmental and scope of
pharmacology
Mr. Sachchidanand Pathak
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacology
KIP

2. Rudolf Buchheim

3. Rudolf Buchheim (1820–1879) founded the
first institute of pharmacology at the
University of Dorpat (Tartu, Estonia) in 1847,
ushering in pharmacology as an independent
scientific discipline.
In addition to a description of effects, he
strove to explain the chemical properties of
drugs.

4. Oswald Schmiedeberg (1838–1921), together with
his many disciples (12 of whom were appointed to
chairs of pharmacology),helped establish the high
reputation of pharmacology.
Fundamental concepts such as structure–activity
relationships, drug receptors, and selective toxicity
emerged from the work of, respectively.

5. Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned
with the study of drug action, where a drug can be
broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or
endogenous (from within body) molecule which
exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the
cell, tissue, organ, or organism.

6. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that
occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect
normal or abnormal biochemical function. If substances
have medicinal properties, they are considered
pharmaceuticals.
The two main areas of pharmacology are
pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
Pharmacodynamics studies the effects of a drug on
biological systems, and Pharmacokinetics studies the
effects of biological systems on a drug

7. Research
Special
Domains
Academics
Industries
Present Universe of Pharmacology

8. • Stages of drug development
Drug discovery phase
Preclinical phase
Clinical trial phase
Research

9. Drug discovery phase
1. Random screening
2. Serendipity (Happy observation ,by chance)
3. Rational drug designing
4. Designing of a prodrug or active metabolite as a
drug

10. Preclinical/Experimental phase
• AIM- To satisfy all requirements that are
needed before a compound is considered fit
to be tested in human
• Require 1.5-2 yrs
• Out of 10,000 compounds screened only 10
qualify for preclinical evaluation

11. Clinical trial phase
Systematic study of new drug in human subjects
Phase 1-Healthy volunteers
(25-100) , Open label
Determines- safe dose
- pharmacokinetics
- any predictable toxicity
Phase 2-patient with target disease
Determine -efficacy
-definitive end point
A)Early phase 2- (200 patients)
Single blind

12. B)Late phase 2- (200-400 patients)
Double blind
Phase 3- (1000-5000+)
Large scale multicentre double blind
To further establish safty and efficacy
These 3 phses take 5-6 yrs
-New drug application for licensing
Phase 4- post licensing phase
No fixed duration
Periodic safety update report(PSUR) is to be
submitted

13. Academics
• Undergraduate education
-Introduction to drugs
-Mechanisms of actions
-Prescription writing
- Pharmaceutical preparations
-Identification of Adverse drug
reactions

14. • Postgraduate education
•Basic research
•Experimental pharmacology
•pharmacokinetics - dynamics
•Pharmacovigilance
•Clinical pharmacology
•Therapeutic drug monitoring

15. Industries
• Research: New Drug Development
• Medical advisor
• Medical transcription
• Medico marketing
• Product management
• Contract research organization
• Training

16. Special Domains
• Pharmacovigilance
• Pharmacoeconomics
• Pharmacoepidemiology
• Chronopharmacology

17. Divisions
• The discipline of pharmacology can be divided into
many sub disciplines each with a specific focus.
• Neuropharmacology
• Clinical pharmacology
• Pharmacogenetics
• Posology
• Pharmacognosy
• Experimental pharmacology
• Dental pharmacology
• Toxicology
• Pharmacoepidemiology
• Safety pharmacology
• Systems pharmacology
• Psychopharmacology

18. Clinical pharmacology
Clinical pharmacology is the basic science of
pharmacology with an added focus on the
application of pharmacological principles and
methods in the medical clinic and towards
patient care and outcomes.

19. Neuropharmacology
Neuropharmacology is the study of the effects
of medication on central and peripheral
nervous system functioning.

20. Psychopharmacology
 Psychopharmacology, also known as behavioral
pharmacology, is the study of the effects of medication on the
psyche (psychology), observing changed behaviors of the
body and mind, and how molecular events are manifest in a
measurable behavioral form.
Psychopharmacology is an interdisciplinary field which
studies behavioral effects of psychoactive drugs.

21. Cardiovascular pharmacology
Cardiovascular pharmacology is the study of
the effects of drugs on the entire
cardiovascular system, including the heart and
blood vessels.

22. Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenetics is clinical testing of genetic
variation that gives rise to differing response to
drugs.

23. Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics is the application of
genomic technologies to drug discovery and
further characterization of older drugs.
 In new drug discovery
 In clincal trial
 Reintroduction of withdrawn or failure compound
 Identification of responder and nonresponder
 In maximizing efficacy
 In minimizing adverse drug reactions

24. Pharmacoepidemiology
Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of the
effects of drugs in large numbers of people.

25. Safety pharmacology
pharmacodynamic effects of new chemical
entities (NCEs) on physiological functions in
relation to exposure in the therapeutic range
and above.
Safety pharmacology specialises in detecting
and investigating potential undesirable

26. Systems pharmacology
Systems pharmacology is the coding system
principles in the field of pharmacology.

27. Toxicology
• Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects,
molecular targets, and characterization of
drugs or any chemical substance in excess
(including those beneficial in lower doses).

28. Theoretical pharmacology
 Theoretical pharmacology is a relatively new and rapidly expanding
field of research activity in which many of the techniques of
computational chemistry, in particular computational quantum
chemistry and the method of molecular mechanics, are proving to be
of great value.
 Theoretical pharmacologists aim at rationalizing the relation
between the activity of a particular drug, as observed
experimentally, and its structural features as derived from computer
experiments. They aim to find structure—activity relations.
 Furthermore, on the basis of the structure of a given organic
molecule, the theoretical pharmacologist aims at predicting the
biological activity of new drugs that are of the same general type as
existing drugs.
 More ambitiously, it aims to predict entirely new classes of drugs,
tailor-made for specific purposes.

29. Posology
Posology is the study of how medicines are
dosed. This depends upon various factors
including age, climate, weight, sex,
elimination rate of drug, genetic polymorphism
and time of administration.

30. Chronopharmacology
•The study of how the effects of drugs vary with
biological timing and endogenous periodicities
•A method used in pharmacokinetics to describe the
diurnal changes in plasma drug concentrations.
Ex.
• H2 blockers should taken in evening or early night
when acid secretion is increasing

31. Pharmacognosy
Pharmacognosy is a branch of pharmacology
dealing especially with the composition, use,
and development of medicinal substances of
biological origin and especially medicinal
substances obtained from plants.

36. Experimental pharmacology
Experimental pharmacology involves the study
of pharmacology through bioassay, to test the
efficacy and potency of a drug.

37. Future….
• Proteomics
• Pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics
• Bioinformatics
• Nanomedicine

38. Thank you