PRESENTATION according to punjab text book of fsc first year biology

1. AIR PASSAGE WAYS
The parts through which air from outside enters body and after exchange of gases
it goes outside.

2. PARTS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
NOSTRILLS
NASAL CAVITY
PHARYNX
LARYNX
TRACHEA
BRONCHI
BRONCHIOLES
ALVEOLAR DUCT
ALVEOLAR SACS

3. NOSTRILLS:
OUT SIDE OPENING ARE CALLED NOSTRILLS.
INTERIOR NOSTRILLS
EXTERIOR NOSTRILLS
NASAL CAVITY:
Nasal means “Divide nose”
cavities mean ”empty space”
nasal cavities divided by walls
contain hair and mucus.
hairs(trapped particles and moist the air also)
mucus(trapped particles and warm the air also)
by mean of two small openings called internal nostrils

4. PHARYNX:
muscular passage lined by mucus
Common for both food and air
Pharynx leads in to larynx

5. LARYNX
MADE UP OF CARTILAGE
UPPER END OF TRACHEA
0pening of larynx called glottis
Mucus stretched in to two thin edge
fibrous bands called vocal cords
Sound produced by these vocal
cords.

6. TRACHEA:
Tubular structure
Extend to chest cavity
Divide in to left and right bronchi
C shaped cartilage rings are
present(prevent the collapsing of
trachea.

7. BRONCHI:
Trachea divides in to two smaller tubes called bronchi
The bronchi have also cartilaginous plate
Each bronchus divides in to two smaller branches

8. BRONCHIOLES:
Bronchi divided in to smaller structure called
bronchioles.
Size of bronchioles are 1mm or less then 1mm.
Smooth circular muscles.
Bronchioles divide and sub divided in to air sacs
Air sacs(functional unit of the lungs)

9. ALVEOLI:
EACH AIR SAC HAVE SEVERAL LAYER STRUCTURE C
CALLED ALVEOLI
RICH NETWORK OF CAPPILLARIES
SITE FOR EXCHANGE OF GASES

10. LUNGS
SPONGY BECAUSE OF PRESENCE OF MILLION OF ALVEOLI.
PRESENT IN THORACIC CAVITY
CHEST WALL IS MADE UP OF 12 PAIR OF RIBS ANV INTERCOASTAL MUSCLES
THICK MUSCULAR STRUCTURE CALLED DIAPHRAGM IS PRESENT BELOW THE LUNGS.
LUNGS ARE COVERED WITH DOUBLED LAYER THIN MEMBRANOUS SACS CALLED PLEURA.
THE PLEURA CONTAIN A FLUID WHICH PROVIDE LUBARICATION FOR FREE EXPANDING AND
CONTRACTING OF LUNGS.

11. MECHANISAM OF
RESPIRATION
THE PHYSICAL MOMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE GASES EXCHANCHE ARE CALLED BREATHING.
IT HAS TWO PHASES.
1.INSPIRATION
2 EXCEPIRATION.

12. INSPIRATION:
THE SPACE OF THORACIC CAVITY IS INCREASE BY TWO WAYS.
MUSCLE OF RIBS CONTRACT AND CAUSE OF ELEVATED OF
THE RIBS.
MUSCLE OF DIAPHRAGM CONTRACT AND LESS DOMELIKE.
THIS TWO WAYS REDUUCING THE PRESSURE ON THE LUNGS.
THE LUNGS EXPAND .VACUME IS CREATED INSIDE THE LUNGS
THE AIR RUSHES FROM OUT SIDE TO INSIDE CALLED INSPIRATION.

13. EXPIRATION
RIB MUSCLES ARE RELAXED
RIBS MOVE DOWNWARD AND INWARD.
SPACE IS LESS IN THORACI CAVITIY.
MUSCLES OF DIAPHRAGM ARE ALSO RELAXED BECOMING MORE
DOMELIKE .
AT THE SAME TIME CHEST CAVITY ALSO RELAXED FROM FLOOR.
THIS PROCESS EXERT PRESSURE ON THE LUNGS.
DURING THIS THE AIR IS MOVE OUT FROM THE BODY CALLED
EXPIRATION

14. K.K
DATE;
1/2/ 2019
TIME;
3:05AM