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The purpose of this sharing is to provide detailed about the structure of various respiratory organs and help out the passionate students to learn fast.
8. THYROID CARTILAGE
SHIELD SHAPED
OPEN POSTERIORLY
ANGULATED ANTERIORLY
LARGEST CARTILAGE OF LARYNX
PROVIDE PROTECTION ~ IT CAN OSSIFY
PROVIDE AN ATTECHMENT TO VOCAL CORDS
15. CRICOID CARTILAGE
ITS AN UNPAIRED CARTILAGES
ENCIRCLED LARYNX BELOW THYROID CARTILAGE
THICKER THAN THYROID CARTILAGE
SRONGER THYROID CARTILAGE
SUPERIORLY ATTECHED WITH ARYTHROID
IT CAN OSSIFY (THYROID,BASE OF ARYTENOID)
E.G. RING
17. EPIGLOTTIS CARTILAGE
LEAFSHAPED
CAN NOT BE OSSIFY (CORNICULATE, CUNEIFORM)
ANTERIOR WALL OF UPPER PART
STEM PART INFERIOTLY ATTECHED WITH TYROID
24. CARTILAGES
CAN NOT BE OSSIFY (HYLINE CARTILAGE)
EPIGLOTIS
CORNICULATE
CUNEIFORM
PROCESS OF ARYTENOID PROCESS OF ARYTENOID
CAN BE OSSIFY (ELASTIC CARTILAGE)
THYROID
CRICOID
BASE OF ARYTENOID
27. INTRIANSIC
ARY-EPIGLOTIC LIGAMENT
EPIGLOTTIS
QUADRANGULER MEMBRANE & VESTIBULAR LIGAMENT
CRICO-VOCAL MEMBRANE & VOCAL LIGAMENT
WHERE IS ARCH OF CORNICULATE CARTILAGE?
WHERE IS ARYTENOID CARTILAGE?
FALS VOCAL CORD
TRUE CORD
CRICO-THYROID LIGAMENT
28. VOCALCORD & VOCAL LIGAMENT
WHERE IS ANGLE OF THYROID?
WHERE IS CORNICULATED CAR.?
WHERE IS CRICOID CARTILAGE? WHERE IS CRICOID CARTILAGE?
WHERE IS FALS VOCAL CORD?
WHERE IS TRUE VOCAL CORD?
31. TRACHEA
The trachea is a tubular passageway for air
So called windpipe
MEASUMENTS
LEGNTH: 9-15 CM
DIAMETER: 2.5 CM
LOCATIONLOCATION
Anterior to esophagus
Extended from larynx to 5th thoracic vertebra
At T-5 trachea divides in 1° right and left bronchi-point called-carina
Carina formed by a posterior & inferior projection of the last cartilage
15-20 C-shaped ring
32. • .
2.5 cm
12 cm
T-5
CARINA
1° Left Bronchi1° Right Bronchi
33. LAYERS OF TRACHEA
1) Mucosa
layer of pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium)
Underlying layer (Lamina propria that contains Elastic & Reticular fiber)
2) Sub-mucosa
Areolar connective tissue~consists~seromucous gland & duct
3) Hyaline Cartilage
16-20 incomplete horizontal rings letter ’C’~ open part at posterior
Support, provide patancy –prevent inward collapse
16-20 incomplete horizontal rings letter ’C’~ open part at posterior
Support, provide patancy –prevent inward collapse
Supports one another & connected together be dense C.T.
Anteriorly can be feel below larynx
’C’ open posteriorly-spanned by fibromusculer membrane that contain trachealis
muscle (S.M.) & Elastic C.T.
4) Adventitia
Consist Areolar connective tissue
Joints trachea to surrounding tissue
35. BRONCHI
TRACHEA
RIGHT PRIMARY
BRONCHUS
LEFT PRIMARY
BRONCHUS
At superior border of T-5 Vertebra
More vertical
shorter & wider
Less vertical
Longer & widerBRONCHUS BRONCHUS
RIGHT LUNG LEFT LUNG
shorter & wider
Goes into Goes into
Longer & wider
Both bronchi posses C-rings-incomplete
At T-5 trachea divides in 1° right and left bronchi-point called- carina
Carina formed by a posterior & inferior projection of the last cartilage
One of most sensitive area for triggering cough reflex
36. BRONCHI
Lung entry- divide in smaller branches
2° bronchi enters in each lobe (R-3, L-2) Lobuler
3° Bronchi- Segmental, divides into bronchiols (later extensive branching)
Branches formed structure that is resemble to inverted tree, so called bronchial tree
• TRACHEA
• PRIMARY BRONCHI
• SECONDERY BRONCHI• SECONDERY BRONCHI
• TERTIARY BHONCHI
• BRONCHIOLES
• DIVIDES SMALLEST BRANCH SAMALLEST TUBE
• TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
• RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLS
• ALVEOLER DUCT
• ALVIOLI-ALVIOLER SAC
LOBULE
37. LOBULE
EACH BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENT OF THE
LUNGS HAS MANY SMALL COMPARTMENTS CALLED
LOBULES
EACH LOBULE IS WRAPPED IN ELASTIC
CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND CONTAINS A LYMPHATIC
VESSEL, AN ARTERIOLE, A VENULE, AND A BRANCH
FROM A TERMINAL BRONCHIOLE
TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES SUBDIVIDE INTO TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES SUBDIVIDE INTO
MICROSCOPIC BRANCHES CALLED RESPIRATORY
BRONCHIOLES
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES & ALVEOLAR DUCT-
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
TRACHEA-ALVEOLAR DUCT-25 ODERS OF
BRANCHING
39. BRONCHI
These bronchioles contain club (Clara) cells, columnar, non-ciliated cells interspersed
among the epithelial cells.
Club cells may protect against harmful effects of inhaled toxins and carcinogens,
produce surfactant and function as stem cells (reserve cells), which give rise to various
cells of the epithelium.
The terminal bronchioles represent the end of the conducting zone of the respiratory
system.
40. BRONCHI
1. The mucous membrane in the bronchial tree changes from pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium in the main bronchi, lobar bronchi, and segmental bronchi to
ciliated simple columnar epithelium with some goblet cells in larger bronchioles, to
mostly ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium with no goblet cells in smaller bronchioles,
to mostly nonciliated simple cuboidal epithelium in terminal bronchioles.
Recall that ciliated epithelium of the respiratory membrane removes inhaled particles Recall that ciliated epithelium of the respiratory membrane removes inhaled particles
in two ways.
a) Mucus produced by goblet cells traps the particles, and the cilia move the mucus and
trapped particles toward the pharynx for removal.
b) In regions where nonciliated simple cuboidal epithelium is present, inhaled particles
are removed by macrophages.
41. BRONCHI
2. Plates of cartilage gradually replace the incomplete rings of cartilage in main bronchi
and finally disappear in the distal bronchioles.
3. As the amount of cartilage decreases, the amount of smooth muscle increases. Smooth
muscle encircles the lumen in spiral bands and helps maintain patency. However,
because there is no supporting cartilage, muscle spasms can close off the airways. This
is what happens during an asthma attack, which can be a life-threatening situation.is what happens during an asthma attack, which can be a life-threatening situation.
During exercise, activity in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
(ANS) increases and the adrenal medulla releases the hormones epinephrine and
norepinephrine; both of these events cause relaxation of smooth muscle in the
bronchioles, which dilates the airways. Because air reaches the alveoli more quickly,
lung ventilation improves.
The parasympathetic division of the ANS and mediators of allergic reactions such as
histamine have the opposite effect, causing contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle,
which results in constriction of distal bronchioles.
43. LUNGS
CONE SHAPED- LIES IN THORACIC CAVITY
ADULT LUNG: BLACK SPONGY POROUS AND HIGHLY ELASTIC, CREPITATE TO TOUCH DUE TO
PRESENCE OF AIR, IT FLOATS IN WATER
INFANT LUNG: PINK, NOT SPONGY NOT CREPITATE ON TOUCH, SINK IN WATER
PAIRED- 2 LUNGS SEPRATED BY HEART AND MEDIA STURNM STRUCTURES
EXTERNAL FEATURE
APEX & BASE, 3 BORDER-ANTERIOR (SHARP & SHORT), POSTERIOR (THICK & ROUDED), INFERIOR & APEX & BASE, 3 BORDER-ANTERIOR (SHARP & SHORT), POSTERIOR (THICK & ROUDED), INFERIOR &
2 SURFACE, COASTAL & MEDIAL APART FROM BASE
LOBES-DEVIDED BY FISSURES: RIGHT LUNG 1) UPPER 2) MIDDLE 3) LOWER~SOME TIMES 2
LEFT LUNG 1) UPPER 2) LOWER~SOME TIMES 3
LAYERS
ENCLOSED BY SEROUS LAYER (DOUBLE) CALLE PLUREL MEMBRANE
SUPERFICIAL-PARIETAL PLEURA- VISCERAL PLEURA
B/W THIS LAYER-SPACE-PLEURAL CAVITY-CONTAINS PLEURAL FLUID
FLUID-ROLE-ADHERANCE B/W 2 LAYER WALL & ALLOWING THEM TO SLIDE OVER ONE ANOTHER
44.
45. LEFT LUNG
10% SMALLER
DUE TO HEART OCCUPIES
CAVITY
RIGHT LUNG
LUNGS
RIGHT LUNG
THIKER
BROADER
SHORTER
DIAPHRAM HIGER ON RIGHT
DUE TO LIVER
46. APEX
FACING UPWARD
BLUNT
COVERED BY CIRVICAL PLEURA
ANTERIOR END OF FIRT RIB 3 CM SUPERIORLY-IN TO FLOOR OF
NECK
CROSSES MEDIAL HALF OF CILEVICAL 2.5 CM SUPERIORLY
EXTERNALFEATURES/ GROSS ANATOMY
CROSSES MEDIAL HALF OF CILEVICAL 2.5 CM SUPERIORLY
APEX DOES NOT CROSS 1ST RIB POSTERIORLY-LIES BELOW SUPRA
PLEURAL MEMBRANE
BASE-DIAPHRAGMATIC SURFACE
CONCAVE IN SHAPE
RESTS ON DOME OF DIAPHRAM
RIGHT LUNG BASE IS MORE CONCAVE-ACCOMODATING LIVER
47. BORDER
ANTERIOR BORDER- RIHGT LUNG
THIN AND VERTICLE
B/W ANTERIOR THORACIC WALL AND
PERICARDIUM OF HEART
IT OCCOPIES IN COSTO-MEDIASTINAL
RICESS
POSTERIOR BORDER- RIGHT LUNG
LIES B/W C-7 TO T-10 VERTEBRE
LARGER THAN ANTERIOR BORDER
THICK ROUNDED AND ILL-DEFINED
LIES IN PERAVERTEBRAL PORTAL
RICESS
ANTERIOR BORDER- LEFT LUNG
INTURUPED BY DEEP NOTCH- CARDIAC
NOTCH
BELOW NOTCH THERE IS TOUNG SHAPED
PROJECTION CALLED LINGULA
INFERIOR BORDER
SEMI-LUNER IN SHAPE
LIES IN COSTO-DIAPHRAGMETIC RICESS
SAPRATES BASE AND COSTAL SURFACE
48. SURFACE
COSTAL SURFACE
LARGE SMOOTH CONVEX
RELATED TO RIBS & INTERCOSTAL SPACE (matches rounded curvature of ribs)
COVER BY COSTAL PLEURA
IN MIDCLEVICULER LINE IT RELATED TO 1ST TO 6TH RIB
IN MID AXILARY LINE IT RELATED TO 1ST TO 8TH RIB
IN SCAPULER LINE IT RELATED TO 1ST TO 8TH RIB IN SCAPULER LINE IT RELATED TO 1ST TO 8TH RIB
MEDIAL SURFACE
RELATED TO MEDIA STERNUM AND ATTECHED WITH HILUM
ENTRY AND EXIT OF BRONCHI, BLOOD & LYMPH VESSES AND NERVES-TOGATHER WITH PLEURA
MAKES ROOT OF LUNG
DEVEDE IN 2 PART, 1) SMALLER POSTERIOR VERTEBRAL PART
RELATED TO VERTEBRA, INTER-VERTEBRAL DISC, POSTERIOR INTER-COSTAL
VESSELS & SPLANCHNIC NERVE
2) LARGER ANTERIOR MEDIASTINAL PART
49. MEDIA STERNAL SURFACE
EACH LUNG SHOWS IMPRESSIONS (IN BOTH SIDE PORLY VISIBLE IMPRESSION OF NERVES)
RIGHT LUNG
IN FRONT OF HILUM-RIGHT ATRIUM-CONCAVE IMPRESSION
SUPERIORLY CONCAVE IMRESSION OF SUPERIOR VENACAVA
LOVER SIDE INFERIOR VENACAVA-SOME TIME SEEN
AROUND HAILUM- AZYGOS VEIN OPENS INTO SUPERIOR VENACAVA- ARCH IMPRESSION CAN
BE SEEN ON LUNGBE SEEN ON LUNG
BEHIND OF SUPERIOR VENACAVE –IMPRESSION OF TRACHEA AND POSTERIOR LY IMPRESSION
OF ESOPHAGUS THAT EXTEND DOWNWARD POSTERIOR TO ROOT OF LUNG
LEFT LUNG
LARGE CONCVE IMPRESSION IN FRONT OF HILUM-LEFT AORTA
IMPRESSION OF ASSENDIN AORTA,ARCH OF AORTA (AND ITS BRANCHES -LEFT COMMON
CROTID,LEFT SUBCLAVIAN & BRACHIOCEPHALIC ARTERY) AND DESCENDING AORTA
LEFT SIDE- BEHIND SUB-CLEVIAN ARTERY-POORLY VISIBLE IMPRESSION OF TRACHEA AND
ESOPHAGUS
50. LOBES & FISSURES
RIGHT LUNG
3 LOBES (MOST COMMONLY)~DIVIDED BY 2 FISSURES 1) OBLIQUE 2)HORIZONTAL
OBLIQUE FISSURE : CUTS THE LUNG OBLIQUELY
START ABOVE FROM POSTERIOR BORDER (6.5CM BELOW FROM APEX)
REACHNG ON INFERIOR BORDER 7 LATERAL TO MID-LINE
DEVIDES: SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR
DURING INSPIRATION UPPER LOBE GO FORWARD AND LATERALDURING INSPIRATION UPPER LOBE GO FORWARD AND LATERAL
LOWER LOBE GO DOWNWARD AND BACKWARD
HORIZONTAL FISSURE: CUT THE LUNG HORIZONTALY
STARTS FROM OBLIQUE FISSURE IN MID AXILLARY LINE
CROSSES LUNG HORIZONTLLY AND REACH UP TO THE ANTERIOR BORDER
MAKES ONE MIDDLE LOBE
X-RAY SHOW IN 60% OF CASES
RIGHT LUNG: 2 LOBES DIVIDED BY SINGLE OBLIQUE FISSURE SAME AS RIGHT LUNG
53. ALVEOLI
AROUND THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE ALVEOLAR DUCTS ARE NUMEROUS ALVEOLI & ALVEOLAR
SACS.
AN CUP-SHAPED-OUTPOUCHING
LINED BY SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
SUPPORTED BY A THIN ELASTIC BASEMENT MEMBRANE
ALVEOLAR SAC CONSISTS OF TWO/MORE ALVEOLI THAT SHARE A COMMON OPENING.
THE WALLS OF ALVEOLI CONSIST OF TWO MAIN TYPES OF ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL CELLS.THE WALLS OF ALVEOLI CONSIST OF TWO MAIN TYPES OF ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL CELLS.
1. TYPE I ALVEOLAR CELLS
• MORE IN NUMBER
• MAIN SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE
• SQUAMOUS PULMONARY EPITHELIAL
• SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS THAT FORM A NEARLY CONTINUOUS LINING OF ALVEOLAR
WALL.
54. ALVEOLI
2. TYPE II ALVEOLAR CELLS
• ALSO CALLED SEPTAL CELLS
• FEWER IN NUMBER
• FOUND BETWEEN TYPE I ALVEOLAR CELLS.
• ROUNDED /CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL CELLS WITH FREE SURFACES CONTAINING MICROVILLI
• SECRETS ALVEOLAR FLUID I.E. SURFACTANT (A COMPLEX MIXTURE OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND
LIPOPROTEINS)LIPOPROTEINS)
MAINTAIN PATANCY
PREVENT COLAPSE OF ALVEOLI
FACILATE GAS EXCHANGE
ALVEOLAR CELLS:NALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES-ASSOCIATED WITH PHAGOSYTOSIS.
FIBROBLASTS: PRODUCE RETICULAR AND ELASTIC FIBERS.
55. RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
THICKNESS: 0.5µM (ONE-SIXTEENTH THE DIAMETER OF A RBC)
PLACE WHERE GAS DIFUSSION OCCURS
THE RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE CONSISTS OF FOUR LAYERS :
1. A LAYER OF TYPE I AND TYPE II ALVEOLAR CELLS AND ASSOCIATED ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES THAT
CONSTITUTES THE ALVEOLAR WALL
2. AN EPITHELIAL BASEMENT MEMBRANE UNDERLYING THE ALVEOLAR WALL2. AN EPITHELIAL BASEMENT MEMBRANE UNDERLYING THE ALVEOLAR WALL
3. A CAPILLARY BASEMENT MEMBRANE THAT IS OFTEN FUSED TO THE EPITHELIAL BASEMENT
MEMBRANE
4. THE CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIUM
It has been estimated that the lungs contain 300 million alveoli, providing an immense surface area of
70 m2 (750 ft2 )—about the size of a racquetball court—for gas exchange.
