The law, enacted in 1988, empowers the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to assist state and local governments during “natural catastrophes” and coordinate the nation’s response.

1. Explainer: Here's what Trump's declaration of coronavirus emergency
means
Here’s how the Stafford Act works and the powers the declaration unlocks.
WHAT IS THE STAFFORD ACT?
The law, enacted in 1988, empowers the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to assist state
and local governments during “natural catastrophes” and coordinate the nation’s response.
FEMA, an agency within the US Department of Homeland Security, controls more than $40 billion in
federal funding set aside by Congress for disaster relief. FEMA could use that funding to help build
medical facilities and transport patients, among other measures.
Only the president can declare a major disaster under the law.
“We have very strong emergency powers under the Stafford Act,” Trump told reporters in the Oval
Office on Thursday. “I have it memorized, practically, as to the powers in that act. And if I need to do
something, I’ll do it. I have the right to do a lot of things that people don’t even know about.”
Trump has invoked the Stafford Act many times during his presidency, approving major disaster
declarations to address flooding in the Midwest and wildfires in California, among other events.
FEMA is commonly associated with natural disaster responses but the agency can also address
pandemics.
In 2000, former President Bill Clinton used a Stafford Act emergency declaration to pay for mosquito
control efforts to address outbreaks of the West Nile virus in New Jersey and New York.
DIDN’T THE US ALREADY DECLARE CORONAVIRUS AN EMERGENCY?
A different government agency, the US Department of Health and Human Services, declared the
coronavirus a public health emergency in late January and has been the lead agency addressing the
pandemic.
HHS’s declaration, made under a different law than the Stafford Act, allowed U.S. officials to impose
restrictions on individuals entering the country from China, among other measures.
Several state governments have declared emergencies, allowing them to mandate containment zones
like the one in New Rochelle, New York, and address price-gouging.
WHAT OTHER LAWS COULD TRUMP INVOKE?
Last year, Trump declared an emergency on the US-Mexican border to circumvent Congress and take
money already designated for other programs to pay for his wall on the southern border, which he
promised to build during his 2016 campaign.

2. That declaration was made under the National Emergencies Act of 1976. The law does not define
“emergency,” giving the president broad discretion to declare one.
An emergency declaration under the National Emergencies Act unlocks sweeping presidential powers,
like the ability to seize control of the internet or suspend laws, while a Stafford Act declaration deals
only with FEMA.
In 2009, former President Barack Obama declared the H1N1 influenza, or “swine flu,” pandemic to be a
national emergency under that law.
Obama’s declaration waived some federal health insurance rules to speed treatment.