4 (4 points). How would you describe the difference in cell structur.pdf

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4 (4 points). How would you describe the difference in cell structures between a thermophile and a psychrophile? Include mention of cell membrane construction and enzyme/protein structure at least. Solution Thermophilic bacteria have more long chain fatty acids or lipids which maintain the membrane fluidity. They have more tetraether lipids that increase the membrane stability. Hence they survive in high temperatures. Thermophiles also have a high level of K+ salts which protect the DNA and proteins by forming hydrophilic shell. Thermophiles have have acidic aminoacids. psychrophiles grow at very low temperatures. They have high polyunsaturated and methyl- branched fatty acids, and/or a shorter acyl-chain length which are generally present in cis configuration . This increases membrane fluidity and reduces the interactions between the membrane preventing freezing at low temperature. They have cryoprotectants and antifreeze agents..

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Proteins and peptides have received increased interest in the current drug therapies Recently, approved recombinant protein therapeutics have been developed to treat a wide variety of clinical indications, including cancers, exposure to infectious agents, autoimmunity/ inflammation and genetic disorders. Their high potency and selectivity. Their low accumulation in tissues. They have potentially lower toxicity than the small drug molecules. Provide abroad range of targets, which could represent a basis for personalized medication.

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Lipids (Greek: lipos, means fat or lard) - are a heterogeneous class of naturally occurring organic substances - have a distinguished functional group or structural features - are insoluble in water and highly soluble in one or more of the solvents: ether, chloroform, benzene and acetone.This property sets them apart from proteins, carbohydrates,, nucleic acids and other biomolecules - are widely distributed in the biological world - play a wide variety of roles in plant and animal tissues

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Thermostability is the quality of a substance to resist irreversible change in its chemical or physical structure, often by resisting decomposition or polymerisation, at a high relative temperature. Thermostable materials may be used industrially as fire retardants. A thermostableplastic, an uncommon and unconventional term, is likely to refer to a thermosetting plastic that cannot be reshaped when heated, than to a thermoplastic that can be remelted and recast. Thermostability also commonly refers to a protein resistant to change in its protein structure due to applied heat. Thermostable proteins Most life-forms on Earth live at temperatures of less than 50 °C, commonly from 15 to 50 °C. Above this, thermal energy may cause the unfolding of the protein structure, where the activity of the protein is abolished and a condition understandably deleterious to continuing life- functions. The denaturing of proteins in albumen from a clear, nearly colourless liquid to an opaque white, insoluble gel is a common example of this. Certain thermophilic life-forms exist which can withstand temperatures above this, and have corresponding adaptations to preserve protein function at these temperatures. . These can include altered bulk properties of the cell to stabilize all proteins, and specific changes to individual proteins. Examining homologous proteins present in these thermophiles and other organisms reveal only slight differences in the protein structure. One notable difference is the presence of extra hydrogen bonds in the thermophile\'s proteins—meaning that the protein structure is more resistant to unfolding. The presence of certain types of salt has been observed to alter thermostability in the proteins, indicating that salt bridges likely also play a role in thermostability Other factors of protein thermostability are compactness of protein structure,. oligomerization and strength interaction between subunits. Thermostable enzymes such as Taq polymerase and Pfu DNA polymerase are used in polymerase chain reactions where temperatures of 94 °C or over are used to melt apart DNA strands. Approaches to improve thermostability of proteins Protein engineering can be used to enhance the thermostability of proteins. A number of site- directed and random mutagenesis techniques, in addition to directed evolution .have been used to increase the thermostability of target proteins. Comparative methods have been used to increase the stability of mesophilic proteins based on comparison to thermophilic homologs. Additionally, analysis of the protein unfolding by molecular dynamics can be used to understand the process of unfolding and then design stabilizing mutations. Rational protein engineering for increasing protein thermostability includes mutations which truncate loops, increase salt bridges. or hydrogen bonds, introduced disulfide bonds. In addition, ligand binding can increase the stability of the protein, particularly when purified. Bacillus lichenifor.

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External respiration includes all of these processes EXCEPT _____. release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells gas transport gas diffusion across respiratory membrane breathing Solution External respiration includes all of these processes except release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells. External respiration occurs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolar air. Internal respiration occurs in the tissues where the oxygen diffuses out of the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells. Gas exchange takes place by the diffusion process where the movement of the substance from higher concentration to lower concentration of that substance occurs. Gas diffusion occurs across respiratory membrane..

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art F You decide to cross the reciprocal translocation strain to a pure (black, sepia) line to generate female F1 fies that are both translocaton heterozygotes and Bbss dhybrids. You then backcross these F, females to males from the pure (black sepia)Ine. This diagram shows synaptis in the F females. (In the diagram, normal chromosome ll: TI translocated chromosome with the chromosome l centromere NIll normal chromosome Ill TIl translocated chromosome with the chromosome Ill centromere.) You wish to recover several categories of F2fies. wtat event must occur to produce each category ofF2fies stedin the table below? Complete the table by dragging the labels to the correct locations. Labels can be used once, more than once, or not at all. (Note: CO crossover NCO no crossover, b allele on TIll s allele on TIII Region b Region a Gamete from Dihybrid Required Event at Required Event at b allele on TIII (CO2 or NCO?) s allele on Till B allele on TTII s allele on TI allele on NII s allele on N b allele on NII sepia, fully fertile s allele on N previous l of 4 retum assign Solution Reciprocal translocation is usually the exchange of genetic material between non-homologous chromosomes. As In the below diagram: Crossing Over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes resulting in recombinant chromosome during sexual reproduction. In the given question the F1 female flies (BbSs dihybrids) translocation heterozygotes are produced when reciprocal translocation strain is crossed to pure black and sepia line (BBSS). These females (BbSs) are backcrossed to pure black and sepia males (BBSS) to produce F2 progeny flies of following categories: F2 progeny black and semi-sterileRegion a:- Crossing Over- Label B allele on NII and s allele on NIII Region b: - Non Crossing Over- Label B allele on TIII and s allele on TIII sepia, fully fertile Region a:- Non Crossing Over- Label b allele on TIII and S allele on TIII Region b: - Non Crossing Over-Label b allele on NII and S allele on NIII (black and sepia), semi-sterile Region a:- Crossing Over- Label b allele on NII and s allele on NIII Region b: - Crossing Over- Label b allele on TIII and s allele on TIII..

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Write a Pep/8 Assembly program that reads in and stores two integers from the user and prints out their sum in the form: Total = Submit: Pep/8 formatted program in a text file Solution Answer: Assembly Language Program : .zero 1 .LC0: .string \"Enter two integers: \" .LC1: .string \"Total\" .LC2: .string \" = \" main: push rbp mov rbp, rsp sub rsp, 16 mov esi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC0 mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:std::cout call std::basic_ostream >& std::operator<< >(std::basic_ostream >&, char const*) lea rax, [rbp-8] mov rsi, rax mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:std::cin call std::basic_istream >::operator>>(int&) mov rdx, rax lea rax, [rbp-12] mov rsi, rax mov rdi, rdx call std::basic_istream >::operator>>(int&) mov edx, DWORD PTR [rbp-8] mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-12] add eax, edx mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], eax mov esi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC1 mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:std::cout call std::basic_ostream >& std::operator<< >(std::basic_ostream >&, char const*) mov esi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC2 mov rdi, rax call std::basic_ostream >& std::operator<< >(std::basic_ostream >&, char const*) mov rdx, rax mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4] mov esi, eax mov rdi, rdx call std::basic_ostream >::operator<<(int) mov eax, 0 leave ret __static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int, int): push rbp mov rbp, rsp sub rsp, 16 mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edi mov DWORD PTR [rbp-8], esi cmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1 jne .L5 cmp DWORD PTR [rbp-8], 65535 jne .L5 mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:std::__ioinit call std::ios_base::Init::Init() mov edx, OFFSET FLAT:__dso_handle mov esi, OFFSET FLAT:std::__ioinit mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:std::ios_base::Init::~Init() call __cxa_atexit .L5: nop leave ret push rbp mov rbp, rsp mov esi, 65535 mov edi, 1 call __static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int, int) pop rbp ret.

Write a Pep8 Assembly program that reads in and stores two integers .pdf

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