Qualitative Research

1. Qualitative Research
Dr.RuchaTandulwadkar
AssociateProfessor,
IMSCD&R
Ahmednagar

2. Approaches to Qualitative Research
• Ethnograohy
• Narrative Research
• Case Study
• Grounded theory (1968)
• Phenomenology
• Participatory action research

3. Ethnography
• Background: An ethnography is written description of a
particular culture (the customs, beliefs and behavior)
based on information collected through fieldwork (Harris
and Johnson 2000)

4. • Variants
Critical ethnography (Castagno , 2012)
Feminist ethnography (pillow and Mayo, 2001)
Auto ethnography (Adams, Jones and Eillis, 2014)
Organizational Ethnography (Eberle and maeder 2011)
Virtual Ethnography or netnography (Hine 2010)

5. Procedure in conducting
Ethnographic Research
• Singleton and Straits identified the following stages
1. Problem formulation
2. Selecting a research setting
3. Gaining access
4. Presenting oneself
5. Gathering and recording information

6. Narrative Research
• Background : it is describe as a specific type of qualitative
design in which “narrative is understood as a spoken or
written text giving an account of an event/action or series of
events/actions, chronologically connected”
• Research consist of studying one or two individuals.
• Gathering data through collecting their stories, reporting
individual experiences.
• Chronologically ordering the meaning of those experiences.

7. • Variants
Basically divided into two types:
1. “narrative analysis” in which researchers collect
descriptions of events or happenings and then configure
them into a story using a plotline.
2. second approach, then, is to emphasize the variety of
forms found in narrative research practices. (biography,
autobiography, life histories , personal experience
stories etc)

8. Procedure in conducting
Narrative Research
1. Identify a phenomenon - that addresses an educational
problem
2. Purposeful select an individual - to learn about
phenomenon.
3. Collect stories from the individual – that reflects
personal experiences.
4. Restory or retell the individual’s story.
5. Collaborate with participants – story teller in all phase
of research.
6. Write a story – about participant’s personal and social
experiences.
7. Validate accuracy -

9. Case Study
• Background : Significant distinction in narrative research
and case study.
• case study research studies an issue explored through
one or more cases within a bounded system
• The case study approach is familiar to social scientists
because of its popularity in psychology, medicine , law ,
political science and management.

10. • Variants
• Types of qualitative case studies are distinguished by
the size of the bounded case.
• Qualitative case studies may also be distinguished by
the intent of the case analysis.
• Three variations exist in terms of intent:
- the single instrumental case study,
- the collective or multiple-case study,
- the intrinsic case study.

11. Procedure of Case Study
1. Selection of problem & objective
2. Determine Suitability
3. Data collection through multiple methods
4. Data Analysis and interpretation
5. Results and Report

12. Grounded theory
• Background : Two sociology researchers, Barney Glaser
and Anselm Strauss, originated this qualitative design in
1967.
• The intent of grounded theory is to move beyond
description and generate or discover a theory
• Theory is grounded in data from participants who have
experienced the phenomenon or process.

13. • Variants :
• Post positivist – Glaser version (1967)
• Interpretivist version – Strauss & Corbin (1998)
• Constructionist view – Charmaz (2006)

14. Procedure of Grounded theory
• Data collection
• Open Coding – create categories
• Identify core phenomenon
• Create more advance categories
• Prepare analytical memos
• Interrelate categories
• Construct theoretical model

15. Phenomenology
• When researchers attempt to gain insight into a universal
feeling or experience (or phenomenon).
• Phenomenologists describe what all participants have in
common as they experience a phenomenon.
• The inquirer then collects data from persons who have
experienced the phenomenon and develops a composite
description of the essence of the experience for all the
individuals—what they experienced and how they
experienced it

16. • 1. Hermeneutic phenomenology (Van Manen 1990)
• 2. Empirical transcendental, physchological
phenomenology (Moustakas 1994)
Variants :

17. Procedure of
Phenomenology
• 1. Bracketing – Having a colleague interview the
researcher to determine their experience with the
phenomenon to uncover researcher bias.
• 2. Intuiting – A researcher hold themselves open to
multiple meanings of different experiences.
• 3. Analysing - After gathering interview data from multiple
sources, the researchers will search for patterns or
commonalities in the reports.
• 4. Describing – A researcher understands and defines
the phenomenon in a conceptual way.

18. Participatory action
research
• In PAR, a major feature is to produce social change
(Maguire, 1987) and improve the quality of life (Stringer,
1999)
• This form of research is unique in the sense that the
researcher and the members of the community are
engaged at all levels of the research process

19. 1. The first is called participatory research
o researcher and the community share ownership of the research
2. PAR is Emancipatory (Kemmis & Mc Taggart 2000)
3. PAR is recursive
4. PAR is action research – (Mills 2000)
Variants :

20. Procedure of Participatory
action research
• Identify the problem
• Collaborate with Community
• Collect Quantitative/Qualitative data
• Data Analysis and interpretation
• Report generation

21. Thank you